Low-cost carrier

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A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also known as a no-frills or discount carrier / airline) is an airline that offers generally low fares in exchange for eliminating many traditional passenger services. The concept originated in the United States before spreading to Europe in the early 1990s and subsequently to much of the rest of the world. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with a lower operating cost structure than their competitors. While the term is often applied to any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services, regardless of their operating models, low-cost carriers should not be confused with regional airlines that operate short flights without service, or with full-service airlines offering some reduced fares.

Contents 1 Business model 2 History 2.1 Brazil 2.2 Canada 2.3 India 2.4 Finland 2.5 Norway 2.6 Australia 2.7 New Zealand 2.8 Middle East 2.9 Malaysia and Singapore 2.10 Japan 2.11 Russia 2.12 United States 2.12.1 US Airways 3 Criticism 4 No-frills long-haul flights 5 Low-cost business only carriers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Business model

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Typical low-cost carrier business model practices often (but not always) include:

• a single passenger class
• a single type of aeroplane (commonly the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737), reducing training and servicing costs
• a minimum set of optional equipment on the aeroplane, often excluding modern conveniences such as ACARS, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance
• a simple fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips (typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations)
• unreserved seating (encouraging passengers to board early and quickly)
• flying to cheaper, less congested secondary airports^[1] and flying early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid air traffic delays and take advantage of lower landing fees
• fast turnaround times (allowing maximum utilization of aircraft)
• simplified routes, emphasizing point-to-point transit instead of transfers at hubs (again enhancing aircraft utilization and eliminating disruption due to delayed passengers or luggage missing connecting flights)
• encourage the use of direct flights. Luggage is not automatically transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same company.
• generation of ancillary revenue from a variety of activities, such as a la carte features and commission-based products
• emphasis on direct sales of tickets, especially over the Internet (avoiding fees and commissions paid to travel agents and computer reservations systems)
• employees working in multiple roles, for instance flight attendants also cleaning the aircraft or working as gate agents (limiting personnel costs)
• a disinclination to handle Special Service passengers, for instance by placing a higher age limit on unaccompanied minors than full service carriers
• Aggressive fuel hedging programs

Not every low-cost carrier implements all of the above points (for example, some try to differentiate themselves with allocated seating, while others operate more than one aircraft type, still others will have relatively high operating costs but lower fares).

The price policy of the low cost carriers is usually very dynamic, with discounts and tickets in promotion. Even if the advertised price may be very low, sometimes it does not include charges & taxes.

[edit] History

The first successful low-cost carrier was Pacific Southwest Airlines in the United States, which pioneered the concept in 1949. ^[2] Often, this credit has been incorrectly given to Southwest Airlines which began service in 1971 and has been profitable every year since 1973^[3]. With the advent of aviation deregulation the model spread to Europe as well, the most notable successes being Ireland's Ryanair, which began low-fares operations in 1990, and easyJet, formed in 1995. Low cost carriers developed in Asia and Oceania from 2000 led by operators such as Malaysia's AirAsia, India's Air Deccan and Australia's Virgin Blue. The low-cost carrier model is applicable worldwide, although deregulated markets are most suited for its rapid spread. In 2006, new LCCs were announced in Saudi Arabia and Mexico.

Low-cost carriers pose a serious threat to traditional "full service" airlines, since the high cost structure of full-service carriers prevents them from competing effectively on price - the most important factor among most consumers when selecting a carrier. From 2001 to 2003, when the aviation industry was rocked by terrorism, war and SARS, the large majority of traditional airlines suffered heavy losses while low-cost carriers generally stayed profitable.^{[citation needed]}

Many carriers opted to launch their own no-frills airlines, such as KLM's Buzz, British Airways' Go, Air India's Air-India Express and United's Ted, but have found it difficult to avoid cannibalizing their core business. Exceptions to this have been bmi's bmibaby, germanwings which is controlled 49% by Lufthansa and Qantas's Jetstar all of which successfully operate alongside their full-service counterparts.

For holiday destinations, low cost airlines also compete with seat-only charter sales. However, the inflexibility of charters (particularly as regards length of stay) makes them unpopular with many travelers.

