New York City mayoralty elections

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New York City Mayoralty Elections: Characteristics of NYC mayoral elections 1917 · 1997 · 2001 · 2005 · 2009 This box: view • talk • edit

The Mayor of the City of New York is elected in early November every four years and takes office at the beginning of the following year. The City which elects the Mayor as its chief executive consists of The Five Boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, which consolidated to form "Greater" New York on January 1, 1898.

The consolidated City's first Mayor, Robert A. Van Wyck, was elected with other municipal officers in November 1897. Mayoral Elections had previously been held since 1834 by the City of Brooklyn and the smaller, unconsolidated City of New York (Manhattan plus part of The Bronx).

The current mayor of New York, now completing his final term, is Michael R. Bloomberg (elected in 2001 and 2005). The next mayoral election will be held in November 2009 for the term beginning on January 1, 2010.

Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Scope of this article 1.2 Terms and Term Limits 1.2.1 Interrupted Terms 1.3 Summary tables 1.3.1 Principal candidates' City-wide vote since 1897 1.3.2 How the Boroughs voted 2 Upcoming elections 2.1 2009 3 Recent elections 3.1 2005 3.2 2001 3.3 1997 4 Past elections 4.1 1993 4.2 1989 4.3 1985 4.4 1981 4.5 1977 5 1929 to 1973 5.1 1973 5.2 1969 5.3 1965 5.4 1957 & 1961 5.5 1953 5.6 1950 5.7 1945 & 1949 5.8 1941 5.9 1937 5.10 1933 5.10.1 Collapse of the Socialist Party vote 5.11 1932 5.12 1929 6 1897 to 1925 6.1 1921 & 1925 6.2 1917 6.3 1897 to 1913 7 References 8 Sources 9 See also

[edit] Overview

[edit] Scope of this article

The vast bulk of this page's contents is statistical: the main results of each of the 31 elections to the Mayoralty of the City of New York since Greater New York was consolidated from The Five Boroughs in 1897-1898.

For many years, but not all, there are also results for minor candidates, for major candidates on minor party lines, and for each borough. (Because minor parties' votes are not uniformly available, totals and thus percentages can be slightly inconsistent, either between different elections or between individual boroughs and the whole City in the same election.)

There are brief comments about some of the elections, and separate articles have been written for those of 1917, 1997, 2001 and 2005. Different elections are compared in many of the individual notes, in two summary tables and in one specialized table.

New York City's Mayoral elections have been marked by an interplay of factors that are magnified by the sheer size of the population. There was a history of a large socialist vote, there is a history of tension between 'regular' and 'reform' politicians, and there is the factor, not seen in most of the United States, of electoral fusion with the resulting plethora of smaller, yet influential, third parties.

Further information: Characteristics of New York City mayoral elections

[edit] Terms and Term Limits

Direct elections to the mayoralty of the unconsolidated City of New York began in 1834 for a term of one year, extended to two years after 1849. The 1897 Charter of the consolidated City doubled the term to four years which could not be renewed. In 1901, the term limit was removed, but the term halved to two years. In 1905, the four-year term, without limit, was restored. (Mayors Fiorello La Guardia, Robert F. Wagner, Jr. and Ed Koch were later able to serve for twelve years each.) In 1993, the voters approved a two-term (eight-year) limit.^[1]

year	term	term limit	years	Mayor(s) affected 1
Unconsolidated City
1834	1 year	(no limit)	(unlimited)	all from C. Van Wyck Lawrence to Caleb Woodhull
1849	2 years	(no limit)	(unlimited)	all from Ambrose Kingsland to William L. Strong 2
Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)
1897	4 years	1 term	4 years	Robert A. Van Wyck
1901	2 years	(no limit)	(unlimited)	Seth Low and George B. McClellan, Jr. 3
1905	4 years	(no limit)	(unlimited)	all from George McClellan to David Dinkins 4
1993	4 years	2 terms	8 years	Rudolph Giuliani 5, Mike Bloomberg and successors

1. See List of mayors of New York City.
2. Mayor Strong, elected in 1894, served an extra year because no municipal election was held in 1896, in anticipation of the consolidated City's switch to odd-year elections.
3. George B. McClellan, Jr. was elected to one two-year term (1904-1905) and one four-year term (1906-1909)
4. David Dinkins was not affected by the term limit enacted in 1993 because he had served only one term by 1993 and failed to win re-election.
5. The aerial assaults upon Manhattan of September 11th, 2001, coincided with the primary elections for a successor to Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, who was completing his second and final term of office. The urgency of the situation and approval of Mayor Giuliani's response to it were both so widely felt that many wanted keep him in office beyond December 31, 2001, either by removing the term limit or by extending his service for a few months.^[2] However, neither happened, the primary elections (with the same candidates) were re-run on September 25th, the general election was held as scheduled on November 6th, and Michael Bloomberg took office on the regularly-appointed date of January 1, 2002.

[edit] Interrupted Terms

Mayors John T. Hoffman (1866-68, elected Governor 1868), William Havemeyer (1845-46, 1848-49 & 1873-74), William Jay Gaynor (1910-13), Jimmy Walker (1926-32) and William O'Dwyer (1946-50) failed to complete the final terms to which they were elected. The uncompleted mayoral terms of Hoffman, Walker and O'Dwyer were added to the other offices elected in (respectively) 1868, 1932 and 1950.

Interrupted Terms of New York City's Elected Mayors since 1834
Elected Mayor	Last Elected	End of Service	Interim Successor †	Election	Elected Successor
John T. Hoffman (D)	Dec. 1867	resigned 30 Nov. 1868	Thomas Coman (D)	Dec. 1868 (special)	A. Oakey Hall (D)
Wm Havemeyer (R)	Nov. 1872	died 30 Nov. 1874	Samuel B. H. Vance (R)	Nov. 1874 (regular)	William H. Wickham (D)
William Gaynor (D)	Nov. 1909	died 10 Sept. 1913	Ardolph L. Kline (R)	Nov. 1913 (regular)	John P. Mitchel (Fusion)
Jimmy Walker (D)	Nov. 1929	resigned 1 Sept. 1932	Joseph V. McKee (D)	Nov. 1932 (special)	John P. O'Brien (D)
William O'Dwyer (D)	Nov. 1949	resigned 31 Aug. 1950	Vincent Impellitteri (D)	Nov. 1950 (special)	Vincent Impellitteri (Experience)

(D) = (Democratic)

(R) = (Republican) - [Havemeyer was a Democrat who ran as a Republican against the Democratic Tweed Ring in 1872.]

† Became Acting Mayor as the President of the Board of Aldermen or City Council.

[edit] Summary tables

[edit] Principal candidates' City-wide vote since 1897

This chart has several purposes. One is to provide ordinary readers with simple, basic information from a very detailed page. Another is to provide a handy index for those looking for a particular candidate or campaign. (Just click on the year, the candidate's name, or the party name or abbreviation for more details.)

A slightly more sophisticated purpose is to sketch out on one screen the flow of votes across parties and candidates, as affected by fusion, splitting, cross-endorsement and the emergence of new movements or personalities.

Votes in thousands for principal candidates only, generally those winning more than 4.0% (1/25) of the total vote. (Therefore, low votes may not be shown in a particular year for an otherwise significant party, such as Socialist or Conservative. For some of the lesser left-wing candidates before 1945, see #Collapse of the Socialist Party vote below.) Winner in bold-face in a colored box.

