List of superhero debuts

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a list of the first known appearances of various superhero fictional characters and teams.

A superhero (also known as a super hero) is a fictional character "of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring-do in the public interest." ^[1] Since the debut of the prototypal superhero Superman in 1938, stories of superheroes — ranging from brief episodic adventures to continuing years-long sagas — have dominated American comic books and crossed over into other media. A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine or super heroine.

By most definitions, characters need not have actual superhuman powers to be deemed superheroes, although sometimes terms such as costumed crimefighters^[2] are used to refer to those without such powers who have many other common traits of superheroes.

Contents 1 1850-1900 1.1 Penny Dreadful 2 1900-1909 2.1 Play 3 1910s 3.1 Magazine 4 1930s 4.1 Radio 4.2 Pulp fiction 4.3 Newspaper comics 4.4 Comic book 4.5 Other media 5 1940s 5.1 Newspaper comics 5.2 Comic book 5.3 Other media 6 1950s 6.1 Comic book 6.2 Television 7 1960s 7.1 Comic book 7.2 Television 8 1970s 8.1 Comic book 8.2 Television 9 1980s 9.1 Comic book 9.2 Television 10 1990s 10.1 Comic book 10.2 Movies 11 2000 and beyond 11.1 Comic book 11.2 Movies 12 Sources 12.1 Books 12.2 See also 13 Notes 13.1 External links

[edit] 1850-1900

[edit] Penny Dreadful

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Spring Heeled Jack	1867	George A. Sala or Alfred Burrage as "Charlton Lea"	Spring-Heeled Jack, the Terror of London

The folkloric Spring Heeled Jack came to be featured in a series of Penny Dreadfuls, first as a villain, then as a crime-fighter with a disguise, secret lair, and gadgets, halmarks of superheroes.^[3]

[edit] 1900-1909

[edit] Play

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
The Scarlet Pimpernel	1903	Baroness Emmuska Orczy	The Scarlet Pimpernel

The Scarlet Pimpernel is often cited as perhaps the earliest superhero akin to those to become popularized through American comic books.[1][2][3][4]

[edit] 1910s

[edit] Magazine

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
The Night Wind	1913	Varick Vanardy[5](Frederick Van Rensselaer Dey)	Alias the Night Wind
The Scarecrow	1915	Russell Thorndike	Doctor Syn: A Tale of the Romney Marsh
Zorro	1919	Johnston McCulley	"The Curse of Capistrano" All Weekly Story

[edit] 1930s

[edit] Radio

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
The Shadow(as announcer voice)	1930 (July 31)	Maxwell Grant(Walter B. Gibson)	Detective Stories
The Lone Ranger	1933 (January 30)	George W. Trendle	The Lone Ranger
Tonto	1933 (February 25)	Fran Striker	The Lone Ranger
The Green Hornet and Kato	1936 (January 31)	George W. Trendle and Fran Striker	The Green Hornet

[edit] Pulp fiction

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
The Shadow(as character)	1931 (April 1)	Maxwell Grant (Walter B. Gibson)	"The Living Shadow"The Shadow Magazine #1
Doc Savage	1933 (March)	Kenneth Robeson (Lester Dent)	The Man of Bronze
The Avenger	1939 (September 1)	Kenneth Robeson (Paul Ernst)	"Justice, Inc."The Avenger Magazine #1

[edit] Newspaper comics

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	Series
Mandrake the Magician	1934 (June 11)	Lee Falk	Mandrake the Magician
The Phantom Magician[6]	1935 (April 15)	Mel Graff	The Adventures of Patsy[7]
The Phantom	1936 (February 17)	Lee Falk	The Phantom

