User:R9tgokunks/Semantik
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| Albanian | muaj | i ri / e re | nënë | motër | natë | hundë | tre | i zi / e zezë | i kuq | i verdhë | i blertë / i gjelbër | ujk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other Indo-European languages | ||||||||||||
| English | month | new | mother | sister | night | nose | three | black | red | yellow | green | wolf |
| German | Monat | neu | Mutter | Schwester | Nacht | Nase | drei | schwarz | rot | gelb | grün | Wolf |
| Latin | mēnsis | novus | māter | soror | nox | nasus | trēs | āter, niger | ruber | flāvus, gilvus | viridis | lupus |
| Italian | mese | nuovo | madre | sorella | notte | naso | tre | nero | rosso | giallo | verde | lupo |
| Romanian | luna | nou/noi | mamă | soră | noapte | nas | trei | negru | roşu | galben | verde | lup |
| Welsh | mis | newydd | mam | chwaer | nos | trwyn | tri | du (/di/) | coch, rhudd | melyn | gwyrdd, glas | blaidd |
| Latvian | mēnesis | jauns | māte | māsa | nakts | deguns | trīs | melns | sarkans | dzeltens | zaļš | vilks |
| Ancient Greek | μήν mḗn |
νέος néos |
μήτηρ mḗtēr |
ἀδελφή adelphḗ |
νύξ nýx |
ῥίς rhís |
τρεῖς treĩs |
μέλας mélas |
ἐρυθρός erythrós |
ξανθός xanthós |
χλωρός khlōrós |
λύκος lýkos |
| Bulgarian | месец mesec |
нов nov |
майка majka |
сестра sestra |
нощ nošt |
нос nos |
три tri |
черен čeren |
червен červen |
жълт žălt |
зелен zelen |
вълк vălk |
[edit] Germanic languages vocabulary comparison
Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form 'Sterben' and other terms for 'die' are cognate with the English word 'starve'. There is also at least one example of a common borrowing from a Non-Germanic source (ounce and its cognates from Latin).
| English | Scots | Frisian | Afrikaans | Dutch | Low Saxon | German | Gothic | Icelandic | Faroese | Swedish | Danish | Norwegian (Bokmål) | Norwegian (Nynorsk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple | Aiple | Appel | Appel | Appel | Appel | Apfel | Aplus | Epli | Epl(i) [1] | Äpple | Æble | Eple | Eple |
| Board | Buird | Board | Bord | Bord | Boord | Brett | Baúrd | Borð | Borð | Bord | Bræt | Bord | Bord |
| Beech | Beech | Boeke/ Boekebeam | Beuk | Beuk | Böke | Buche | Bōka [2]/ -bagms | Bók | Bók | Bok | Bøg | Bøk | Bøk, Bok |
| Book | Beuk | Boek | Boek | Boek | Book | Buch | Bōka | Bók | Bók | Bok | Bog | Bok | Bok |
| Breast | Breest | Boarst | Bors | Borst | Bost | Brust | Brusts | Brjóst | Bróst | Bröst | Bryst | Bryst | Bryst |
| Brown | Broun | Brún | Bruin | Bruin | Bruun | Braun | Bruns | Brúnn | Brúnur | Brun | Brun | Brun | Brun |
| Day | Day | Dei | Dag | Dag | Dag | Tag | Dags | Dagur | Dagur | Dag | Dag | Dag | Dag |
| Dead | Deid | Dea | Dood | Dood | Dood | Tot | Dauþs | Dauður | Deyður | Död | Død | Død | Daud |
| Die | Dee | Stjerre | Sterf | Sterven | Döen/ Starven | Sterben | Diwan | Deyja | Doyggja | Dö | Dø | Dø | Døy |
| Enough | Eneuch | Genôg | Genoeg | Genoeg | Noog | Genug | Ganōhs | Nóg | Nóg/ Nógmikið | Nog | Nok | Nok | Nok |