To determine the meaning of abbreviations, click the link or check the list below this table. (Different first names, initials and nicknames may be used for the same person purely to fit the available space.)

year	Democratic	'000	Fusion, Liberal, Independent, etc.	'000	Republican	'000	other major candidates	'000
1897	Robert A. Van Wyck	234	Seth Low, Citizens Union	152	Benjamin F. Tracy	102	Henry George, Jeff D	22
1901	Edward Shepard	265	Seth Low, Fusion	297
1903	Geo. B. McClellan, Jr	315	Seth Low, Fusion	252
1905	George B. McClellan, Jr.	228	Wm Randolph Hearst, Muni. Ownership League	225	William M. Ivins (Senior)	137
1909	William Jay Gaynor	250	Wm R. Hearst, Civic All.	154	Otto Bannard, R-Fusion	177
1913	Edward E. McCall	234	John Mitchel, Fusion	358			Chas Edw. Russell, S	32
1917	John Francis Hylan	314	John P. Mitchel, Fusion	155	William M. Bennett	56	Morris Hillquit, Soc.	145
	[The 19th (Women's Suffrage) Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in August 1920, doubling the potential total vote.]
1921	John Francis Hylan	750			Henry Curran, R-Coalition	333
1925	Jimmy Walker	749			Frank D. Waterman	347	Jacob Panken, Soc.	83
1929	Jimmy Walker	868			Fiorello H. La Guardia	368	Norman Thomas, S	176
1932	John P. O'Brien	1,054	Joseph McKee, I (write-in)	234	Lewis Pounds	443	Morris Hillquit, Soc.	252
1933	John P. O'Brien	587	Jos.V. McKee, Recovery	609	F.H. La Guardia, R-Fusion	869
1937	Jeremiah Mahoney, D-Trades Union-Anticomm.	891			Fiorello H. La Guardia, R-ALP-Fusion-Prog.	1,345
1941	William O'Dwyer	1,054			Fiorello H. La Guardia, R-ALP-Fusion-United City	1,187
1945	Wm O'Dwyer, D-ALP	1,125	Newbold Morris, No Deal	408	Jonah Goldstein, R-Lib.-Fu.	432
1949	William O'Dwyer	1,267			Newbold Morris, R-Lib.-Fu.	956	Vito Marcantonio ALP	557
1950	Ferdinand Pecora, D-Lib.	935	Vincent Impellitteri, Exp	1,161	Edward Corsi	382	Paul Ross, ALP	148
1953	Robert F. Wagner, Jr.	1,023	Rudolph Halley, Lib.-Ind.	467	Harold Riegelmann	662
1957	Robt Wagner, D-Lib-Fu	1,509			Robert Christenberry	586
1961	Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Lib.-Brotherhood	1,237	Lawrence Gerosa, Ind.- Citizens Party	322	Louis Lefkowitz, R-Nonpartisan-Civic Action	836
1965	Abraham Beame, D-Civil Service Fusion	1,046			John V. Lindsay, R-Lib.-Indep. Citizens	1,149	Wm F. Buckley, Jr, Conservative	341
1969	Mario Procaccino, D-NP-Civil Service Ind.	832	John V. Lindsay, Liberal	1,013	John Marchi, R-Conservative	543
1973	Abraham Beame	961	Albert Blumenthal, Lib.	265	John Marchi	277	Mario Biaggi, Cons.	190
1977	Edward Koch	717	Mario Cuomo, Liberal	588	Roy M. Goodman	59	Barry Farber, Cons.	57
1981	Edward Koch, D-R	913	Frank Barbaro, Unity	163
1985	Edward Koch, D-Ind.	868	Carol Bellamy, Liberal	113	Diane McGrath, R-Cons.	102
1989	David Dinkins	917			Rudolph Giuliani, R-L-Ind Fu	870
1993	David Dinkins	877			Rudolph Giuliani, R-Lib.	930
1997	Ruth Messinger	479			Rudolph Giuliani, R-Lib.	616
2001	Mark Green, D-Wkg Fam	709			Mike Bloomberg, R-Ind'ce	744
2005	Fernando Ferrer	503			M. Bloomberg, R/L-Ind'ce	753

Abbreviations used in this table: F or Fu. = Fusion, I or Ind. = Independent, Indep. Citizens = Independent Citizens (1965), Ind Fu = Independent Fusion (1993), Ind'ce = Independence Party of New York, L or Lib. = Liberal Party of New York, C or Cons. = Conservative Party of New York, ALP = American Labor Party, S or Soc. = Socialist Party of America, NP = Non-Partisan, Wkg Fam = Working Families Party, Prog = Progressive, Jeff D = The Democracy of Thomas Jefferson (Henry George, 1897), Muni. Ownership League = Municipal Ownership League, Civic All. = Civic Alliance (Hearst 1909), Anticomm. = Anticommunist (Mahoney 1937), Exp = Experience party (Impellitteri's label for his independent campaign in 1950)

[edit] How the Boroughs voted

See the table above for more information about the candidates and parties involved. Blue indicates a candidate endorsed by the Democratic Party; salmon-pink one endorsed by the Republicans; and buff (or beige) one endorsed by neither party. (Darker shades indicate where a city-wide winner's percentage was at least 7% above his overall percentage.) In 1981, Edward Koch ran on the tickets of both the Democrats and the Republicans.

Click a year to see the table or tables for that particular election (# indicates a link devoted to one specific election rather than to a set of two to six.)

Although separate boroughs since 1898, The Bronx and Manhattan shared New York County and reported elections together until the separate Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and started her separate existence on January 1, 1914. The Borough of Richmond changed her name to the Borough of Staten Island in 1975, although the co-extensive Richmond County still retains that name.

borough	Manhattan and The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Richmond (S.I.)	City of New York
county	[ New York ]	[ King's ]	[ Queen's ]	[ Richmond ]
1897	Van Wyck 48%	Van Wyck 40%	Van Wyck 41%	Van Wyck 43.5%	Van Wyck 45%
1901	Low 49%	Low 55%	Shepard 49%	Low 50%	Low 51%
1903	McClellan 56%	McClellan 49%	McClellan 56.5%	Low 48%	McClellan 53%
1905	McClellan 42%	Hearst 39%	Hearst 39%	McClellan 44%	McClellan 38%
1909	Gaynor 42.5%	Gaynor 42%	Gaynor 38%	Gaynor 47%	Gaynor 42%