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Doctor Occult (Doctor Mystic)	1935 (October)	Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster	New Fun Comics #6
The Clock	1936 (November)	George Brenner	Funny Pages #6 orFunny Picture Stories #1
Sheena, Queen of the Jungle	1937	Will Eisner and S.M. "Jerry" Iger	Wags #1
Superman	1938 (June)	Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster	Action Comics #1
Zatara	1938 (June)	Fred Guardineer	Action Comics #1
Arrow	1938 (September)	Fred Guardineer	Funny Pages vol. 2 #10 (or #21)
Crimson Avenger	1938 (October)	Jim Chambers	Detective Comics #20
Namor the Sub-Mariner	1939 (April)	Bill Everett	Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1
Batman	1939 (May)	Bob Kane, Bill Finger	Detective Comics #27
Wonder Man (Fox)	1939 (May)	Will Eisner	Wonder Comics #1
The Flame (Gary Preston)	1939 (June)	Will Eisner	Wonderworld Comics #3
The Sandman	1939 (July)	Gardner Fox, Bert Christman	World's Fair Comics #1
Blue Beetle (Dan Garret)	1939 (August)	Charles Nicholas	Mystery Men Comics #1
Bozo the Iron Man	1939 (August)	George Brenner	Smash Comics #1
Amazing Man (Centaur Publications)	1939 (September)	Bill Everett	Amazing-Man Comics #5
The Angel	1939 (October)	Paul Gustavson	Marvel Comics #1
The Human Torch (original)	1939 (October)	Carl Burgos	Marvel Comics #1
Shock Gibson	1939 (October)	Maurice Scott	Speed Comics #1
Doll Man	1939 (December)	Will Eisner	Feature Comics #27

[edit] Other media

Character / Team	Year Debuted	Creator/s	Media
Ôgon Batto (the Golden Bat)	1930	Takeo Nagamatsu	Kamishibai (Japanese scroll show)

[edit] 1940s

[edit] Newspaper comics

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	Series
The Spirit	1940 (June 2)	Will Eisner	The Spirit
Invisible Scarlet O'Neil	1940 (June 3)	Russell Stamm	Invisible Scarlet O'Neil

