Movement for unification of Romania and Moldova

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Map of a unified Romanian-Moldovan state as advocated by the Unionist Movement.
Map of a unified Romanian-Moldovan state as advocated by the Unionist Movement.

A movement for the unification of Romania and Moldova began in both countries after the 1989 Romanian Revolution and the glasnost policy in the Soviet Union. Individuals who are advocates of this movement are usually called Unionişti or Unionists. In Moldova, those against the movement are called Moldovenişti or Moldovenists [1]. The difference between this type of unionism and the irredentism which characterizes the Greater Romania Party is that the latter totally ignore Romania's international commitments by calling for a return of territories which go beyond the border of either Romania and Moldova and which are only remotely inhabited by Romanians. By contrast, unionists limit themselves to the peaceful integration of the two states only. Pro-Unionists organizations are only marginal both in Romanian and in Moldovan civil society, ant they include Noii Golani [2], Desteptarea [3] or the movement Basarabia - Pământ Românesc [4].

Contents

[edit] Background

See also: History of Moldova and Union of Bessarabia with Romania

Bessarabia has been traditionally part of the Principality of Moldavia until it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812. During the Russian Revolution of 1917, it declared its independence. In 1918, after occupation by Romanian troops, a newly formed council (Sfatul Ţării) voted for union with Romania.

In 1940, during World War II, Romania agreed to an ultimatum and ceded the region to the Soviet Union, which organized it into the Moldavian SSR. The Soviets began a campaign to create a Moldovan ethnic identity (Moldovenism) different from that of the Romanians, whom they described as "capitalist oppressors".[1]

The official Soviet policy also stated that Romanian and Moldovan were two different languages and, to emphasize the distinction, Moldovan was written using a special Cyrillic alphabet (the Moldovan alphabet) derived from the Russian alphabet – unlike Romanian, written with its own version of the Latin alphabet. [2]

[edit] Early history of the movement, 1990-1992

In September 1989, with the liberalization in the Soviet Union, the Moldavian SSR Parliament declared Moldovan to be the official language and asserted the real existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".[3]

On 6 May 1990, Romania and the Moldavian SSR lifted restrictions on travel between the two territories, and hundreds of thousands of people crossed the Prut River which marked their common border.[4] At the time, it was expected in both countries that they would soon be united;[5] however the pro-Moscow politics of Romanian president Ion Iliescu made both sides more cautious and delayed a strengthening of the ties.[6]

In his address to the Romanian parliament, in February 1991, Mircea Snegur, the Moldovan president, spoke of a common identity of Moldovans and Romanians, referring to the "Romanians of both sides of the Prut River" and "Sacred Romanian lands occupied by the Soviets". In June 1991, Snegur talked about Moldova moving toward the reunification with Romania, adding that the USSR is not making great efforts to stop it.[7]

Following independence, declared on 27 August 1991, the Romanian tricolor, with a Moldovan coat-of-arms, was adopted as the national flag. In addition, Deşteaptă-te, române!, the Romanian national anthem, also became that of Moldova. [8]

However, soon afterward, within the Moldovan Popular Front, there was a disagreement over the issue of the union with Romania,[9] which resulted in a separation of Mircea Snegur's group in October 1991.

While many Moldovan writers and intellectuals supported the union and wanted a "reunion with the Romanian motherland",[10] there was little popular support, with more than 70% of the Moldovans rejecting it, according to some 1992 polls.[11] Nevertheless, Transnistria used the movement for unification with Romania as a pretext for declaring its independence.[11]

[edit] Late 1990s and early 2000s

The initial enthusiasm in Moldova was tempered and from 1993 Moldova started distancing itself from Romania. The constitution adopted in 1994 used the term "Moldovan language" instead of "Romanian" and changed the national anthem to Limba noastră. The 1996 attempt by Moldovan president Mircea Snegur to change the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the Moldovan Parliament as "promoting Romanian expansionism".