borough	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	City of New York
county	[ New York ]	[ Bronx ]	[ King's ]	[ Queen's ]	[ Richmond ]
1913	Mitchel	Mitchel	Mitchel 60%	Mitchel 60%	Mitchel 54%	Mitchel 57%
#1917	Hylan 46%	Hylan 43%	Hylan 46.5%	Hylan 52%	Hylan 58%	Hylan 47%
1921	Hylan 63%	Hylan 68%	Hylan 62%	Hylan 69%	Hylan 71%	Hylan 64%
1925	Walker 70%	Walker 72%	Walker 61%	Walker 63%	Walker 67%	Walker 66%
#1929	Walker 64%	Walker 63%	Walker 58%	Walker 62%	Walker 58%	Walker 61%
#1932	O'Brien 61%	O'Brien 52%	O'Brien 51%	O'Brien 48%	O'Brien 54%	O'Brien 53%
#1933	La Guardia 38%	La Guardia 39%	La Guardia 44%	La Guardia 39%	La Guardia 44%	La Guardia 40%
#1937	La Guardia 58%	La Guardia 62%	La Guardia 63%	La Guardia 55%	La Guardia 56%	La Guardia 60%
#1941	La Guardia 56%	La Guardia 58%	La Guardia 55%	O'Dwyer 60.5%	O'Dwyer 60%	La Guardia 52%
1945	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer
1949	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer	O'Dwyer
#1950	Impellitteri 40%	Pecora 42%	Pecora 41%	Impellitteri 55.5%	Impellitteri 60%	Impellitteri 44%
#1953	Wagner 48%	Wagner 46%	Wagner 47%	Wagner 41%	Wagner 52%	Wagner 46%
1957	Wagner	Wagner	Wagner	Wagner	Wagner	Wagner
1961	Wagner	Wagner	Wagner	Wagner	Lefkowitz	Wagner
#1965	Lindsay 56%	Beame 47%	Beame 47%	Lindsay 47%	Lindsay 46%	Lindsay 43%
#1969	Lindsay	Procaccino	Procaccino	Lindsay	Marchi	Lindsay 41%
#1973	Beame	Beame	Beame	Beame	Beame	Beame
#1977	Koch	Koch	Koch	Cuomo	Cuomo	Koch 52%
#1981	Koch	Koch	Koch	Koch	Koch	Koch 75%
#1985	Koch	Koch	Koch	Koch	Koch	Koch 78%
#1989	Dinkins	Dinkins	Dinkins	Giuliani	Giuliani	Dinkins 48%
#1993	Dinkins	Dinkins	Dinkins	Giuliani	Giuliani	Giuliani 49%
#1997	Giuliani	Messinger	Giuliani	Giuliani	Giuliani	Giuliani 55%
#2001	Green 52%	Green 55%	Green 52.5%	Bloomberg 55%	Bloomberg 77%	Bloomberg 50%
#2005	Bloomberg 60%	Ferrer 60%	Bloomberg 58%	Bloomberg 63.5%	Bloomberg 77%	Bloomberg 58%
borough	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	City of New York

[edit] Upcoming elections

[edit] 2009

Main article: New York City mayoral election, 2009

[edit] Recent elections

[edit] 2005

Main article: New York City mayoral election, 2005

In 2005, Mayor Bloomberg won every borough but The Bronx (of which his Democratic opponent was the former Borough President) against a Democratic Party split by a divisive primary, in contrast to his first victory in 2001, when Bloomberg carried only Queens and Staten Island.

2005	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
change in Bloomberg's margin of victory, 2001-2005		+ 98,973	– 19,634	+ 97,622	+ 48,125	– 10,705	+ 214,381	+ 17.0%
Bloomberg's margin over Mark Green (2001)		– 22,777	– 21,683	– 28,182	+ 46,904	+ 61,227	+ 35,489	+ 2.4%
Bloomberg's margin over Ferrer (2005)		+ 76,196	– 41,317	+ 69,440	+ 95,029	+ 50,522	+ 249,870	+ 19.4%
Michael R. Bloomberg	Republican\Liberal	171,593	69,577	189,581	184,426	63,267	678,444	52.6%
		52.6%	35.3%	52.7%	57.9%	71.5%
	Independence	25,416	6,840	20,141	17,689	4,559	74,645	5.8%
		7.8%	3.5%	5.6%	5.6%	5.2%
	Total	197,010	76,417	209,723	202,116	67,827	753,089	58.4%
		60.4%	38.8%	58.2%	63.5%	76.7%
Fernando Ferrer	Democratic	120,813	117,734	140,282	107,086	17,304	503,219	39.0%
		37.0%	59.8%	39.0%	33.6%	19.6%
Thomas V. Ognibene	Conservative	1,729	1,185	3,573	5,645	2,498	14,630	1.1%
Anthony Gronowicz	Green	3,195	466	3,112	1,285	239	8,297	0.6%
Jimmy McMillan	Rent Is Too Damn High	1,369	474	1,293	799	176	4,111	0.3%
Audrey Silk	Libertarian	991	234	841	617	205	2,888	0.2%
Martin Koppel	Socialist Workers	758	231	766	384	117	2,256	0.2%
Seth A Blum	Education	322	131	382	264	77	1,176	0.1%
Write-ins		109	1	90	57	12	269	.02%
T O T A L		326,295	196,873	360,061	318,252	88,454	1,289,935

Source: Board of Elections in the City of New York http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/results.html

[edit] 2001

Main article: New York City mayoral election, 2001

The 2001 mayoral election was held on Tuesday, November 6.

Republican incumbent Rudy Giuliani could not run again due to term limits. As Democrats outnumber Republicans by 5 to 1 in the city, it was widely believed that a Democrat would succeed him in City Hall. However, billionaire Michael Bloomberg, a lifelong Democrat, changed his party affiliation a few months before the election in order to avoid a crowded primary, and ran as a Republican. The Democratic primary was meant to be held on September 11 but was postponed due to the September 11 attacks; it was instead held on September 25. The primary opened the way to a bitter run-off between the Bronx-born Puerto Rican Fernando Ferrer, and Mark J. Green, a non-Hispanic who attacked Ferrer's close ties to Rev. Al Sharpton, leaving the party divided along racial lines.

Bloomberg spent $74 million on his election campaign, which was a record amount at the time for a non-presidential election (Bloomberg would break his own record in 2005). [1] Thanks also in part to active support from Giuliani, whose approval ratings shot up after the September 11 attacks, Bloomberg won a very close general election.

2001 General Election	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Bloomberg's margin over Green		– 22,777	– 21,683	– 28,182	+ 46,904	+ 61,227	+ 35,489	+ 2.4%
Michael R. Bloomberg	Republican	162,096	72,551	174,053	196,241	80,725	685,666	46.3%
	Independence	17,701	8,046	14,987	14,191	4,166	59,091	4.0%
	Total	179,797	80,597	189,040	210,432	84,891	744,757	50.3%
		46.1%	43.1%	45.7%	55.3%	77.1%
Mark Green	Democratic	193,372	97,087	206,005	157,897	22,356	676,717	45.7%
	Working Families	9,202	5,193	11,217	5,631	1,308	32,551	2.2%
	Total	202,574	102,280	217,222	163,528	23,664	709,268	47.9%
		52.0%	54.7%	52.5%	43.0%	21.5%
Alan G. Hevesi	Liberal	2,684	847	2,124	1,886	486	8,027	0.5%
	Better Schools	416	772	628	407	81	2,304	0.2%
	Total	3,100	1,619	2,752	2,293	567	10,331	0.7%
Julia Willebrand	Green	2,241	670	2,456	1,579	209	7,155	0.5%
Terrance M. Gray	Conservative	507	642	844	1,219	365	3,577	0.2%
Thomas K. Leighton	Marijuana Reform	791	529	680	418	145	2,563	0.2%
Kenny Kramer	Libertarian	368	296	338	306	100	1,408	0.1%
Bernhard H. Goetz	Fusion	203	201	333	253	59	1,049	0.1%
Kenneth B. Golding	American Dream	96	112	163	81	22	474	.03%
scattered votes		114	57	26	106	29	332	.02%
TOTAL RECORDED VOTE		389,791	187,003	413,854	380,215	110,051	1,480,914	(100.0%)
(unrecorded votes)		9,186	6,125	12,097	10,285	1,836	39,529
Total vote		398,977	193,128	425,951	390,500	111,887	1,520,443