| Finger | Finger | Finger | Vinger | Vinger | Finger | Finger | Figgrs | Fingur | Fingur | Finger | Finger | Finger | Finger |
| Give | Gie | Jan | Gee | Geven | Geven | Geben | Giban | Gefa | Geva | Giva / Ge | Give | Gi | Gje(va) |
| Glass | Gless | Glês | Glas | Glas | Glas | Glas | Gler | Glas | Glas | Glas | Glass | Glas | |
| Gold | Gowd | Goud | Goud | Goud | Gold | Gold | Gulþ | Gull | Gull | Guld/ Gull | Guld | Gull | Gull |
| Hand | Haund | Hân | Hand | Hand | Hand | Hand | Handus | Hönd | Hond | Hand | Hånd | Hånd | Hand |
| Head | Heid | Holle | Hoof [3]/ Kop | Hoofd/ Kop | Kopp | Haupt/ Kopf | Háubiþ | Höfuð | Høvd/ Høvur | Huvud | Hoved | Hode | Hovud |
| High | Heich | Heech | Hoog | Hoog | Hoog | Hoch | Háuh | Hár | Høg/ur | Hög | Høj | Høy/høg | Høg |
| Home | Hame | Hiem | Heim [4]/ Tuis | Heim [4]/Thuis | Heim | Heim | Háimōþ | Heim | Heim | Hem | Hjem | Hjem/heim | Heim |
| Hook | Heuk | Hoek | Haak | Haak | Haak | Haken | Krappa/ Krampa | Krókur | Krókur/ Ongul | Hake/ Krok | Hage/ Krog | Hake/ Krok | Hake/ Krok[5] |
| House | Hoose | Hûs | Huis | Huis | Huus | Haus | Hūs | Hús | Hús | Hus | Hus | Hus | Hus |
| Many | Mony | Menich | Menige | Menige | Mennig | Manch | Manags | Margir | Mangir/ Nógvir | Många | Mange | Mange | Mange |
| Moon | Muin | Moanne | Maan | Maan | Maan | Mond | Mēna | Tungl/ Máni | Máni/ Tungl | Måne | Måne | Måne | Måne |
| Night | Nicht | Nacht | Nag | Nacht | Natt/ Nacht | Nacht | Nótt | Nótt | Natt | Natt | Nat | Natt | Natt |
| No | Nae | Nee | Nee | Nee(n) | Nee | Nein/ Nö/ Nee | Nē | Nei | Nei | Nej | Nej | Nei | Nei |
| Old | Auld | Âld | Oud | Oud, Gammel [6] | Oll | Alt | Sineigs | Gamall (but: eldri, elstur) | Gamal (but: eldri, elstur) | Gammal (but: äldre, äldst) | Gammel (but: ældre, ældst) | Gammel (but: eldre, eldst) | Gam(m)al (but: eldre, eldst) |
| One | Ane | Ien | Een | Een | Een | Eins | Áins | Einn | Ein | En | En | En | Ein |
| Ounce | Unce | Ons | Ons | Ons | Ons | Unze | Unkja | Únsa | Únsa | Uns | Unse | Unse | Unse |
| Snow | Snaw | Snie | Sneeu | Sneeuw | Snee | Schnee | Snáiws | Snjór | Kavi/ Snjógvur | Snö | Sne | Snø | Snø |
| Stone | Stane | Stien | Steen | Steen | Steen | Stein | Stáins | Steinn | Steinur | Sten | Sten | Stein/ Sten | Stein |
| That | That | Dat | Dit | Dat, Die | Dat (Dit) | Das | Þata | Það | Tað | Det | Det | Det | Det |
| Two/Twain | Twa | Twa | Twee | Twee | Twee | Zwei/ Zwo/ Zwan | Twái | Tveir/ Tvær/ Tvö | Tveir (/Tvá) | Två | To | To | To [7] |
| Who | Wha | Wie | Wie | Wie | Wokeen | Wer | Ƕas (Hwas) | Hver | Hvør | Vem | Hvem | Hvem | Kven |
| Worm | Wirm | Wjirm | Wurm | Wurm/ Worm | Worm | Wurm | Maþa | Maðkur, Ormur | Maðkur/ Ormur | Mask/ Orm [8] | Orm | Mark/ Makk/ Orm | Mark/ Makk/ Orm [8] |
| English | Scots | Frisian | Afrikaans | Dutch | Low Saxon | Standard German | Gothic | Icelandic | Faroese | Swedish | Danish | Norwegian (Bokmål) | Norwegian (Nynorsk) |
[edit] Romanic languages vocabulary comparison
The table below provides a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Latin and the main Romance languages, along with a selection of minority languages.