A "Concept on National Policy" was adopted in 2003, which is very similar to the Soviet era Moldovenism, by proclaiming that Moldovans (speaking the Moldovan language) are a people different from the Romanians, who are described as an ethnic minority in Moldova.[12]

[edit] The current situation

See also: War of Transnistria

Until recently, a union between Romania and Moldova was deemed unlikely, owing to a lack of interest in both countries. In Romania, while most political parties give mild support to the concept, at least in theory, unification would most probably be a burden on the Romanian economy, considering that Moldova is currently the among the poorest countries in Europe. Additionally, Romania joined the European Union in 2007, and while the country has recently supported Moldova in its foreign policy, many political analysts question Moldova's political preparedness and whether it has made sufficient progress towards unification.

Demonstration in Chişinău in January of 2002. To promote the unification, the text on the inscription "Romanian people-Romanian language."
Demonstration in Chişinău in January of 2002. To promote the unification, the text on the inscription "Romanian people-Romanian language."

From the point of view of the Transnistrian government, due political necessity, any Moldovan unification with Romania could only include the part of Moldova which extends to the Dniester river. On the other side of the river, Transnistria would not agree to be part of any union with Romania. Statements from Transnistrian officials support unification of Romania and Moldova as long as Transnistria is not included.

In pre-2005 Moldova, apart from the newly created Unionist Movement of the Republic of Moldova, only the Christian-Democratic People's Party actively supported unification. However, the stance of the Christian-Democrats has become questionable due to their post-2005 collaboration with the Moldovan Communists. Due to this change in Moldovan politics, a new party, the National Liberal Party ( Partidul National Liberal), mirroring the party with the same name in Romania, has been created which also calls for a loose union with Romania and integration within the EU [5].

Map of a proposed unified Romanian-Moldovan state: the so-called "Belkovski proposal" (a Romanian-Moldovan political union excluding Transnistria).
Map of a proposed unified Romanian-Moldovan state: the so-called "Belkovski proposal" (a Romanian-Moldovan political union excluding Transnistria).

In 2004, the Romanian newspaper Ziua published a series of articles claiming that a senior Russian diplomat proposed to the Romanian government a plan that he claimed "came from president Putin himself", which would leave the west bank of Moldova in Romania in exchange for a Romanian recognition of Transnistrian independence. Russian president Putin has neither confirmed nor denied the statements of the Romanian newspaper. Nevertheless, Romanian journalists and scholars immediately dismissed the plan since it would not address the question of the city of Tighina which is under Transnistrian control yet in Moldova proper, nor would this address the question of how Russia would manage to convince Moldova, a sovereign and independent state, to join a political union with Romania.

In January 2006, the Romanian president, Traian Băsescu declared that he strongly supports the Moldovan bid for joining the European Union and that "Romania's minimal policy is that the unification of the Romanian nation would be done within the EU". Interpretations of the word "minimal policy" have led some to believe that the current Romanian administration also has a maximal policy to formally unite the two countries.

According to a March 2006 poll in Romania, 51% of Romanians support a union with Moldova, 27% are against, and another 10% declined to answer[6]. Also, of those supporting the union, 28% support a union with Moldova, including Transnistria, while the rest of 16% support a union without Transnistria.[13]

In July 2006, the Romanian president, Traian Băsescu, said that he had made a proposal of union to the Moldovan president, Vladimir Voronin, enabling Romania and Moldova to join the EU together. The offer, however, had been refused and Băsescu said that he would respect this decision and that Romania would help Moldova find its own way to integrate with the EU. [14]