The entry of new nations into the European Union from Eastern Europe and moves towards compliance with EU legislation by those who have not yet joined, has led to an extension of open skies arrangements. This has led to the establishment of low-cost routes by existing and new operators (such as Hungary-based Wizz Air, which took its first flight on May 19, 2004 and Slovakia-based SkyEurope, which took its first flight on February 13, 2002). From 2004 to 2007 routes have been established into Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Turkey and Israel. By the end of 2007, there were over 45 low-cost carriers operating almost 3,500 routes around Europe.

[edit] Brazil

In Brazil, Gol Transportes Aéreos began operating on January 15, 2001. WebJet followed in 2006.

[edit] Canada

In Canada, Air Canada has found it difficult to compete with new low-cost rivals such as Westjet, Canjet, and Jetsgo despite its previously dominant position in the market: Air Canada entered a period of bankruptcy protection in 2003, but emerged from protection in September 2004. Air Canada operated two low-fare subsidiaries, Tango and Zip, but both were discontinued. (Jetsgo itself ceased operations on March 11, 2005 and Canjet discontinued scheduled air services on September 10, 2006.)

Today Westjet and Zoom Airlines are the primary low-cost airlines in Canada. Over time Air Canada as started to offer Tango fares that offer low-cost carrier services while still offer legacy carrier type service on other fair basis.

[edit] India

India's first low-cost airline, Air Deccan started service on August 25, 2003. The airline's fares for the Delhi-Bangalore route were 30% less than those offered by its rivals such as Indian Airlines, Air Sahara and Jet Airways on the same route. The success of Air Deccan has spurred the entry of more than a dozen low-cost airlines in India. Air Deccan now faces stiff competition from other low-cost Indian carriers such as Jetlite, SpiceJet, GoAir and Paramount Airways. IndiGo Airlines recently placed an order for 100 Airbus A320s worth 6 billion USD during the Paris Air Show, the highest by any India domestic carrier. After a year of operation, in 2006, Kingfisher Airlines changed its business model from low-cost to value airlines.

[edit] Finland

In Finland the competition went in a different direction, as the national carrier Finnair lowered prices so that the low-cost competitor Flying Finn was forced to cease its operations. Three months after Flying Finn's bankruptcy, SAS's regional wing Blue1 began flights to three of Flying Finn's most profitable destinations.

[edit] Norway

In Norway the first low cost carrier was ColorAir in 1998. Their low prices were matched by competitors SAS and Braathens, and Color Air folded in 1999. The next low cost carrier, Norwegian Air Shuttle (or Norwegian), starting their Boeing 737 operations in September 2002, provided tougher competition for the merged Norwegian part of SAS and Braathens. Although Norwegian started with domestic routes, today their international operations are larger than their domestic service. By launching nonstop flights from cities like Stavanger, Bergen, Trondheim in addition to Oslo, they soon became very popular. Norwegians are amongst the most frequent fliers in the world, mostly due to the geography of the country but also due to the high level of income.

[edit] Australia

Australia's first low cost airline was Compass which launched operations in 1990 but was short lived. In 2000 Impulse and Virgin Blue commenced low cost operations bringing fierce competition to Australian cities. Virgin Blue has become the nation's second largest airline, whilst Qantas purchased Impulse and operated it in a 'wet leasing' arrangement before transforming it into its new low cost carrier Jetstar. Qantas has launched two low cost carriers: Jetstar competes with Virgin Blue in the Australian domestic market, while Australian Airlines operated internationally to Asian destinations. In 2006 Qantas began operating the Australian Airlines operation in a 'wet leasing' arrangement which essentially means Australian Airlines crew and aircraft operate services under the Qantas brand. As at 2006, Qantas intends to continue developing a sole low-cost brand around Jetstar which will include international destinations.

In early 2007, Singapore low-cost carrier Tiger Airways announced their intention to form a subsidiary airline in Australia. Tiger Airways Australia began operations out of Melbourne Airport in November 2007, and have, in the short time since, grown a network that spans every state and territory in the country.

[edit] New Zealand

In 1995, Air New Zealand established a low-fare subsidiary, Freedom Air, in response to the commencement of discount trans-tasman services by Kiwi Airlines. Fierce competition on trans-Tasman routes led to the collapse of Kiwi Airlines in 1996. Freedom Air continues to provide discount services between Australia and New Zealand. Wholly owned Qantas subsidiary Jetconnect was set up as a low cost New Zealand arm of Qantas, with Jetconnect operating all New Zealand domestic services and several trans Tasman services in a 'wet leasing' arrangement, using the Qantas brand. Qantas has also launched trans-Tasman Jetstar flights .

