Montségur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Commune of Montségur |
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| Location | |
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| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Midi-Pyrénées |
| Department | Ariège |
| Arrondissement | Foix |
| Canton | Lavelanet |
| Mayor | Philippe Walter (2001–2008) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 630 m–2,365 m (avg. 853 m) |
| Land area¹ | 37.16 km² |
| Population² (1999) |
117 |
| - Density | 3/km² (1999) |
| Miscellaneous | |
| INSEE/Postal code | 09211/ 09300 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
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Montségur is a commune in the Ariège département in southwestern France. It is famous for its fort and was one of the last strongholds of the Cathars. The present fortress on the site, though described as one of the "Cathar castles," is actually of a later period. It has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1862.
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[edit] Geography
The ruins of Montségur are perched at a precarious 3000-foot (1207 m) altitude in the south of France near the Pyrenees Mountains. Located in the heart of France's Languedoc-Midi-Pyrénées regions, 80 km southwest of Carcassonne, Montségur dominates a rock formation known as a pog — a term derived from the local Occitan dialect — pueg, or puog, meaning "peak," "hill," "mountain." ()
[edit] History
In 1243–44, the Cathars (a religious sect considered heretical by the Catholic Church) were besieged at Montségur by 10,000 French troops at the end of the Albigensian Crusade. In March 1244, the Cathars finally surrendered and approximately 220 were burned en masse in a bonfire at the foot of the pog when they refused to renounce their faith. Some 25 actually took the ultimate Cathar vow of consolamentum perfecti in the two weeks before the final surrender.
In the days prior to the fall of the fortress, several Cathars allegedly slipped through the French lines carrying away a mysterious "treasure" with them. While the nature and fate of this treasure has never been identified, there has been much speculation as to what it might have consisted of — from the treasury of the Cathar Church to esoteric books or even the actual Holy Grail.
Montségur is often named as a candidate for the Holy Grail castle — and indeed there are linguistic similarities in the Grail romance Parzival (circa 1200–1210) written by Wolfram von Eschenbach. In Parzival, the grail castle is called Monsalvat, similar to Montségur and with the same meaning: "safe mountain, secure mountain." The name of Raymond de Péreille, the actual historic seigneur of Montségur, has a slight similarity to the protagonist of Eschenbach's epic, the knight Parzival. In Jüngerer Titurel (1272) by Albrecht von Scharfenberg, another Grail epic, the first king of the Holy Grail is named Perilla.
Myths and legends apart, the history of Montségur in actual fact is both dramatic and mysterious. The siege was an epic event of heroism and zealotry: a veritable Masada of the Cathar faith whose demise is symbolized by the fall of the mountain-top fortress (although isolated Cathar cells persisted into the 1320s in southern France and northern Italy).
The present fortress ruin at Montségur is not from the Cathar era. The original Cathar fortress of Montségur was entirely pulled down by the victorious royal French forces after its capture in 1244. It was gradually rebuilt and upgraded over the next three centuries by royal forces. The current ruin so dramatically occupying the site, and featured in illustrations, is referred to by French archeologists as "Montsegur III" and is typical of post-medieval royal French defensive architecture of the 1600s. It is not "Montsegur II," the structure in which the Cathars lived and were besieged and of which no trace remains today.
This is a discrepancy that the French tourist authority underplays and one that Cathar enthusiasts often overlook, especially when discussing Montségur's alleged solar alignment characteristics said to be visible on the morning of the summer solstice. This often mentioned solar phenomenon, allegedly occurring in an alignment of two windows in the fortress wall, has not been scientifically surveyed, measured, recorded, or confirmed.
The Groupe de Récherches Archéologiques de Montségur et Environs (GRAME) (Archeological Research Group of Montsegur and Vicinity), which conducted a definitive 13-year archeological excavation of Montségur in 1964–76, concluded in its final report that:
- "There remains no trace within the current ruin of the first fortress which was abandoned before the 13th century (Montsegur I), nor of the one which was built by Raymond de Péreille around 1210 (Montsegur II)..." (Il ne reste aucune trace dans les ruines actuelles ni du premier château qui était à l'abandon au début du XIIIe siècle (Montségur I), ni de celui que construisit Raimon de Pereilles vers 1210 (Montségur II)...)[1]
The small ruins of the terraced dwellings, immediately outside the perimeter of the current fortress walls on the northeastern flank are, however, confirmed to be traces of authentic former Cathar habitations.
[edit] The Nazis at Montségur
The Nazis learned of the myths surrounding Montségur from a man named Otto Rahn in 1929, one year after the probable formation of the Ahnenerbe, an institution for research into German racial and cultural ancestry. Rahn wrote two bestseller Grail novels linking Montségur and Cathars with the Holy Grail: Kreuzzug gegen den Gral ("Crusade Against the Grail") in 1933 and Luzifers Hofgesind ("Lucifer's Court") in 1937. Rahn went on to join the Ahnenerbe as a junior NCO in 1936, the same year that Heinrich Himmler took overall control of the organization, proclaiming himself chairman of the Kuratorium. Himmler's wish was to try and rediscover and reinvigorate Germanic culture. On March 13, 1939 — near the anniversary of the fall of Montségur — Otto Rahn mysteriously froze to death on a Tyrolean mountain top. His death is believed to be likely a suicide. Some sources claim that the very secretive Ahnenerbe SS, as it was renamed, was part of the Third Reich's plan to win the war by discovering a superweapon such as the grail, but there is no conclusive evidence that the Ahnenerbe was involved in anything other than "racial hereditary research."[citation needed]
Some sources report that in 1944, on the 700th anniversary of the fall of Montségur, German aircraft were seen in the area directly above Montségur flying in strange formations, either Celtic crosses or swastikas, depending on the source of the reports.[2] Some claim that Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi Germany's ideologue and author of The Myth of the Twentieth Century, was aboard one of the aircraft. It is not known why the aircraft were allegedly in the area or what their mission was, if any.[citation needed]
[edit] Miscellaneous
- Iron Maiden published a song titled Montségur about the Catholics' stakes of Cathars, on their 2003 album Dance of Death.
- German thrash metal band Paradox's album Heresy is about the massacre of the Cathars at Montségur.
- The Era albums allude to the history of the Cathars, and the first album mentions Montségur on its cover.
- In Peter Berling's pentalogy The Children of the Grail and in Julia Navarro's La sangre de los inocentes, the siege of Montségur is described.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Ministry of Culture database entry for Château de Montségur (French)
- Photos of Montsegur
- Ministry of Culture photos
- Montsegur and the Cathar Heresy
- Partial report on the excavations conducted from 1993 to 1997 (in French)
- The paths of Cathars by the philosopher Yves Maris.
[edit] References
- ^ (1981) Montségur: 13 ans de recherche archéologique. Lavelanet: Groupe de Recherches Archéologiques de Montségur et Environs (GRAME),, 76.
- ^ see e.g.: the introduction to the Cathars by René Nelli.