[edit] Dual citizenship

In the autumn of 2006, the Unionist movement has gained some momentum as the subject was more regularly discussed in prominent Romanian language newspapers and as many Moldovans have applied for Romanian passports in August and September of 2006, alone[15]. Meanwhile, between 1991 and 2006, 95,000 Moldovans have obtained Romanian citizenship [7]. According to Romanian president Traian Băsescu, by the end of 2006, 530,000 demands from Moldovan citizens have been written, requesting Romanian citizenship [8]. Băsescu has also mentioned that the real number is higher as many of these demands are signed by not just one person but in many cases by entire families [9]. In a subsequent televised interview, Băsescu further explained that so far, based on the over 500,000 demands, about 800,000 Moldovans have requested Romanian citizenship and that it is estimated that by the end of 2007, this number will increase to 1,500,000, which is almost 50% of Moldova's population. [10]. However, it is important to note that requesting Romanian citizenship does not automatically infer one's Unionist view. Hence, it is unclear whether the relationship between the citizenship demands and Unionism is a strong one or whether there are other causes for Moldovans seeking Romanian citizenship. In 2007, the President of Moldova declared in an interview that the two languages are identical, but said that Moldovans should have the right to call their language for Moldovan. Oleg Serebrean, the leader of the Social-Liberal political party, declared that if the Moldovans and the Romanians decided to unite, neither the United States nor Russia could put a stop to such a union.[16]

[edit] Consequences

The economic consequences of unification are not insignificant. In figures, the possible results of unification would be:

Country Population[17] Area Density GDP[18] GDP/capita
Romania 21,489,000 238,391 km² 91 $264.0 B $12,285
Moldova 3,386,000 33,843 km² 111 $10.720 B $3,166
Romania/Moldova Union 24,875,000 272,234 km² 94 $274.72 B $11,044

An October Cotidianul article, putting the cost of union at US$30-35 billion[19] brought a negative response from the Romanian pro-union newspaper Ziua [11], as well as from two prominent Moldovan newspapers, Timpul [12] and Jurnal de Chişinău [13], which in essence blamed the original Cotidianul editors for exaggerating the cost itself as well as superficially limiting the cost of union to a material dimension.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Mackinlay, pg. 135
  2. ^ Mackinlay, pg. 140
  3. ^ Legea cu privire la funcţionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldoveneşti Nr. 3465-XI din 01.09.89 (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova), published in Veştile nr.9/217, 1989
  4. ^ "Podul de flori peste Prut. Punţi de simţire românească", in România Liberă, 8 May 1990.
  5. ^ Mackinlay, pg. 139
  6. ^ Martha Brill Olcott, "The Soviet (Dis)Union", in Foreign Policy, No. 82. (Spring, 1991), pp. 130
  7. ^ "Moldavians seek to unite with Romania", in The Independent, June 4, 1991, Page 12
  8. ^ Mackinlay, pg. 139
  9. ^ George Berkin, "Secession blues", in National Review, September 9, 1991
  10. ^ King, p.345
  11. ^ a b John B. Dunlop, "Will a Large-Scale Migration of Russians to the Russian Republic Take Place over the Current Decade?", in International Migration Review, Vol. 27, No. 3. (Autumn, 1993), pp. 605-629.
  12. ^ (Romanian) "Concepţia politicii naţionale a Republicii Moldova" at the Moldovan Parliament website
  13. ^ Cotidianul. "Unirea cu Moldova", 23 January 2006
  14. ^ "Băsescu şi-a dezvăluit planul unionist secret", in Evenimentul Zilei, 3 July 2006
  15. ^ (Romanian) Varujan Vosganian, Cat ne costa idealul reintregirii? (How much does the ideal of reintegration cost us?), Ziua, 5 October 2006
  16. ^ Politician moldovean: Unirea Moldovei cu Romania ar putea avea loc in 2009
  17. ^ July 2005 est. CIA Factbook
  18. ^ Based on purchasing power parity, 2007 est. IMF est.
  19. ^ "Câţi bani ne-ar costa unirea cu Basarabia" (How much money would the union with Bessarabia cost us), in Cotidianul

[edit] References

  • Lenore A. Grenoble (2003) Language Policy in the Soviet Union, Springer, ISBN 1-4020-1298-5
  • John Mackinlay, Peter Cross (2003) Regional Peacekeepers United Nations University Press ISBN 92-808-1079-0
  • Charles King, "Moldovan Identity and the Politics of Pan-Romanianism", in Slavic Review, Vol. 53, No. 2. (Summer, 1994), pp. 345-368.

[edit] External links