| English | Latin | Catalan | French | Italian | Norman Jèrriais | Lombard (literary Milanese) | Occitan (Languedocien) | Portuguese | Romanian | Sardinian | Sicilian | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple | [Mattiana] Mala (Pomum, fruit) | Poma | Pomme | Mela / Pomo | Poumme | Pomm | Poma | Maçã | Măr | Mela | Pumu | Manzana |
| Arm | Bracchium | Braç | Bras | Braccio | Bras | Brasc | Braç | Braço | Braţ | Bratzu | Vrazzu | Brazo |
| Arrow | Sagitta (Frankish fleuka) | Fletxa / Sageta | Flèche | Freccia / Saetta | Èrchelle | Frecia | Sageta | Seta / Flecha | Săgeată | Fretza | Fileccia | Flecha / Saeta |
| Bed | Lectus (Camba, for sleeping) | Llit | Lit | Letto | Liet | Lecc | Lièch | Leito / Cama | Pat [9] | Lettu | Lettu | Cama / Lecho |
| Black | Nigrum | Negre | Noir | Nero | Nièr | Negher | Negre | Preto [10] / Negro | Negru | Nieddu / Nigru | Nìuru | Negro |
| Book | Liber (acc. Librum) | Llibre | Livre | Libro | Livre | Liber | Libre | Livro | Carte [11] | Libru / Lìburu | Libbru | Libro |
| Breast | Pectus | Pit | Poitrine | Petto | Estonma | Peito | Piept | Pettus | Pettu | Pecho | ||
| Cat | Feles (Cattus[12]) | Gat | Chat | Gatto | Cat | Gatt | Cat | Gato | Pisică [13] | Gattu / Battu | Gattu / Jattu | Gato |
| Chair | Sella (Greek Cathedra, seat) | Cadira | Chaise | Sedia | Tchaîse | Cadrega | Cadièira | Cadeira | Scaun [14] | Cadira / Cadrea | Seggia | Silla |
| Cold | Frigus (adj. Frigidus) | Fred | Froid | Freddo | Fraid | Fregg | Freg | Frio | Frig | Fridu | Friddu | Frío |
| Cow | Vacca | Vaca | Vache | Mucca [15] / Vacca | Vaque | Vaca | Vaca | Vaca | Vacă | Bacca | Vacca | Vaca |
| Day | Dies (adj. Diurnus) | Dia / Jorn | Jour | Giorno | Jour | Dì | Jorn | Dia | Zi | Die | Jornu | Día |
| Dead | Mortuus | Mort | Mort | Morto | Mort | Mort | Mort | Morto | Mort | Mortu / Mottu | Mortu | Muerto |
| Die | Morior | Morir | Mourir | Morire | Mouothi | Morì | Morir | Morrer | (a) Muri | Morrer | Muriri / Mòriri | Morir |
| Family | Familia | Família | Famille | Famiglia/Familia | Famil'ye | Familia | Familha | Família | Familie | Famìlia | Famigghia / Famiggia | Familia |
| Finger | Digitus | Dit | Doigt | Dito | Dé | Dii | Det | Dedo | Deget | Didu | Jìditu | Dedo |
| Flower | Flos (acc. Florem) | Flor | Fleur | Fiore | Flieur | Fiôr | Flor | Flor | Floare | Frore | Ciuri | Flor |
| Give | Dono, -are Dare |
Donar | Donner | Dare | Donner / Bailli | Dà | Donar | Dar | (a) Da | Dare / Donare | Dari / Dunari | Dar |
| Go | Eo, -ire (Ambulare, to take a walk) | Anar | Aller | Andare | Aller | Ndà | Anar | Ir / Andar | (a) Merge [16], (a) Umbla [17] | Andare | Jiri | Ir |
| Gold | Aurum | Or | Or | Oro | Or | Or | Aur | Ouro | Aur | Oru | Oru | Oro |
| Hand | Manus | Mà | Main | Mano | Main | Man | Man | Mão | Mână | Manu | Manu | Mano |
| High | Altus | Alt | Haut | Alto | Haut | Olt | Aut | Alto [18] | Înalt | Artu / Attu | Autu | Alto |
| House | Domus (Casa, hut) | Casa | Maison [19] | Casa | Maîson | Cà | Casa | Casa | Casă | Domo | Casa | Casa |
| I | Ego | Jo | Je | Io | Mi | Ieu | Eu | Eu | Iu / Jù / Jò | Yo | ||
| Ink | Atramentum (Tincta, dyeing) | Tinta | Encre | Inchiostro | Encre | Nciòster | Tencha | Tinta | Cerneală [20] | Tinta | Inga | Tinta |
| January | Ianuarius | Gener | Janvier | Gennaio | Janvyi | Ginée / Genar | Genièr | Janeiro | Ianuarie | Ghennarzu / Bennarzu | Jinnaru | Enero |
| Juice | Sucus | Suc | Jus | Succo | Jus | Sugh | Suc | Suco / Sumo | Suc | Sutzu | Sucu | Jugo / Zumo |
| Key | Clavis (acc. Clavem) | Clau | Clé | Chiave | Clié | Ciav | Clau | Chave | Cheie | Crae | Chiavi / Ciavi | Llave |