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Flash	1940 (January)	Gardner Fox, Harry Lampert	Flash Comics #1
Hawkman	1940 (January)	Gardner Fox	Flash Comics #1
Johnny Thunder	1940 (January)	John W. Wentworth, Stan Asch	Flash Comics #1
The Shield (Archie)	1940 (January)	Harry Shorten, Irv Novick	Pep Comics #1
Captain Marvel (DC Comics)	1940 (February)	C. C. Beck, Bill Parker	Whiz Comics #2
Electro (comics)	1940 (February)	Steve Dahlman	Marvel Mystery #4
The Spectre	1940 (February)	Jerry Siegel	More Fun Comics #52
Hourman	1940 (March)	Ken Fitch, Bernard Bailey	Adventure Comics #48
Black Marvel	1940 (March)	Stan Lee, Al Gabriele	Mystic Comics #5
Blazing Skull	1940 (March)		Mystic Comics #5
Robin, the Boy Wonder	1940 (April)	Bill Finger, Bob Kane, Jerry Robinson	Detective Comics #38
Bulletman and Bulletgirl	1940 (May)	Bill Parker	Nickel Comics #1
Doctor Fate	1940 (May)	Gardner Fox, Howard Sherman	More Fun Comics #55
Uncle Sam (Quality Comics)	1940 (July)	Will Eisner	National Comics #1
Green Lantern	1940 (July)	Martin Nodell, Bill Finger	All-American Comics #16
Red Tornado	1940 (November)	Sheldon Mayer	All-American Comics #20
Justice Society of America	1940 (Winter)	Gardner Fox	All Star Comics #3
Daredevil (Gleason Publications)	1940	Jack Binder	Silver Streak #6
Quicksilver	1940	Jack Cole, Chuck Mazoujian	National Comics #5
The Red Bee	1940	Toni Blum, Charles Nicholas	Hit Comics #1
Scarlet Avenger	1940	Harry Shorten, Irv Novick	Zip Comics #1
Doc Strange	1940	Richard E. Hughes, Alexander Kostuk	Thrilling Comics #1
Sargon the Sorcerer	1941 (May)	John B. Wentworth, Howard Purcell	All American Comics #26
Mr. America(Americommando)	1941 (June)		Action Comics #33
711	1941 (August)	George Brenner	Police Comics #1
Aquaman	1941 (November)	Mort Weisinger, Paul Norris	More Fun Comics #73
The Atom	1941	Ben Flinton, Bill O'Conner	All-American Comics #19
Blackhawk (comics)	1941	Will Eisner, Chuck Cuidera	Military Comics #1
Black Terror	1941	Richard E. Hughes, Don Gabrielson	Exciting Comics #9
Captain America	1941	Joe Simon, Jack Kirby	Captain America #1
Captain Flag	1941	Joe Blair, Lin Streeter	Blue Ribbon Comics #16
Captain Marvel, Jr.	1941	Ed Herron, Mac Raboy	Whiz Comics #25
Catwoman	1941	Bill Finger, Bob Kane	Batman #1
Green Arrow and Speedy	1941	Mort Weisinger, Greg Papp	More Fun Comics #73
The Human Bomb	1941	Paul Gustavson	Police Comics #1
Johnny Quick	1941	Mort Weisinger, Chad Grothkopf	More Fun Comics #71
Miss America (DC Comics)	1941	Quality Comics	Military Comics #1
Professor Supermind and Son	1941	Dell Comics	Popular Comics #60
Nelvana of the Northern Lights	1941	Adrian Dingle	Triumph Comics #1
Phantom Lady	1941	Arthur Peddy	Police Comics #1
Plastic Man	1941	Jack Cole (artist)	Police Comics #1
Sandy the Golden Boy	1941	Joe Simon and Jack Kirby	Adventure Comics #69
Seven Soldiers of Victory	1941	Mort Weisinger	Leading Comics #1
Starman (Ted Knight)	1941	Gardner Fox, Jack Burnley	Adventure Comics #61
The Whizzer	1941	Writer unknown; Al Avison & Al Gabriele, artists	USA Comics #1
American Crusader	1941 (August)	Writer and artist unknown	Thrilling Comics #19
Liberator (Nedor)	1941 (December)	Writer and artist unknown	Exciting Comics #15
Air Wave	1942 (February)	Murray Boltinoff or Mort Weisinger, and Lee Harris	Detective Comics #60
Johnny Canuck (as superhero)	1942 (February)	Leo Bachle	Dime Comics #1
Manhunter (Dan Richards)	1942 (March)		Police Comics #8
Manhunter (Paul Kirk)	1942 (April)	Jack Kirby, Joe Simon	Adventure Comics #73
Yank	1942 (July)		Wow Comics #6
Captain Commando [8]	1942 (August)	S.M. "Jerry" Iger, Alex Blum	Pep Comics #30
Kid Eternity	1942	Otto Binder, Sheldon Moldoff	Hit Comics #25
Mister Terrific (comics)(Terry Sloane)	1942	Chuck Reizenstein, Hal Sharp	Sensation Comics #1
Mary Marvel	1942	Otto Binder, Marc Swayze	Captain Marvel Adventures #18
Robotman	1942	Jerry Siegel, Leo Nowak	Star-Spangled Comics #7
Superboy	1942	Don Cameron, Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster	More Fun Comics #101
Wildcat (comics)	1942	Bill Finger, Irwin Hasen	Sensation Comics #1
Wonder Woman	1942	Charles Moulton(William Moulton Marston), H. G. Peter	All Star Comics #8 / Sensation Comics #1
Canada Jack	1943 (March)	George Menendez Rae	Canadian Heroes Vol. 1, #5 [9]
Miss America (Marvel Comics)	1943 (November)	Otto Binder, Al Gabriele	Marvel Mystery Comics #49
Grim Reaper (Nedor)	1944 (May)	Author unknown, artist Al Camy	Wonder Comics #1
All-Winners Squad	1946 (Fall)	Martin Goodman, Bill Finger	All Winners Comics #19
Black Canary	1947 (August)	Robert Kanigher, Carmine Infantino	Flash Comics #86
Moon Girl	1947 (Fall)	Gardner Fox, Sheldon Moldoff	The Happy Houligans #1