Democratic Primary Runoff
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
	Mark Green	131,438	38,256	120,781	94,342	18,183	403,000
	Fernando Ferrer	86,579	106,086	109,831	77,330	7,193	387,019
							790,019

Democratic Primary
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
	Fernando Ferrer	60,839	86,571	77,516	49,441	5,084	279,451
	Mark Green	83,856	26,125	77,805	49,692	5,704	243,182
	Peter F. Vallone (Sr.)	25,296	18,268	51,210	48,576	11,842	155,192
	Alan G. Hevesi	32,925	6,066	25,110	27,163	3,504	94,768
	George N. Spitz	1,558	1,264	2,923	2,489	283	8,517
							785,365

Republican Primary
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
	Michael Bloomberg	10,959	3,230	10,168	14,543	9,155	48,055
	Herman Badillo	4,161	1,838	4,153	5,700	2,624	18,476
							72,961

[edit] 1997

Main article: New York City mayoral election, 1997

General Election
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
Republican - Liberal	Rudolph W. Giuliani	138,718	81,897	173,343	176,751	45,120	615,829
Democratic	Ruth Messinger	128,478	102,979	145,349	92,194	10,288	479,288
	Others	5,534	2,901	6,259	4,586	1,961	21,241
							1,116,358

Notes:

• In the Democratic Primary, Messinger defeated Rev. Al Sharpton, avoiding a runoff election.
• Figures are for 99% of precincts reporting

[edit] Past elections

[edit] 1993

General Election
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
change in Giuliani margin		+ 21,433	+ 8,256	+ 27,786	+ 16,428	+ 26,517	+ 100,447
Giuliani – Dinkins, 1989		– 97,600	– 72,471	– 39,071	+ 94,670	+ 67,392	– 47,080
Giuliani – Dinkins, 1993		– 76,167	– 64,215	– 11,285	+ 111,098	+ 93,909	+ 53,367
Republican - Liberal	Rudolph W. Giuliani	166,357	98,780	258,058	291,625	115,416	930,236
Democratic	David N. Dinkins	242,524	162,995	269,343	180,527	21,507	876,869
Conservative - Right to Life	George J. Marlin						15,926
							1,889,003

[edit] 1989

General Election
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
Dinkins' lead over Giuliani		+ 97,600	+ 72,471	+ 39,071	– 94,670	– 67,392	+ 47,080
Republican - Liberal - Independent	Rudolph W. Giuliani	157,686	99,800	237,832	284,766	90,380	870,464
Democratic	David N. Dinkins	255,286	172,271	276,903	190,096	22,988	917,544
Right to Life	Henry Hewes						17,460
Conservative	Ronald S. Lauder						9,271
							1,899,845

Democratic Primary
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
	David N. Dinkins	151,113	101,274	170,440	113,952	11,122	547,901
	Edward I. Koch	96,923	66,600	139,268	129,262	24,260	456,313
	Harrison J. Goldin	6,889	4,951	9,619	5,857	1,493	28,809
	Richard Ravitch	17,499	5,946	13,214	9,443	1,432	47,534

[edit] 1985

General Election
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
Democratic - Independent	Edward I. Koch	171,582	137,472	248,585	248,041	62,580	868,260
Liberal	Carol Bellamy	41,190	14,092	29,256	25,098	3,835	113,471
Republican - Conservative	Diane McGrath	17,491	12,358	25,738	36,032	10,049	101,668
							1,106,762

[edit] 1981

General Election
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
Democratic - Republican	Edward I. Koch	189,631	132,421	261,292	275,812	53,466	912,622
Unity	Frank J. Barbaro	56,702	22,074	48,812	31,225	3,906	162,719
							1,222,644

[edit] 1977

In his 2005 book Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx Is Burning, historian Jonathan Mahler argues that the New York City blackout of 1977, with its accompanying rioting, enabled the law-and-order advocate Ed Koch to beat out his more left-wing opponents, including incumbent mayor Abe Beame, in the 1977 election.

General Election
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
Democratic	Edward I. Koch	184,842	116,436	204,934	191,894	19,270	717,376
Liberal - Neighborhood Govt.	Mario M. Cuomo	77,531	87,421	173,321	208,748	40,932	587,913
Republican	Roy M. Goodman	19,321	6,102	11,491	18,460	3,229	58,606
Conservative	Barry M. Farber						57,437
							1,370,142

Democratic Primary Runoff
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
	Edward I. Koch	114,084	69,230	131,538	107,182	9,770	431,839
	Mario M. Cuomo	61,555	55,017	112,862	105,149	19,639	354,222

Democratic Primary
		Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total
	Edward I. Koch	49,855	23,237	49,894	51,515	5,747	180,248
	Mario M. Cuomo	25,056	22,939	55,439	56,719	10,335	170,488
	Abraham D. Beame	23,057	25,534	62,921	44,342	7,306	163,610
	Bella Abzug	54,591	20,429	37,790	33,623	4,286	150,719
	Percy Sutton	34,742	24,588	42,215	28,286	1,366	131,197
	Herman Badillo	26,895	34,246	28,838	8,961	868	99,808

Note that the eventual winner, Rep. Ed Koch, could not win a plurality in any of the Five Boroughs for the initial Democratic primary. Rep. Bella Abzug took Manhattan, Mayor Abe Beame Brooklyn, Rep. Herman Badillo the Bronx, and NY Sec. of State Mario Cuomo Queens & Staten Island. In the Democratic run-off with Cuomo, Koch took Queens and three other boroughs, leaving Cuomo with only Staten Island. In the general election, Cuomo kept Staten Island and won back Queens, but lost the other three boroughs (Manhattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx) to Koch.

[edit] 1929 to 1973

Some figures and anecdotes courtesy James Trager's New York Chronology (HarperCollins: 2003). Other numbers are from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, then published by The New York World-Telegram (Scripps-Howard), for 1943 (page 412) and 1957 (page 299).

[edit] 1973

Year	Candidate	Party	Total
1973	Abraham Beame	Democratic	961,130
	John Marchi	Republican	276,585
	Albert H. Blumenthal	Liberal	265,297
	Mario Biaggi	Conservative	189,986

note: All the candidates except Marchi had run in the Democratic primary.

[edit] 1969

Year	Candidate	Party	Total	percent
1969	John V. Lindsay	Liberal	1,012,663	(41.1%)
	Mario Procaccino	Democratic	831,772	(33.8%)
	John Marchi	Republican - Conservative	542,411	(22.1%)

note: In one of the most unusual primary seasons since the conglomeration of greater New York, the incumbent Mayor (Lindsay) and a former incumbent (Robert F. Wagner, Jr.) both lost. Procaccino won with less than 33% of the vote against four opponents, which inspired the use of runoffs in future primaries. In the general election, Lindsay carried Manhattan (the only borough he had carried in losing the Republican primary to Marchi, 107,000 to 113,000) as he did in 1965, but he was only 4,000 votes ahead of giving first place in Queens to Procaccino. Turnout dropped to 2.4 million from 2.6 million in 1965. (In the same election, Lindsay's 1965 opponent Abe Beame was easily returned to his old job of Comptroller.) ^[3]

[edit] 1965

1965	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
John Vliet Lindsay	Republican - Liberal - Independent Citizens	291,326	181,072	308,398	331,162	37,148	1,149,106	43.3%
		55.8%	39.5%	40.0%	46.9%	45.8%
Abraham Beame	Democratic - Civil Service Fusion	193,230	213,980	365,360	250,662	23,467	1,046,699	39.4%
		37.0%	46.6%	47.4%	35.5%	28.9%
William F. Buckley, Jr.	Conservative	37,694	63,858	97,679	123,544	20,451	343,226	12.9%
		7.2%	13.9%	12.7%	17.5%	25.2%
subtotal		522,250	458,910	771,437	705,368	81,066	2,539,031	95.7%
others							115,420	4.3%
T O T A L							2,654,451

Over a quarter of Lindsay's vote (293,194) was on the Liberal Party line, while over 60,000 of Beame's votes were on the Civil Service Fusion line. John Lindsay, a Republican Congressman from the "Silk-Stocking" District on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, carried Manhattan, Queens, and traditionally-Republican Staten Island (Richmond), while Abe Beame, the City Comptroller, carried The Bronx and his home borough of Brooklyn.^[4] (Five years later, Bill Buckley's brother James L. Buckley would win the 1970 New York state election for U.S. Senator on the Conservative Party line against divided opposition.)

