Megaproject
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A megaproject is an extremely large-scale investment project. Megaprojects are typically defined as costing more than US$1 billion and attracting a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets[1]. Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public"[2]. The average megaproject has a dismal record of cost overruns and benefit shortfalls. Only few megaprojects are built on time, within budget, and deliver the promised benefits. The reason is that project promoters ignore or underestimate risks, sometimes due to optimism bias and sometimes due to strategic misrepresentation (lying). One of the solutions can be to reform the project development process in ways that reduce optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation.[1]
Megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects,Special Econimic Zones(SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.
[edit] Examples
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Some examples of megaprojects are:
[edit] Aerospace projects
- Airbus A380
- B-2 Spirit
- Eurofighter Typhoon
- F-22 Raptor
- Joint Strike Fighter
- KH-11 reconnaissance satellite
[edit] Airport projects
- Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Denver International Airport, Denver, Colorado, USA.
- Dubai International Airport, Dubai, UAE
- Delhi International Airport, New Delhi, India
- Incheon International Airport, Incheon, South Korea
- Dubai World Central International Airport, Jebel Ali, UAE
- Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Heathrow Airport Terminal 5, London, UK
- Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong, China
- Kansai International Airport, Japan
- Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia
- Long Thanh International Airport, Vietnam
- Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Pittsburgh International Airport, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Riga International Airport, Riga, Latvia
- San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California, USA
- Suvarnabhumi Airport, Thailand
- Toronto Pearson International Airport, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- New Doha International Airport, Doha, Qatar
- Barajas International Airport, terminal 4, Madrid, Spain
[edit] Building projects
- Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang, North Korea
- Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, USA
- Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain
- King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia
- McCormick Place, Chicago, USA
- Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania
- Esplanada City Center, Bucharest, Romania
- Parliament House, Canberra, Australia
- Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sydney Opera House, Australia
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Piatt Place, Pittsburgh, USA
- U.S. Steel Clairton Works, Clairton, Pennsylvania, USA [1]
- Doha Convention Centre and Tower, Doha, Qatar
- Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan
- King AbdulAziz Endowment, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Pyramids of Egypt and Mexico can perhaps be counted as notable megaprojects of antiquity.
- Dallas Cowboys New Stadium, the new superstadium for the Dallas Cowboys American football team in Arlington Texas, USA
[edit] Canal projects
- Niagara Tunnel Project
- Panama Canal and Panama Canal expansion project, Panama
- Three Gorges Dam, China
- Suez Canal, Egypt
- Danube-Black Sea Canal
- Grand Korean Waterway
[edit] Dam Projects
[edit] Defense Projects
- Great Wall of China
- Maginot Line
- Hadrian's Wall
- Strategic Defense Initiative (never fully implemented)
- Manhattan Project and other nuclear weapons programs, including the one that built the Tsar Bomba
[edit] International Sports infrastructure projects
[edit] IT projects
- Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed.
- National Programme for IT for England's National Health Service
- Navy/Marine Corps Intranet
- IBM 360
[edit] Oil and Gas projects
[edit] Port projects
- Port of Rotterdam
- Yangshan port.
[edit] Rail and rapid transit projects
- Beijing Subway, Beijing, China.
- Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, China.
- Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA
- Extension of Line 1 Lima Metro.
- Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- North West Metro between the CBD and Northwestern suburbs of Sydney, Australia
- Channel tunnel between France and the UK
- Gautrain in Gauteng, South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria.
- Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland.
- Great Belt rail tunnel, Denmark.
- Jubilee Line Extension on the London Underground and Crossrail
- Marmaray in Istanbul, Turkey, an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus.
- Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, China.
- Delhi Metro in New Delhi
- Seikan Tunnel in Japan
- Metrorail, Washington, D.C., USA
- Transcontinental railroads (although many were built by the private sector, they were nonetheless huge and notable undertakings and so deserve a place on the list).
[edit] Road traffic projects
- A1 (Croatia) between Zagreb and Split, with extension being built to Dubrovnik, Croatia
- A3 (Romania) between Braşov and Oradea
- A4 (Romania) between Iaşi and Târgu Mureş
- Bundesautobahn 20, Germany
- Central Artery/Tunnel Project ("Big Dig"), Boston, Massachusetts, USA[3]
- Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China
- Fehmarn Belt bridge and its connections on land.
- Interstate Highway System, United States of America
- National Highways Development Project, India
- Oresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel, Malmö.
- Gibraltar tunnel between Morocco and Spain
- Hsuehshan tunnel,between Taipei, Taiwan and Yilan, Taiwan
- The Appian Way and Roman road system of antiquity.
[edit] Science projects
- International Space Station, in Low Earth orbit
- ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France
- Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland and France
- Manhattan Project, in the United States
- Project Apollo
- Project Constellation, planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement
- Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 30 TeV particle accelerator
[edit] Urban projects
- Iskandar Development Region in Johor, Malaysia
- La Défense in Paris, France
- Moscow-City in Moscow, Russia
- Okhta Center in Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Project CityCenter in Las Vegas, USA
- The Paradise Project in Liverpool, UK
- Titanic Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland
- New Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea
- Navi Mumbai in India
- Lusail City, Doha, Qatar
- The demolition of Tenochtitlan and conversion of it into Mexico City
[edit] Water infrastructure projects
- Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago
- Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago
- Delta Works, Netherlands
- Great Manmade River, Libya
- Saemangeum Seawall, South Korea
- East Bay Municipal Utility District wet weather overflow project, Oakland, California, USA[4]
- HaMovil HaArtzi (National Water Carrier), Israel
- Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project, Iceland
- MOSE Project, Venice, Italy
- Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Snowy Mountains Scheme river diversion, irrigation, dam and hydro-electric project, New South Wales/Victoria, Australia
- South-North Water Transfer Project, China
- Thames Tideway Scheme, London
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Bent Flyvbjerg, Nils Bruzelius, and Werner Rothengatter, 2003. Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition ISBN 0521009464 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
- ^ Alan Altshuler and David Luberoff, Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003). ISBN 0815701292
- ^ Dan McNichol and Andy Ryan, The Big Dig, Silver Lining Press, 1991
- ^ Environmental Impact Statement for the East Bay Municipal Utility District Wet Weather Overflow Project, EMI prepared for the U.S. EPA and East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Ca. (1985)