[edit] Middle East

Air Arabia was established on Feb 3, 2003 and started operations on October 29, 2003. Jazeera Airways of Kuwait also decided to launch a low cost carrier in October 30, 2005. Saudi Arabia also launched two low frills carrier by the name of Nas Air and Sama Airlines in 2007. The Kingdom of Bahrain has launched a low cost carrier with the name of Bahrain Air in January 2008.

[edit] Malaysia and Singapore

On May 5, 2004, Singapore's first low-cost carrier, Valuair was launched, prompting dominant carrier Singapore Airlines to invest in a new low-cost startup, Tiger Airways, to beat the competition. Not to be outdone, Singapore Changi Airport's second most dominant carrier, Qantas Airways, also started its Asian offshoot, Jetstar Asia Airways based in Singapore and commencing operations on December 13, 2004. Malaysia's AirAsia made repeated attempts to set up a Singaporean operation, but its insistence in using Seletar Airport, in addition to other demands to cut airport usage charges, delayed its abilities in gaining the relevant permits from the authorities in Singapore. This set-back may block AirAsia's Singapore expansion ambitions. In July 2005, the owners of Jetstar Asia took over Valuair and are merging the two carriers. Tiger Airways is now profitable while Jetstar Asia remains in the red.

[edit] Japan

Japan has seen a few attempts at LCC, for example Hokkaido-based Air Do which flew between Sapporo and Tokyo from 1998, but was acquired by ANA in 2000. Viva Macau and JetStar fly from Narita, Osaka and Nagoya. Korean Air have announced they are to create an LCC that will connect Seoul and Japan starting May 2008. ANA has announced the creation of an LCC by 2009.[1]

[edit] Russia

Sky Express is the first Russian low-cost airline focusing on internal flights. Its main base is Vnukovo International Airport. The airline was established in March 2006 by a consortium of investors which included KrasAir CEO Boris Abramovich, EBRD, Altima Partners and others, becoming the Russia's first low-cost airline. The first flight took off on 29 January 2007 from Moscow to Sochi.

[edit] United States

The principal area of competition tends to be the full-coach or "walk-up" fare. Advance purchase fares tend to be competitive with major carriers but not significantly lower.

Traditional perceptions of the "low-cost carrier" as a stripped-down, no-frills airline, as seen on Southwest Airlines, have been changing as new entrants to the market adapt the business model in new ways. AirTran Airways, US Airways and Spirit Airlines offer a premium cabin (as did America West Airlines), while Frontier and jetBlue offer live in-flight television, sometimes for an extra fee. AirTran has XM Satellite Radio available at every seat. Frontier, JetBlue, US Airways and AirTran all use assigned seating. Some airlines even have services not available on some legacy carriers, such as mood lighting, found in Virgin America.

[edit] US Airways

In 2005, low-cost carrier America West Airlines was purchased by US Airways, then the nation's seventh largest legacy carrier.^[4] The merged carrier assumed the US Airways name, with the stated goal of displacing Southwest as the nation's largest low-cost carrier. Before the merger, US Airways had substantially reduced its costs through a pair of bankruptcies. In the months after the merger was consummated, former America West pricing structures were rolled out across the former US Airways route network, and operating certificates were merged in 2007. However, full integration of the two carriers has been delayed by management's inability to get former AWA pilots and former US pilots to agree on a unified labor contract.

[edit] Criticism

As the number of low-cost carriers has grown, these airlines have begun to compete with one another in addition to the traditional carriers. In the US, airlines have responded by introducing variations to the model. US Airways offers a first class product and airport lounges, for example, while Frontier Airlines and JetBlue Airways advertises satellite television. Advertiser-supported Skybus Airlines launched from Columbus in 2007, but ceased operations in April, 2008. In Europe, the emphasis has remained on reducing costs and no-frills service. In 2004, Ryanair announced proposals to eliminate reclining seats, window blinds, seat headrest covers, and seat pockets from its aircraft.[2]

Some elements of the low-cost model have been subject of criticism by Governments and Regulators, and in the UK in particular the issue of "Unbundling" of ancillary charges by both low-cost carriers and other airlines (showing airport fees, taxes as separate charges rather than as part of the advertised fare) to make the "headline fare" appear lower has resulted in enforcement action. Believing that this amounts to a misleading approach to pricing, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) in February 2007 gave all carriers and travel companies three months to include all fixed non-optional costs in their basic advertised prices. Although the full service carriers had complied within the specificed timescales, the low-cost carriers have been less successful in this respect, leading to the prospect of legal action[3] by the OFT.