[edit] 1957 & 1961

Year	Candidate	Party	Total
1961	Robert F. Wagner, Jr.	Democratic - Liberal - Brotherhood	1,237,421
	Louis Lefkowitz	Republican - Nonpartisan - Civic Action	835,691
	Lawrence E. Gerusa	Independent	321,604
1957	Robert F. Wagner, Jr.	Democratic - Liberal - Fusion	1,508,775
	Robert Christenberry	Republican	585,768

The Wagner-Christenberry campaign has left us one of the great campaign anecdotes: Christenberry was railing against Wagner's police department for not doing enough to fight corruption and vice, so the cops raided Christenberry's illegal casino in the basement of the hotel he was manager of.

[edit] 1953

1953	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Rudolph Halley	Liberal	76,884	112,825	162,275	73,192	3,514	428,690	19.1%
	Independent	7,648	9,853	13,264	7,356	295	38,416	1.7%
	Total	84,532	122,678	175,539	80,548	3,809	467,106	20.8%
		17.1%	27.4%	24.1%	15.7%	6.4%
Robert F. Wagner, Jr.	Democratic	236,960	206,771	339,970	207,918	31,007	1,022,626	45.6%
		47.9%	46.2%	46.6%	40.6%	51.8%
Harold Riegelmann	Republican	147,876	97,224	183,968	208,829	23,694	661,591	29.5%
		29.9%	21.7%	25.2%	40.8%	39.6%
Clifford T. McAvoy	American Labor Party	14,904	13,290	17,337	7,182	332	53,045	2.4%
David L. Weiss	Socialist Workers	10,683	7,760	13,062	7,254	1,019	2,054	0.1%
Nathan Karp	Industrial Gov't [SLP]						916	.04%
scattered							180	.01%
unrecorded (blank, spoiled, etc.)							36,630	1.6%
T O T A L		494,955	447,723	729,876	511,731	59,861	2,244,146

"Industrial Government" is a ballot title sometimes used, to avoid confusion or to meet election laws, by the Socialist Labor Party. The Liberal Party of New York won over five times as many votes as the American Labor Party in Manhattan, and eight-to-ten times as many in the other boroughs. The ALP lost its ballot status after the 1954 Governor's race, and voted to dissolve itself in 1956.

[edit] 1950

1950	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Ferdinand Pecora	Democratic	166,240	157,537	271,670	104,734	11,177	711,358	27.1%
	Liberal	48,370	59,717	90,576	24,489	841	223,993	8.5%
	Total	214,610	217,254	362,246	129,223	12,018	935,351	35.6%
		35.1%	41.6%	41.0%	23.6%	19.0%
Vincent Impellitteri	Experience	246,608	215,913	357,322	303,448	37,884	1,161,175	44.2%
		40.4%	41.3%	40.5%	55.5%	60.0%
Edward Corsi	Republican	102,575	54,796	113,392	99,225	12,384	382,372	14.6%
		16.8%	10.5%	12.8%	18.1%	19.6%
Paul Ross	American Labor Party	47,201	34,575	49,999	14,904	899	147,578	5.6%
T O T A L		610,994	522,538	882,959	546,800	63,185	2,626,476

Vincent Impellitteri, the mayor who succeeded mid-term after William O'Dwyer resigned on August 31, 1950, swept Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island in this special election, while Ferdinand Pecora (aided by the Liberal Party) took very narrow leads in The Bronx and Brooklyn. In this election, the Liberals heavily outpolled the American Labor Party in every borough but Manhattan and Staten Island, where the two parties' votes were almost equal.

[edit] 1945 & 1949

Year	Candidate	Party	Total
1949	William O'Dwyer	Democratic	1,266,512
	Newbold Morris	Republican - Liberal - Fusion	956,069
	Vito Marcantonio	American Labor	556,626
1945	William O'Dwyer	Democratic - American Labor	1,125,357
	Jonah J. Goldstein	Republican (though a Democrat until the day of nomination) - Liberal - Fusion	431,601
	Newbold Morris	No Deal	408,348

The No Deal Party (according to Chris McNickle in The Encyclopedia of New York City) was founded by the retiring maverick Republican Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to draw Republican votes towards Newbold Morris and away from the official Republican Party with whom La Guardia was having a dispute. The No Deal Party dissolved soon after the 1945 election.

[edit] 1941

As in 1937, more voters in every borough voted on the Democratic line than on any other single line; but this time (unlike 1937) the Democrat carried Queens and Staten Island over La Guardia, shrinking the Mayor's overall citywide percentage lead from 20% to 6%. As in 1937, La Guardia's overall margin of victory depended on the American Labor Party, which again won more votes than the Republicans in The Bronx. While the total vote and Republican vote were almost identical in 1937 and 1941, the ALP line lost 47,000 votes (2.4%), almost entirely from Manhattan (-18,000) and Brooklyn (-26,000), as the vote on La Guardia's other lines (Fusion, Progressive and United City) dropped from 187,000 (8.3%) to 86,000 (3.7%). The Democratic Party gained about 160,000 votes lost by La Guardia (and about 7½ % of the total). In both Queens and Richmond (Staten Island), the swing was even greater: La Guardia lost over 15% of the total vote (and the Democrats gained over 15%) from 1937, as his lead there flipped from roughly 56%-44% to 39%-60%.

1941	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
change in La Guardia's margin of victory, 1937-1941		– 21,481	– 31,205	–116,061	–133,684	– 19,160	– 321,591	– 14.5%
La Guardia's margin over Jeremiah Mahoney (1937)		+ 91,989	+105,517	+207,869	+ 40,966	+ 7,533	+ 453,874	+ 20.3%
La Guardia's margin over O'Dwyer (1941)		+ 70,508	+ 74,312	+ 91,808	– 92,718	– 11,627	+ 132,283	+ 5.8%
Fiorello H. La Guardia	Republican	188,851	103,420	242,537	116,359	17,318	668,485	29.5%
		35.6%	22.9%	30.5%	27.1%	30.7%
	American Labor Party	81,642	135,900	174,601	39,693	3,538	435,374	19.2%
		15.4%	30.1%	21.9%	9.3%	6.3%
	City Fusion	21,642	14,719	17,024	8,759	1,223	63,367	2.8%
	United City	6,090	5,568	5,694	1,770	170	19,292	0.9%
	Total	298,225	259,607	439,856	166,581	22,249	1,186,518	52.4%
		56.2%	57.6%	55.2%	38.8%	39.4%
William O'Dwyer	Democratic	227,717	185,295	348,048	259,299	33,876	1,054,235	46.6%
		42.9%	41.1%	43.7%	60.5%	60.1%
[5] George W. Hartmann	Socialist	4,790	6,005	8,574	2,973	274	22,616	1.0%
T O T A L		530,732	450,907	796,478	428,853	56,399	2,263,369

