Nepenthes mirabilis
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| Nepenthes mirabilis | ||||||||||||||
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.jpg/200px-Apes_abroad_-_Jug_Plant_(by-sa).jpg) Upper pitcher of Nepenthes mirabilis
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| Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce (1916) |
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 Distribution of N. mirabilis.
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Nepenthes mirabilis (pronounced /nəˈpɛnθiːz mɪɹəˈbɪlɪs/ or /mɪˈɹæbɪlɪs/, from Latin: mirabilis = wonderful), or the Common Swamp Pitcher-Plant,[1] is a tropical carnivorous plant species of the pitfall trap variety. It has by far the widest distribution of any Nepenthes species and is known from the following countries and regions: Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, Cambodia, New Guinea, Australia, Philippines, Indochina, China, Hong Kong, Micronesia, Macau, and Palau. It also exhibits great variabiliy with the most forms and varieties of any species in the genus, the most notable of which is N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, a rare variety endemic to Brunei and Sarawak that possesses an extremely wide peristome.[2]
The conservation status of N. mirabilis is listed as Least Concern on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[3] In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Forestry Regulations Cap. 96A.
According to Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek, the pitchers of N. mirabilis are used as toy phallocrypts in New Guinea.
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[edit] Taxonomy
N. mirabilis is closely related to N. rowanae and N. tenax, the only two Nepenthes species endemic to Australia.
| Character | N. mirabilis | N. rowanae |
|---|---|---|
| Morphology of leaf blade | Acute to rounded | Contracted towards the apex, then continuing along the tendril as a narrow, acute, extension |
| Insertion of tendril to leaf blade | Simple | Peltate |
| Pitcher wings | Simple, bearing multicellular fringe elements | Often flattened at front, forming a T-shape in XS, multicellular fringe elements often present |
| Leaf blade texture | Usually chartaceous | Strongly coriaceous |
| Leaf blade attachment to stem | Simple, or rarely decurrent for ⅓ the length of the internode | Decurrent for at least ½ the length of the internode, usually more |
| Gland density in lower portion of pitcher | 1600-2500 / cm² | Approximately 3600 / cm² |
| Position of pitcher hip in upper pitchers | Mid-way, to lower half | Upper quarter |
| Position of pitcher hip in lower pitchers | Lower third to quarter | Immediately beneath peristome |
[edit] Infraspecific taxa
Across its range, N. mirabilis exhibits great variability in terms of pitcher morphology and colour. The following forms and varieties of N. mirabilis have been described. With the exception of N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, these taxa are not considered valid today, and two represent a different species altogether.
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000) [=Nepenthes smilesii]
- Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) [=Nepenthes smilesii]
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma was discovered by Odoardo Beccari in 1865 and described as a species, N. echinostoma, by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1873.[1] In 1882, Frederick William Burbidge described this unusual variety in The Gardeners' Chronicle as follows:[4][1]
Beccari's singular N. echinostoma (vide Herb Kew) is a wonderful thing as yet unintroduced—indeed, I suppose, unseen by any save Beccari! The mouths of the urns remind one of the deflexed teeth of some gigantic moss of the Hypnoid section.
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma is the only form of this species that occurs in Brunei. It has also been recorded from parts of Sarawak, but appears to be completely absent from Sabah.[1]
[edit] Natural hybrids
The following natural hybrids involving N. mirabilis have been recorded.
- ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya][5]
- ? N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][5]
- N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis][2]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][6]
- N. benstonei × N. mirabilis[7]
- N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis[2]
- ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[2]
- N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][2]
- N. insignis × N. mirabilis[8]
- N. mirabilis × N. northiana[9]
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[2]
- N. mirabilis × N. rowanae[10]
- N. mirabilis × N. smilesii[11]
- N. mirabilis × N. spathulata[7]
- N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana
- N. mirabilis × N. tenax
- ? N. mirabilis × N. thorelii[12]
- ? N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana
N. × mirabilata (N. alata × N. mirabilis) and N. × tsangoya ((N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis) are mentioned as natural hybrids in Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids (1995), however the known ranges of the parent species do not overlap in the wild.[13][14]
 N. mirabilis × N. northiana |
 N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana |
 N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana |
 ? N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana |
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ a b c d e f Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Clarke et al. (2000). Nepenthes mirabilis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
- ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the New Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle Vol. XVII: 56.
- ^ a b Lauffenberger, A. 1995. Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids.
- ^ Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
- ^ a b Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Rischer, H. 1995. Observations on the Nepenthes species of Irian Jaya, Part I: Nepenthes insignis Danser.PDF (461 KiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 75–77.
- ^ Lee, C.C. 2007. Re: The most accessible limestone hill of Bau. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.
- ^ Clarke, C.M. & R. Kruger 2005. Nepenthes rowanae (Nepenthaceae), a remarkable species from Cape York, Australia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 36–41.
- ^ Lee, C.C. 2006. N. mirabilis × N. smilesii. WildBorneo.
- ^ Bednar, B. 1983. Nepenthes mirabilis variation.PDF (111 KiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(3): 64.
- ^ Carnivorous Plant Database: Nepenthes × mirabilata
- ^ Carnivorous Plant Database: Nepenthes × tsangoya
- Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1992. Nepenthes mirabilis (Loureiro) Druce from Borneo. Malayan Nature Journal 46(2): 75–84.
- Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
[edit] Further reading
- Adam, J. H., R. Omar & C. C. Wilcock 2002. Phytochemical Screening of Flavonoids in Three Hybrids of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and their Putative Parental Species from Sarawak and Sabah.PDF OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2(9): 623–625.
- Bednar, B. 1983. Nepenthes mirabilis variation.PDF (111 KiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(3): 64.
- Bert, W., I.T. De Ley, R. Van Driessche, H. Segers & P. De Ley 2003. Baujardia mirabilis gen. n., sp. n. from pitcher plants and its phylogenetic position within Panagrolaimidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Nematology 5(3): 405–420. doi:10.1163/156854103769224395
- Fashing, N.J. 2002. Nepenthacarus, a new genus of Histiostomatidae (Acari: Astigmata) inhabiting the pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce in Far North Queensland, Australia.PDF (1.64 MiB) Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 7–17. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00263.x
- Mokkamul, P., A. Chaveerach, R. Sudmoon & T. Tanee 2007. Species Identification and Sex Determination of the Genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF (702 KiB) Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(4): 561–567.
- Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. Aspects of Pitcher Morphology and Spectral Characteristics of Six Bornean Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Species: Implications for Prey Capture.PDF Annals of Botany 83: 521–528.
- Normawati, Y. 2002. The effect of stem length on pitcher and inflorescence production in Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis at Serendah Selangor. B.Sc. Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
- Pavlovič, A., E. Masarovičová & J. Hudák 2007. Carnivorous Syndrome in Asian Pitcher Plants of the Genus Nepenthes. Annals of Botany 100(3): 527–536. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm145
- Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
- Schulze, W., E.D. Schulze, J.S. Pate, A.N. Gillison 1997. The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. Oecologia 112(4): 464–471. doi:10.1007/s004420050333
- Sota, T. & M. Mogi 2006. Origin of Pitcher Plant Mosquitoes in Aedes (Stegomyia): A Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Using Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Sequences. Journal of Medical Entomology 43(5): 795–800.
Miscellaneous: Nepenthes taxonomy • Nepenthes infauna