[edit] Other media

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Maximo	1940	Victor Appleton	Maximo, the Amazing Superman(Big Little Book)

[edit] 1950s

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Captain Comet	1951 (June)	John Broome, Carmine Infantino	Strange Adventures #9
Phantom Stranger	1952 (August-September)	John Broome, Carmine Infantino, Sy Barry	Phantom Stranger #1
Marvelman (later Miracleman)	1954 (February 3)	Mick Anglo	Marvelman #25
Martian Manhunter	1955 (November)	Joseph Samachson, Joe Certa	Detective Comics #225
Flash (Barry Allen)	1956 (October)	Robert Kanigher, Carmine Infantino	Showcase #4
Challengers of the Unknown	1957 (February)	Jack Kirby	Showcase #6
Legion of Super-Heroes	1958 (April)	Mort Weisinger, Otto Binder	Showcase #17
Adam Strange	1958 (November-December)	Gardner Fox, Mike Sekowsky	Adventure Comics #247
Lady Blackhawk	1959 (February)	Jack Schiff and Dick Dillin	Blackhawks #133
Supergirl	1959 (May)	Otto Binder, Al Plastino	Superman #123
The Fly (Archie Comics)	1959 (June)	Joe Simon, Jack Kirby	The Double Life of Private Strong #1
Green Lantern (Hal Jordan)	1959 (October)	Julius Schwartz, John Broome, Gil Kane	Showcase #22

[edit] Television

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Captain Video	1955 (April 1)		Captain Video

[edit] 1960s

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Captain Atom	1960 (March)	Joe Gill, Steve Ditko	Space Adventures #33
Elongated Man	1960 (May 12)	John Broome, Carmine Infantino	The Flash vol. 1 #112
Justice League	1960 (Feb.-March)	Gardner Fox	The Brave and the Bold #28
Fantastic Four	1961	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	The Fantastic Four #1
Flygirl	1961	Robert Bernstein, John Rosenberger	Adventures of the Fly #13
The Jaguar	1961	Robert Bernstein	The Adventures of the Jaguar #1
The Hulk	1962	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	The Incredible Hulk #1
Ant-Man	1962	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	Tales to Astonish #27
Spider-Man	1962	Stan Lee, Steve Ditko	Amazing Fantasy #15
Thor	1962	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	Journey into Mystery #83
Wonder Wart-Hog	1962	Gilbert Shelton	Bacchanal
Doctor Strange	1963	Stan Lee, Steve Ditko	Strange Tales #110
Doom Patrol	1963	Bob Haney, Arnold Drake, Bruno Premiani	My Greatest Adventure #80
Iron Man	1963	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Don Heck	Tales of Suspense #39
Magnus, Robot Fighter	1963	Chase Craig, Russ Manning	Magnus Robot Fighter 4000 A.D. #1
Nick Fury	1963	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1
X-Men	1963	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	Uncanny X-Men #1
The Avengers	1963	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Dick Ayers	Avengers #1
Daredevil	1964	Stan Lee, Bill Everett	Daredevil #1
Metamorpho	1964	Bob Haney, Ramona Fradon	The Brave and the Bold #57
Teen Titans	1964	Robert Haney, Bruno Premiani	The Brave and the Bold #54
Wonder Man	1964	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	Avengers #9
Zatanna	1964	Gardner Fox, Murphy Anderson	Hawkman #4
Judomaster	1965	Joe Gill, Frank McLaughlin	Special War Series #4
Mighty Crusaders	1965	Jerry Siegel, Paul Reinman	Fly-Man #31
Animal Man	1965	Dave Wood, Carmine Infantino	Strange Adventures #180
Black Panther	1966	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	Fantastic Four #52
Nightshade	1966	Joe Gill, Steve Ditko	Captain Atom #82
Silver Surfer	1966	Stan Lee, Jack Kirby	Fantastic Four #48
Batgirl	1967	Gardner Fox, Carmine Infantino	Detective Comics #359
Carol Danvers (a.k.a. Ms. Marvel, Binary, Warbird)	1968	Roy Thomas, Gene Colan	Marvel Super Heroes #13
The Creeper	1968	Steve Ditko	Showcase #73