[edit] 1937

1937	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
La Guardia's margin over Mahoney		+ 91,989	+105,517	+207,869	+ 40,966	+ 7,533	+ 453,874	+ 20.3%
Fiorello H. La Guardia	Republican	181,518	96,468	228,313	144,433	23,879	674,611	30.2%
		32.1%	22.0%	29.2%	37.3%	38.4%
	American Labor Party	99,735	138,756	200,783	40,153	3,363	482,790	21.6%
		17.6%	31.6%	25.7%	10.4%	5.4%
	Fusion	39,959	30,677	55,423	26,217	7,280	159,556	7.1%
		7.1%	7.0%	7.1%	6.8%	11.7%
	Progressive	7,783	6,421	9,997	3,136	336	27,673	1.2%
	Total	328,995	272,322	494,516	213,939	34,858	1,344,630	60.2%
		58.1%	62.0%	63.3%	55.3%	56.1%
[6]Jeremiah T. Mahoney	Democratic	233,120	163,856	282,137	171,002	27,100	877,215	39.2%
		41.2%	37.3%	36.1%	44.2%	43.6%
	Trades Union	2,044	1,378	2,490	1,014	122	7,048	0.3%
	Anti-Communist	1,842	1,571	2,020	957	103	6,493	0.3%
	Total	237,006	166,805	286,647	172,973	27,325	890,756	39.8%
		41.9%	38.0%	36.7%	44.7%	43.9%
T O T A L		566,001	439,127	781,163	386,912	62,183	2,235,386

Note that the leading line in every borough, and in the City as a whole, is the Democratic line for Judge Mahoney. Running on the Republican line alone (as he did when losing the election of 1929), Mayor La Guardia would have lost every borough, but he carried all five when the American Labor Party line was added. The ALP line did better than the Republican line in The Bronx, although worse than the Democratic one.

[edit] 1933

1933	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Fiorello H. La Guardia	Republican - Fusion	203,479	151,669	331,920	154,369	27,085	868,522	40.4%
		38.4%	38.8%	44.4%	39.3%	43.7%
Joseph V. McKee	Recovery	123,707	131,280	194,558	141,296	18,212	609,053	28.3%
		23.3%	33.6%	26.0%	36.0%	29.4%
John P. O'Brien	Democratic	192,649	93,403	194,335	90,501	15,784	586,672	27.3%
		36.3%	23.9%	26.0%	23.0%	25.4%
Charles Solomon	Socialist	10,525	14,758	26,941	6,669	953	59,846	3.0%
( s u b t o t a l )		530,360	391,110	747,754	392,835	62,034
Robert Minor	Communist						26,044	1.3%
T O T A L							2,150,137

While opposed by Tammany Hall, McKee enjoyed the support of Democratic President (and former Governor) Franklin D. Roosevelt, who declared neutrality when his ally Mayor La Guardia was running for reelection in #1937. (See Ed Flynn's comments about FDR's 1936 contribution to starting the American Labor Party in the #References below.) According to Michael Tomasky, La Guardia, who had lost the #1921 Republican Mayoral primary to Manhattan Borough President Henry Curran, did not enjoy the support of a united Republican Party when he won the party's nomination and lost the general election in #1929, but was able to win over Republican organizational support in 1933.^[7]

[edit] Collapse of the Socialist Party vote

In 1933, a year that might otherwise have favored the Socialist Party's chances, the New Deal began, Morris Hillquit died, Norman Thomas refused to run again for Mayor, and the Socialist vote (previously as high as one-eighth to one-fifth of the total) collapsed irretrievably from a quarter of a million to sixty thousand (one-thirtieth of the total). Many supporters of Thomas' 1929 campaign defected (some, like Paul Blanshard leaving the Party) to support La Guardia.^[8] By the time of the next Mayoral election in 1937, which the Socialist Party decided by internal referendum not to contest, many reformers and trade-unionists who wanted to support major-party progressives like La Guardia (R-ALP-Fusion), Gov. Herbert Lehman (D-ALP) and Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D-ALP) from outside the two-party structure backed the American Labor Party (ALP), the Social Democratic Federation and later the Liberal Party of New York.^[9] After a disastrous gubernatorial campaign in 1938 (where Thomas and George Hartmann won only 25,000 votes out of over 4.7 million), the Socialist Party lost its separate line on the New York ballot, allowed its members to join the ALP, and in fact encouraged them to do so. In 1939, the Socialist Harry W. Laidler, a co-founder of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society and League for Industrial Democracy, was elected (with the help of proportional representation) to the New York City Council on the ALP's ticket, but lost its renomination two years later because of rivalry with the Communists.^[10] [Although not apparent from the table below, the Communist Party's vote for other municipal offices, such as City Council and President of the Board of Aldermen, was increasing at the same time that the Socialist Party's was declining below the Communists'. But in 1936, when the foundation of the ALP coincided with world Communism's shift from independent action towards the Popular Front, New York City Communists redirected much of their own energy towards supporting the ALP.] ^[11]

The Rise and Fall of the Socialist Vote for Mayor of the City of New York
year	Social-Democratic Party & Socialist Party of America	votes	%	Socialist Labor Party	votes	%	other left, labor & reform	votes	%
1897				Lucien Sanial †	14,467	2.8%	Henry George, Jefferson Dem.	21,693	4.1%
1901	Hanford [Social Dem.]	9,834	1.7%	Keinard	6,213	1.1%
1903	Forman [Social Dem.]	16,956	2.9%	Hunter	5,205	0.9%
1905	Algernon Lee	11,817	2.0%	Kinneally	2,276	0.4%	W.R. Hearst, Muni. Own'ship	224,989	37.2%
1909	Joseph Cassidy	11,768	2.0%	Hunter	1,256	0.2%	Wm R. Hearst, Civic Alliance	154,187	25.9%
1913	Charles Edward Russell	32,057	5.1%	Walters	1,647	0.3%
1917	Morris Hillquit	145,332	21.7%	Edmund Seidel
1921	Jacob Panken	82,607	7.1%	John P. Quinn	1,049	0.1%	Jerome De Hunt, Farmer-Labor	1,008	0.1%
1925	Norman Thomas	39,574	3.5%	Brandon	1,643	0.1%	Fisher, Progressive	1,498	0.1%
1929	Norman Thomas	175,697	12.3%	Olive M. Johnson	6,401	0.4%	Richard Enright, Square Deal	5,965	0.4%
1932	Morris Hillquit	251,656	12.6%
1933	Charles Solomon	59,846	3.0%				Robert Minor, Communist	26,044	1.3%
1937	[no candidate]						F.H. La Guardia, ALP line only	482,790	21.6%
1941	[12] George W. Hartmann	22,616	1.0%				F.H. La Guardia, ALP line only	435,374	19.2%

[Click on the year for fuller details. ALP = American Labor Party (see commentary above). Socialist Labor Party candidates and votes not listed by The World Almanac for every year.]

