Liberalism and radicalism in Romania
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This article gives an overview of Liberalism and Radicalism in Romania. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in this scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary for a party to have actually labeled itself as a liberal party.
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[edit] Introduction
Liberalism has always during democratic periods been of the major forces in Romania, mainly organized in the National Liberal Party. Often there were spin-offs of this party. At the moment the National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional Liberal, member LI, ELDR) is a right-wing liberal party.
[edit] The timeline
[edit] Precursors
- 1822: Ionică Tăutu, representing a group of low-ranking boyars in Moldavia, proposed a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles
- 1834: Ion Câmpineanu leads the liberal opposition to Russian influence in Wallachia's National Assembly
- 1840: Mitică Filipescu led a radical, carbonari-inspired conspiracy in Wallachia
- 1840: Mihail Kogălniceanu published the short-lived Dacia Literară, a Romantic nationalist and liberal magazine, engendering a literary society
- 1843: Nicolae Bălcescu and others led the Frăţia radical conspiracy in Wallachia
- 1845: Radical students from both Wallachia and Moldavia founded Societatea Studenţilor Români (the "Society of Romanian Students") in Paris
- 1848: The unsuccessful Moldavian revolution, during which Moldavian liberals issued a Petition-Proclamation
- 1848: The liberal-minded Blaj Assemblies in Transylvania, in the context of revolutions inside the Austrian Empire
- 1848: The Wallachian revolution - liberals formed a Provisional Government in Bucharest, and were divided over the issue of land reform, with a radical current forming around Bălcescu
- 1856: The liberal current formed the majority in Partida Naţională, a loose group supporting the union of the Danubian Principalities
- 1859: After the union, liberals formed a distinct faction in the Parliament of Romania
- 1864: Domnitor Alexander John Cuza established a personal regime, in order to pass liberal legislation against mounting opposition
- 1866: Mainstream liberals supported Cuza's removal from the throne; a faction of the liberal current opposed to the new constitution formed the Moldavian-based Fracţiunea liberă şi independentă, influenced by Simion Bărnuţiu and led by Nicolae Ionescu
[edit] National Liberal Party
- 1875: The liberal current organised itself in the National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional-Liberal), led by Ion Brătianu
- 1884: A faction formed the Radical Party, led by C.A. Rosetti and George Panu
- 1899: The National Liberal Party absorbs the right-wing of the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
- 1918: The Peasants' Party absorbs a left-wing tendency in the National Liberal Party formed around Constantin Stere
- 1929: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Brătianu
- 1931: A faction formed the Liberal Democratic Party, which remained unsuccessful. The same year a majority of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party
- 1938: The rest of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party
- 1938: The party is banned by King Carol II
- 1944: The party resumed its activities
- 1944: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Tătărescu
- 1947: The party is banned by the communist regime
- 1990: The party is refounded by Radu Câmpeanu
- 1990: A youth faction of the National Liberal Party formed the ⇒ Liberal Party Youth Wing
- 1991: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention
- 1995: The ⇒ Liberal party 1993 merged into the National Liberal Party, the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu seceded from the party
- 1998: The party absorbed the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party
- 2002: The Alliance for Romania (Alianţa pentru România) merged into the National Liberal Party
- 2003: The Union of Right-Wing Forces (Uniunea Forţelor de Dreapta) and the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu merged into the party
[edit] National Liberal Party-Brătianu
- 1929: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Brătianu (Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Brătianu)
- 1931: Most of the party returned to the National Liberal Party
- 1938: The party reunited with the National Liberal Party
[edit] National Liberal Party-Tătărescu
- 1944: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu (Partidul Naţional-Liberal (Tătărescu))
- 1945: The party ran in elections with the Romanian Communist Party
- 1947: The party is banned by the communist regime
[edit] From National Liberal Party Youth Wing to Liberal Party 1993
- 1990: A youth faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party Youth Wing (Partidul Naţional-Liberal Aripa Tînără)
- 1992: The party was renamed Liberal Party (Partidul Liberal), led by Horia Rusu
- 1993: The Liberal Party merged with the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention and the Group for Moral and Political Reforms into the Liberal Party 1993 (Partidul Liberal 1993), joined by a faction of the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party
- 1995: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party
[edit] Civic Alliance Party
- 1991: A section of the Civic Alliance non-governmental organization established the Civic Alliance Party (Partidul Alianţa Civică), led by Nicolae Manolescu
- 1993: A faction joined the ⇒ Liberal Party 1993
- 1998: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party
[edit] National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention
- 1991: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Convenţia Democrată)
- 1993: The party merged into the ⇒ Liberal Party 1993
[edit] National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu
- 1995: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu (Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Câmpeanu)
- 2003: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party
[edit] PNL leaders
| Ion Brătianu | 1875–1891 |
| Dumitru Brătianu | 1891–1892 |
| Dimitrie Sturdza | 1892–1908 |
| Ion I. C. Brătianu | 1908–1927 |
| Vintilă Brătianu | 1927–1930 |
| Ion Duca | 1930–1933 |
| Dinu Brătianu | 1933–1948 |
| none | 1948–1990 |
| Radu Câmpeanu | 1990–1993 |
| Mircea Ionescu Quintus | 1993–2001 |
| Theodor Stolojan | 2001–2004 |
| Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu | 2004– |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- (Romanian) Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, Istoria românilor între anii 1918-1940: IV. Partidele politice în primul deceniu interbelic (political programs of major parties in interwar Romania)
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