| Man | Homo (acc. Hominem) | Home | Homme | Uomo | Houmme | Omm | Òme | Homem[21] | Om | Òmine | Omu / Òminu | Hombre |
| Moon | Luna | Lluna | Lune | Luna | Leune | Luna | Luna | Lua | Lună | Luna | Luna | Luna |
| English | Latin | Catalan | French | Italian | Norman Jèrriais | Lombard (literary Milanese) | Occitan (Languedocien) | Portuguese | Romanian | Sardinian | Sicilian | Spanish |
| Night | Nox (acc. Noctem) | Nit | Nuit | Notte | Niet | Nocc | Nuèch | Noite | Noapte | Notte | Notti | Noche |
| Old | Senex (Vetus, things mainly) | Vell | Vieux [22] | Vecchio | Vyi | Vegg | Vièlh | Velho [23] | Vechi [24] / Bătrân [25] | Betzu / Sèneghe / Vedústus[26] | Vecchiu / Vecciu | Viejo |
| One | Unus | Un | Un | Uno | Ieune | Vun | Un | Um | Unu | Unu | Unu | Un / Uno |
| Pear | Pirum | Pera | Poire | Pera | Paithe | Pera | Pera | Pêra | Pară | Pira | Piru | Pera |
| Play | Ludo (Jocare, to joke) | Jugar | Jouer | Giocare | Jouer | Giogà | Jogar | Jogar | (a se) Juca | Zogare | Jucari | Jugar |
| Ring | Anelus | Anell | Anneau | Anello | Anné / Bague | Anèl | Anell | Anel | Inel | Aneddu | Anneddu | Anillo |
| River | Flumen (Rivus, small river) | Riu | Fleuve | Fiume | Riviéthe | Riu | Rio [27] | Râu [28]/ Rîu [29] | Riu / Frùmine | Ciumi | Río | |
| Sew | Consuo | Cosir | Coudre | Cucire | Couôtre | Cusì | Cóser | Coser | (a) Coase | Cosire | Cùsiri | Coser |
| Snow | Nix (acc. Nivem) | Neu | Neige | Neve | Né | Nev | Nèu | Neve | Nea / Zăpadă [30] | Nie | Nivi | Nieve |
| Take | Capio (Prehendere, to catch) | Agafar | Prendre | Prendere | Prendre | Ciapà | Préner | Tomar[31] / Colher [32] / Levar[33] | (a) Lua | Pigare [34] | Pigghiari | Tomar / Coger / Llevar |
| That | Ille (Accu+Ille) | Aquell | Quel | Quello | Chu | Quell | Aquel | Aquele | Acel/Acela | Cuddu / Cussu | Chiddu | Aquél |
| The | - (nom.Ille/Illa/Illud, Illi/Illae/Illa, acc.Illum/Illam/Illud, Illos/Illas/Illa) |
el/la/ho els/les/los |
le/la les |
il/lo/la i/gli/le |
lé/la | el/la i |
lo/la los/las |
o/a os/as |
-ul/-a -i/-le |
su/sa sos/sas (is) [35] |
lu/la (u/a) li/i |
el/la/lo los/las |
| Throw | Iacio (Lanceo, -are, to throw a weapon) | Llençar | Lancer | Lanciare | Pitchi | Trà [36] | Lançar | Lançar / Atirar [37] | (a) Arunca [38] | Ghettare/Bettare | Jittari | Lanzar / Echar |
| Thursday | dies Jovis | Dijous | Jeudi | Giovedì | Jeudi | Gioedì | Dijòus | Quinta-feira [39] | Joi | Zobia | Jovi / Juvidìa | Jueves |
| Tree | Arbor | Arbre | Arbre | Albero | Bouais | Pianta [40] | Arbre | Árvore | Arbore / Pom [41]/ Copac [42] | Àrvore | Àrvuru | Árbol |
| Two | Duo | Dos/Dues | Deux | Due | Deux | Duu / Doo | Dos | Dois / Duas | Doi | Duos / Duas | Dui | Dos |
| Urn | Urna | Urna | Urne | Urna | Vas | Urna | Urnă | Urna | Urna | Urna | ||
| Voice | Vox (acc. Vocem) | Veu | Voix | Voce | Vouaix | Vôs | Votz | Voz | Voce / Glas[43] | Boghe | Vuci | Voz |
| Where | Ubi (in-) / Unde (from-) / Quo (to-) | On | Où | Dove | Ioù / Où'est | Ndoe | Ont | Onde[44] | Unde | Ue | Unni | Donde[45] |
| White | Albus (Germ. Blank[46]) | Blanc | Blanc | Bianco | Blianc | Bianch | Blanc | Branco / Alvo | Alb | Àbru | Jancu | Blanco |
| Who | nom. Quis/Quæ, acc. Quem/Quam | Qui | Qui | Chi | Tchi | Chi | Quau | Quem | Cine | Chie | Cui / Cu | Quien |
| World | Mundus | Món | Monde | Mondo | Monde | Mond | Mond | Mundo | Lume [47] | Mundu | Munnu | Mundo |
| Yellow | Flavus (also meaning reddish), Galbus | Groc | Jaune | Giallo | Jaune | Giald | Jaune | Amarelo [48] | Galben [49] | Grogu | Giarnu | Amarillo |
| English | Latin | Catalan | French | Italian | Norman Jèrriais | Lombard (literary Milanese) | Occitan (Languedocien) | Portuguese | Romanian | Sardinian | Sicilian | Spanish |