† In 1894 and in 1897, Lucien Sanial was the mayoral candidate of the Socialist Labor Party before both the SLP and the Social Democratic Party each split in two. In 1901, Sanial's faction of the SLP, led by Morris Hillquit, and the larger faction of the SDP, led by Eugene V. Debs, united to form the Socialist Party of America, which soon drew away many votes formerly cast for the SLP. For further details, see Hillquit's History of Socialism in the United States (1910) and Howard Quint's Forging of American Socialism (1964), both cited in the #References at the end of this article.

[edit] 1932

Totals after a court-ordered recount:

Year	Candidate	Party	Total	percent
1932 (after recount)	John P. O'Brien	Democratic	1,054,324	(53.0%)
	Lewis H. Pounds	Republican	443,020	(22.3%)
	Morris Hillquit	Socialist	251,656	(12.6%)
	Joseph V. McKee	Independent/Write-in	241,899	(12.2%)

Joseph V. McKee became Acting Mayor upon the resignation of elected Mayor Jimmy Walker on September 1, 1932. McKee's write-in total is, in fact, the highest any New York City election would ever see. For the election after the next one, voting machines which would make write-in voting much more difficult were introduced. Machines of this basic design are still being used.

Borough returns before the recount (which did not significantly affect the outcome):

1932 (before recount)	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
John P. O'Brien	Democratic	308,944	181,639	358,945	176,070	30,517	1,056,115	53.2%
		60.8%	52.0%	51.0%	47.9%	54.3%
Lewis H. Pounds	Republican	116,729	48,366	157,152	105,068	16,586	443,901	22.4%
		23.0%	13.9%	22.3%	28.6%	29.5%
Morris Hillquit	Socialist	40,011	68,980	113,622	24,981	2,293	249,887	12.6%
		7.9%	19.8%	16.2%	6.8%	4.1%
Joseph V. McKee	Independent (write-in)	42,299	50,212	73,431	61,648	6,782	234,372	11.8%
		8.3%	14.4%	10.4%	16.8%	12.1%
	T O T A L	507,983	349,197	703,150	367,767	56,178	1,984,275

[edit] 1929

1929	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Jimmy Walker	Democratic	232,370	159,948	283,432	166,188	25,584	867,522	61.0%
		63.8%	62.9%	57.7%	61.7%	57.8%
Fiorello H. La Guardia	Republican	91,944	52,646	132,095	75,911	15,079	367,675	25.8%
		25.3%	20.7%	26.9%	28.2%	34.0%
Norman Thomas	Socialist	37,316	39,181	71,145	24,897	3,248	175,697	12.3%
		10.3%	15.4%	14.5%	9.2%	7.3%
Olive M. Johnson	Socialist Labor	1,238	1,577	2,585	906	95	6,401	0.4%
Richard Enright	Square Deal	1,121	845	2,361	1,354	284	5,965	0.4%
	T O T A L	363,989	254,197	491,618	269,256	44,290	1,423,260

(There were two other minor party lines not included here nor reflected in the totals or the percentages.) The great stock market crash hit Wall Street on October 24-29, 1929, less than two weeks before Election Day.

[edit] 1897 to 1925

¶ Basic numbers for the elections of 1897 to 1925 come from The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1929 and 1943. Percentages and borough totals calculated independently. (Because of some anomalies, not all columns and rows add precisely.) First names and informational links gathered from Wikipedia and several external sources, including the free public archive of The New York Times.

[edit] 1921 & 1925

1925	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Jimmy Walker	Democratic	247,079	131,226	244,029	103,629	22,724	748,687	65.8%
		69.4%	71.8%	60.9%	63.0%	67.3%
[13] Frank D. Waterman	Republican	98,617	39,615	139,060	58,478	10,794	346,564	30.5%
		27.7%	21.7%	34.7%	35.6%	32.0%
Norman Thomas	Socialist	9,482	11,133	16,809	1,943	207	39,574	3.5%
Brandon	Socialist Labor	388	488	591	155	21	1,643	0.1%
Fisher	Progressive	387	262	528	284	37	1,498	0.1%
TOTAL		355,953	182,724	401,017	164,489	33,783	1,137,966
1921	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
John Francis Hylan	Democratic	261,452	118,235	260,143	87,676	22,741	750,247	64.2%
		62.9%	67.6%	62.1%	69.0%	70.8%
Henry H. Curran	Republican - Coalition	124,253	34,919	128,259	36,415	9,000	332,846	28.5%
		29.9%	20.0%	30.6%	28.6%	28.0%
Jacob Panken	Socialist	28,756	21,255	29,580	2,741	275	82,607	7.1%
		6.9%	12.2%	7.1%	2.2%	0.9%
Jerome T. De Hunt	Farmer Labor	321	133	395	88	71	1,008	0.1%
John P. Quinn	Socialist Labor	316	244	346	123	20	1,049	0.1%
George K. Hinds	Prohibition	375	120	390	111	14	1,010	0.1%
TOTAL		415,473	174,906	419,113	127,154	32,121	1,168,767

Henry Curran was the Borough President of Manhattan and heavily defeated Fiorello H. La Guardia, President of the Board of Aldermen, in the Republican primary election for Mayor.

[edit] 1917

1917	party	Manhattan	The Bronx	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
John Francis Hylan	Democratic	113,728	41,546	114,487	35,399	8,850	314,010	46.8%
		46.4%	42.9%	46.5%	51.7%	58.3%
John Purroy Mitchel	Fusion	66,748	19,247	52,921	13,641	2,940	155,497	23.2%
		27.3%	19.9%	21.5%	19.9%	19.4%
Morris Hillquit	Socialist	51,176	30,374	48,880	13,477	1,425	145,332	21.7%
		20.9%	31.4%	19.9%	19.7%	9.4%
William M. Bennett	Republican	13,230	5,576	29,748	5,916	1,968	56,438	8.4%
		5.4%	5.8%	12.1%	8.6%	13.0%
Subtotal		244,882	96,743	246,036	68,433	15,183	671,277
Edmund Seidel	Socialist Labor						20,586
others
T O T A L							691,809

[Others and Total from The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale, 1995), which does not exactly match the other numbers, taken from The World Almanac for 1929 & 1943.]

Main article: New York City mayoral election, 1917

The Fall 1917 election would have been exciting even had it occurred in peacetime. In September, the City held its first-ever primary elections for Mayor. The sitting independent Democratic Mayor, John P. Mitchel, who had enjoyed Republican support under Fusion in 1913, narrowly lost the Republican primary to William Bennett, after mistakes and frauds led to a series of recounts. When negotiations between the parties failed, Mitchel ran alone as a Fusion candidate against Bennett, the Socialist Morris Hillquit and John F. Hylan, the regular Democrat supported by Tammany Hall and William Randolph Hearst.

However, the elections happened after the United States had declared war on April 6th. Hillquit and the Socialist Party quickly and vigorously opposed the war, which Mitchel vigorously supported. Hillquit's anti-war position helped the Socialists win their highest-ever vote for Mayor, but also led to vitriolic denunciations by many including The New York Times and former President Theodore Roosevelt. Mitchel and Hillquit each won less than quarter of the vote, while Hylan, who had been non-committal about the war, won the election with less than half the vote. However, as in 1897, the numbers suggest that Tammany Hall might have won even against a unified opposition.

[edit] 1897 to 1913

¶ The Bronx and Manhattan, although separate Boroughs since 1898, shared New York County and reported their votes together until Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and came into its separate existence on January 1, 1914.