[edit] Television

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Captain Nice	1967 (January)	Buck Henry	Captain Nice
Mister Terrific (Stanley Beamish)	1967 (January)		Mr. Terrific

[edit] 1970s

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Squadron Supreme	1971	Roy Thomas, Sal Buscema	The Avengers #85-86
Big Barda	1971	Jack Kirby	Mister Miracle #1
The Defenders	1971	Roy Thomas	Marvel Feature #1
The Forever People	1971	Jack Kirby	The Forever People #1
Mister Miracle	1971	Jack Kirby	Mister Miracle #1
New Gods	1971	Jack Kirby	New Gods #1
Swamp Thing	1971	Len Wein, Bernie Wrightson	House of Secrets #92
Luke Cage a.k.a. Power Man	1972	Archie Goodwin, George Tuska	Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #1
Shang-Chi	1972	Steve Englehart, Jim Starlin	Special Marvel Edition #15
Iron Fist	1974	Roy Thomas, Gil Kane	Marvel Premiere #15
Man-Thing	1974	Roy Thomas, Gerry Conway, Gray Morrow	Savage Tales #1
Punisher	1974	Gerry Conway, Ross Andru	The Amazing Spider-Man #129
Wolverine	1974	Len Wein, Herb Trimpe	Incredible Hulk #180
Captain Canuck	1975	Richard Comely, Ron Leishman	Captain Canuck #1
Colossus	1975	Len Wein, Dave Cockrum	Giant-Size X-Men #1
Storm	1975	Len Wein, Dave Cockrum	Giant-Size X-Men #1
Nightcrawler	1975	Len Wein, Dave Cockrum	Giant-Size X-Men #1
Power Girl	1975	Gerry Conway	All-Star Comics #58
Captain Britain	1976	Chris Claremont, Herb Trimpe	Captain Britain Weekly #1
Black Lightning	1977	Tony Isabella, Trevor von Eden	Black Lightning #1
Captain Kremmen	1977	Kenny Everett	Corgi Publishing
3-D Man	1977	Roy Thomas	Marvel Premiere #35
Spider-Woman	1977	Archie Goodwin, Jim Mooney	Marvel Spotlight #32
Firestorm	1978	Gerry Conway, Allen Milgrom	Firestorm #1
Black Cat	1979	Marv Wolfman, Keith Pollard	Amazing Spider-Man #194

[edit] Television

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
G-Force	1972		Kagaku ninja tai Gatchaman(Battle of the Planets)
Six Million Dollar Man	1973 (March 7)	Martin Caiden	The Six Million Dollar Man movie(based on 1972 novel Cyborg)
The Bionic Woman	1975 (March 16)	Kenneth Johnson	The Six Million Dollar Manepisode: "The Bionic Woman"