[edit] No-frills long-haul flights

The first airline offering no-frills transatlantic service was Freddie Laker's Laker Airways, which operated its famous "Skytrain" service between London and New York City during the late 1970s. The service was suspended after Laker's competitors, British Airways and Pan Am, were able to price Skytrain out of the market.

In 2004 the Irish company Aer Lingus lowered its prices to compete with companies such as Ryanair and also started offering no-frills transatlantic flights for just above €100. Late in 2004 the Canadian airline Zoom Airlines also started selling transatlantic flights between Glasgow, UK; Manchester, UK; and Canada for £89.

It has been suggested that the Airbus A380, able to hold up to 853 passengers in an all Economy layout [4], would enable true low-cost long-haul service. While the per-seat costs of such an aircraft would be lower than the competition, there are fewer cost savings possible in a long-haul operation and therefore a long-haul low-cost operator would find it harder to differentiate itself from a conventional airline. In particular, low-cost carriers typically fly their aircraft for more hours and flights each day, scheduling the first departure early in the morning and the last arrival late at night. However, long-haul aircraft scheduling is more determined by timezone constraints (e.g. leaving the US East Coast in the evening and arriving in Europe the following morning), and the longer flight times mean there is less scope to increase aircraft utilization by adding one or two more short flights each day.

In April 2006, the industry magazine Airline Business analysed the potential for low-cost long-haul service [5] and concluded that a number of Asian carriers, including AirAsia, were closest to making such a model work. On November 2, 2007, AirAsia X, a subsidiary of AirAsia and Virgin Group flew its inaugural flight from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Gold Coast, Australia. AirAsia X claims that it is the first true low-cost long-haul carrier since the end of Sir Freddie Laker era.^{[citation needed]}

In August 2006, Zoom Airlines announced that it was to establish a UK subsidiary, probably based at Gatwick Airport, to offer low-cost long-haul flights to the USA and India.

On 26 October 2006, Oasis Hong Kong Airlines started flying from Hong Kong to London Gatwick Airport (delayed by one day because Russia suspended fly-over rights for that flight an hour before the flight's scheduled departure). Tickets for flights between Hong Kong to London can be as low at £75 (approximately US$150) per leg (not including taxes and other charges) for economy class and £470 (approximately US$940) per leg for business class for the same route. From 28th June 2007, a second long-haul service has operated to Vancouver, British Columbia. The company stops its flights from 9 April 2008, after over 1 billions HKD of losses.

Australia's Jetstar has operated International since 2005, when they began service to Christchurch, New Zealand. In late 2006, more international services began. Departing from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, they fly to popular tourist destinations within 10 hours of Australia such as Honolulu International Airport, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and more. With the delivery of new planes, they hope to fly to the continental US and Europe.

[edit] Low-cost business only carriers

A trend from the mid-2000s was the formation of new low-cost carriers exclusively targeting the long-haul business market, with aircraft configured for a single class of service, initially on transatlantic routings. Probably best described as "less frills" rather than "no frills", the initial entrants in this market utilised second-hand, mid-sized, twin jets such as Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 in an attempt to service the lucrative London - US Eastern Seaboard market:

• Eos Airlines, which ceased operating on 27 April 2008^[5]
• Maxjet, which has ceased its scheduled business flights, but is planning to restart as a luxury charter carrier^[6]
• Silverjet, which ceased^[7][8] operations on 30 May 2008

[edit] See also

• List of low-cost airlines
• List of airlines
• Ancillary revenue

[edit] References

• Gross, S./Schroeder, A. (Eds.): Handbook of Low Cost Airlines - Strategies, Business Processes and Market Environment, Berlin 2007
• Low-cost airlines making their way to Japan. Japan News Review (2007-12-18). Retrieved on 2007-12-18.

[edit] External links

• Information about discount airlines and cheap air travel at Wikitravel
• Low-Cost Carriers - Europe - Research and information on European low-cost carriers
• Low Cost Airline News - Research and information on Asia Pacific low-cost carriers
• Budget Bonanza - A flotilla of low-cost airlines is redrawing the economic map of Europe. Newsweek.
• Losing Altitude - Newsweek article describing a decline of low-cost carriers in North America in 1997