[ The World Almanac does not list separate returns for the two boroughs until 1917, but The Encyclopedia of New York City (see Sources) gives these major candidates' results for 1913:

• Manhattan: McCall 103,429 - Mitchel 131,280, and The Bronx: McCall 25,684 - Mitchel 46,944. ]

1913	party	The Bronx and Manhattan	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Edward E. McCall	Democratic	129,113	77,826	20,097	6,883	233,919	37.3%
		39.6%	34.2%	35.0%	43.3%
John Purroy Mitchel	Fusion	178,224	137,074	34,279	8,604	358,181	57.1%
		54.7%	60.2%	59.6%	54.4%
Charles Edward Russell	Socialist	17,383	11,560	2,865	249	32,057	5.1%
Walters	Socialist Labor	952	538	129	28	1,647	0.3%
Raymond	Prohibition	412	587	118	96	1,213	0.2%
TOTAL		326,084	227,585	57,488	15,860	627,017

Mayor William Jay Gaynor, who had survived being shot in the throat by a disappointed office-seeker in 1910, died at sea from the indirect effects of his injury on September 10, 1913. He was succeeded for the rest of 1913 by Ardolph Loges Kline, the acting President of the Board of Aldermen.

1909	party	The Bronx and Manhattan	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
William Jay Gaynor	Democratic	134,075	91,666	17,570	7,067	250,378	42.1%
		42.5%	41.9%	38.4%	47.1%
William Randolph Hearst	Civic Alliance	87,155	49,040	15,186	2,806	154,187	25.9%
		27.6%	22.4%	33.2%	18.7%
Otto T. Bannard	Republican - Fusion	86,497	73,860	11,907	5,049	177,313	29.8%
		27.4%	33.8%	26.0%	33.6%
Joseph Cassidy	Socialist	6,811	3,874	1,004	79	11,768	2.0%
Hunter	Socialist Labor	813	369	56	18	1,256	0.2%
TOTAL		315,351	218,809	45,723	15,019	594,902
1905	party	The Bronx and Manhattan	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
George B. McClellan, Jr.	Democratic	140,264	68,788	13,228	6,127	228,407	37.8%
		41.6%	31.4%	37.6%	44.1%
William Randolph Hearst	Municipal Ownership League	123,292	84,835	13,766	3,096	224,989	37.2%
		36.6%	38.8%	39.2%	22.3%
[14] William M. Ivins (Sr)	Republican	64,280	61,192	7,213	4,499	137,184	22.7%
		19.1%	28.0%	20.5%	32.4%
Algernon Lee	Socialist	7,466	3,387	847	117	11,817	2.0%
Kinneally	Socialist Labor	1,485	657	95	39	2,276	0.4%
TOTAL		336,787	218,859	35,149	13,878	604,673
1903	party	The Bronx and Manhattan	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
George B. McClellan, Jr.	Democratic	188,681	102,569	17,074	6,458	314,782	53.4%
		56.1%	48.8%	56.5%	48.1%
Seth Low	Fusion	132,178	101,251	11,960	6,697	252,086	42.7%
		39.3%	48.2%	39.6%	49.9%
Forman	Social Democratic	11,318	4,529	976	133	16,956	2.9%
Hunter	Socialist Labor	3,540	1,411	178	76	5,205	0.9%
John McKee	Prohibition	376	396	47	50	869	0.1%
TOTAL		336,093	210,156	30,235	13,414	589,898
1901	party	The Bronx and Manhattan	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Edward M. Shepard	Democratic	156,631	88,858	13,679	6,009	265,177	45.8%
		47.4%	42.7%	49.4%	46.1%
Seth Low	Fusion	162,298	114,625	13,118	6,772	296,813	51.2%
		49.1%	55.0%	47.4%	51.9%
Hanford	Social Democratic	6,409	2,692	613	120	9,834	1.7%
Keinard	Socialist Labor	4,323	1,638	181	71	6,213	1.1%
Alfred L. Manierre	Prohibition	617	501	74	72	1,264	0.2%
TOTAL		330,278	208,314	27,665	13,044	579,301
1897	party	The Bronx and Manhattan	Brooklyn	Queens	Staten Island	Total	%
Robert A. Van Wyck	Democratic	143,666	76,185	9,275	4,871	233,997	44.7%
		48.0%	40.1%	40.7%	43.5%
Seth Low	Citizens' Union	77,210	65,656	5,876	2,798	151,540	28.9%
		25.8%	34.6%	25.8%	25.0%
Benjamin F. Tracy	Republican	55,834	37,611	5,639	2,779	101,863	19.5%
		18.6%	19.8%	24.7%	24.8%
Henry George	Jefferson Democracy	13,076	6,938	1,096	583	21,693	4.1%
Lucien Sanial †	Socialist Labor	9,796	3,593	921	157	14,467	2.8%
TOTAL		299,582	189,983	22,807	11,188	523,560

The election of 1897 was held just before the Five Boroughs formally consolidated into Greater New York in 1898, so it was the present City's first Mayoral election. For preliminary results for all the municipal offices, broken down into smaller districts, see "DEMOCRATS TAKE ALL; The Tammany Ticket Makes Almost a Clean Sweep of the Greater City. ONLY TWO REPUBLICANS IN THE COUNCIL..." in The New-York Times, November 4, 1897 (seen April 11, 2008).

Henry George, author of Progress and Poverty and proponent of the Single Tax on land, died (probably from the strain of campaign speeches) on October 29th, four days before Election Day; his son took his place on the ballot to represent "The Democracy of Thomas Jefferson" ^[15]. (In 1886, George had been the United Labor Party's candidate for Mayor of the smaller City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan, winning 68,110 votes to 90,552 for the Democrat Abram Hewitt and 60,435 for the Republican Theodore Roosevelt, although George's supporters maintained that he had lost the election through fraud.) ^[16]

It appears from the percentages to be an open question whether the Republican Party's decision in 1897 not to support Seth Low's Fusion campaign caused his defeat by splitting the vote against Tammany Hall. Republicans withdrew in Low's favor in 1901 (when he won) and in 1903 (when he lost).

† For Lucien Sanial, see the table notes under #Collapse of the Socialist Party vote above (1933) and ALL THEY NEED IS VOTES; THREE CANDIDATES FOR MAYOR WHO WOULD MAKE A STIR. in The New-York Times for Wednesday, November 4, 1894, page 19.

[edit] References

[edit] Sources

Many sources have been consulted and compared, but the most important ones are these:

• [2001-2005] The Board of Elections in the City of New York http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/results.html

• [1997] Cable News Network (CNN) http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/gen/resources/election97/results.html

• [1834-1993] The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, 1995, ISBN 0-500-05536-6 ), especially the article "Mayoralty" by Charles W. Brecher with tables compiled by James Bradley

• [1929-1973] The New York Chronology by James Trager (HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 0-06-074062-0 ) More details and preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=xvGhQoNT27IC

• [1950-1953] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1957, page 299
• [1909-1941] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1943, page 412
• [1897-1925] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1929 (1971 reprint by American Heritage and Workman Publishing, ISBN 0-07-071881-4), page 893

• [1867-1923 and later] The New York Times archives http://query.nytimes.com

[edit] See also

• Mayor of New York City
• List of mayors of New York City
• History of New York City
• Politics of New York (State)
• Elections in New York (State)
• Tammany Hall
• American Labor Party
• Liberal Party of New York
• Conservative Party of New York
• Independence Party of New York
• Working Families Party

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