[edit] 1980s

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Dazzler	1980	Tom DeFalco, Louise Simonson, Roger Stern	Uncanny X-Men #130
She-Hulk	1980	Stan Lee, John Buscema	Savage She-Hulk #1
Omega Men	1981	Marv Wolfman, Joe Staton	Green Lantern #136
Alpha Flight	1983	Chris Claremont, John Byrne	Uncanny X-Men #120
New Mutants	1983	Chris Claremont	The New MutantsMarvel Graphic Novel #5
Outsiders	1983	Mike Barr, Jim Aparo	The Brave and the Bold #200
American Flagg	1983	Howard Chaykin	American Flagg #1
Beowulf	1984	Jerry Bingham
Femforce	1984	Bill Black, Stephanie Sanderson, Mark Heike	Femforce Special
Northguard	1984	Mark Shainblum, Gabriel Morrisette	New Triumph featuring Northguard #1
West Coast Avengers	1984	Roger Stern, Bob Hall	West Coast Avengers (Vol. 1) #1
Zot	1984	Scott McCloud	Zot! #1
Fleur de Lys	1985	Mark Shainblum, Gabriel Morrisette	New Triumph featuring Northguard #5
X-Factor	1985	Bob Layton, Jackson Guice, Josef Rubinstein	X-Factor #1
Booster Gold	1986	Dan Jurgens	Booster Gold #1
Watchmen	1986	Alan Moore, Dave Gibbons	Watchmen #1
Excalibur (comics)	1988	Chris Claremont, Alan Davis	Excalibur: The Sword is Drawn
New Warriors	1989	Tom DeFalco, Ron Frenz	Thor #411

[edit] Television

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Ralph Hinkley	1981 (March)		The Greatest American Hero

[edit] 1990s

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Bishop (comics)	1991	Whilce Portacio	Uncanny X-Men #282
Darkhawk	1991	Danny Fingeroth, Mike Manley	Darkhawk #1
Next Men	1991	John Byrne
X-Force	1991 (April)	Rob Liefeld	The New Mutants #100
Supreme	1992	Rob Liefeld	Youngblood #3
Eternal Warrior	1992		Solar: Man of the Atom #10
Jesse Quick (daughter of Johnny Quick and Liberty Belle)	1992	Len Strazewski, Mike Parobeck	Justice Society of America (vol. 2) #1
Spawn	1992	Todd McFarlane	Spawn #1
Hellboy	1993	Mike Mignola	Next Men #21
Stormwatch	1993 (March)	Jim Lee	Stormwatch #1
Generation X	1994	Scott Lobdell, Chris Bachalo	Uncanny X-Men #318
Static (superhero)	1993	Dwayne McDuffie, John Paul Leon	Static #1
Starman (Jack Knight)	1994	James Robinson, Tony Harris	Starman #0
X-Man	1995	Jeph Loeb, Steve Skroce	X-Man #1
The Thunderbolts	1997	Kurt Busiek, Mark Bagley	The Incredible Hulk #449
The Authority	1999	Warren Ellis, Bryan Hitch	The Authority vol. 1 #1

[edit] Movies

• The Rocketeer (1991)
• Meteor Man (1993)

[edit] 2000 and beyond

[edit] Comic book

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
Ultimate Marvel characters	2001	various	Ultimate Spider-Man #1
X-Statix	2001	Peter Milligan, Mike Allred	X-Force #116
X-Treme X-Men	2001	Chris Claremont	X-Treme X-Men #1
Runaways	2002	Brian K. Vaughan, Adrian Alphona	Runaways vol. 1 #1
Invincible	2002	Robert Kirkman,Cory Walker	Noble Causes: Family Secrets #3
Super Buddies	2003	Keith Giffen, J. M. DeMatteis, Kevin Maguire, Joe Rubinstein	Formerly Known as the Justice League #1
Araña	2004	Fiona Avery, Mark Brooks	Amazing Fantasy (vol. 2) #1
Young Avengers	2005	Allan Heinberg, Jim Cheung	Young Avengers #1

[edit] Movies

Character / Team / Series	Year Debuted	Creator/s	First Appearance
The Incredibles, Frozone	2004	Brad Bird	The Incredibles
Sky High students and graduates	2005	Paul Hernandez, Robert Schooley, Mark McCorkle	Sky High

[edit] Sources

[edit] Books

• Daniels, Les. The Golden Age of DC Comics: 365 Days. New York: H.N. Abrams, 2004.

[edit] See also

• List of years in comics
• List of supervillain debuts

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

• Classic Comic Books[10]
• Comic Book Timeline [11]
• The History of Comic Books[12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
• Guardians of the North [17]
• The History of Superhero Comic Books [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
• POV Online
• Internet Movie Database [23]