Kinston Indians
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| Kinston Indians Founded in 1987 Kinston, North Carolina |
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| League titles | 1935, 1947, 1962, 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004, 2006 | ||
| Division titles | 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2006 | ||
| Owner(s)/Operated by: Slugger, Inc. (Chairman - Cam McRae) | |||
| Manager: Chris Tremie | |||
| General Manager: Shari Massengill | |||
The Kinston Indians are a minor league baseball team in Kinston, North Carolina. The team, a High-A affiliate of the Cleveland Indians, plays in the Carolina League. Professional baseball in Kinston dates back to 1908 when they fielded a team in the Eastern Carolina League.[1] Kinston adopted the name "Indians" at the start of their relationship with Cleveland, in 1987. They are currently one of the oldest and most successful franchises in their circuit.
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[edit] History
[edit] Early years
Baseball has been popular in Kinston since the late nineteenth century, and it fielded many excellent amateur clubs. Despite this, the small city was unable to sustain a viable professional team until the mid-1920's.[2] Earlier attempts included an aborted campaign in the Class D Eastern Carolina League in 1908[1] and an "outlaw league" team in 1921 and 1922. The latter was notable for being managed by former major league pitcher George Suggs and College Football Hall of Fame member Ira Rodgers.[3] Due to the efforts of the city's business leaders, former local amateur star Elisha Lewis, and George Suggs, the town secured a team in the Virginia League for the 1925 season.[4]
This Class B team played in a newly renovated stadium designed by Suggs known as West End Park.[5] Named the "Eagles",[6] the squad had very little success against the rest of the league. Despite their lack of wins, the team was successful enough at the gate that they proved the town was capable of sustaining a professional team. Kinston stayed three years in the Virginia League and then moved on to a newly reformed Eastern Carolina League. This later affiliation would collapse along with the stock market in 1929.[7] Among the members of these 1920's Eagles teams was a young catcher named Rick Ferrell who would have a long playing career and even longer front office career in the major leagues. In 1984, he became the only former Kinston player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.[8] Another player, Frank Armstrong, eventually decided that baseball was not for him. He gave up baseball for a career in the armed services and became one of the most decorated generals in the history of the Air Force.[9]
[edit] Coastal Plain League
Kinston was without a team for the first few years of the Depression, but by 1934, the city found its way into the semi-professional Coastal Plain League. In 1937, this loop became fully professional and was classified as a Class D league by the National Association.[10] The city would stay in this league every season until it was finally disbanded following the 1952 campaign. It was as a member of this affiliation that Kinston saw many playoff appearances and two league championships (1935 and 1947). Among the superior talent that entertained the fans of Kinston was a young player named Charlie "King Kong" Keller who remains within the top forty major league players of all-time in terms of on base percentage (.410).[11][12]
[edit] Carolina League
For three years following the dissolution of the Coastal Plain League, Kinston found itself without a team until the owner of the Burlington Bees of the Carolina League moved his team to Kinston for the 1956 season. At the time, the Carolina League was a Class B loop with teams located in Virginia and North Carolina.[13] The new Kinston Eagles were a Pittsburgh Pirates affiliate and featured the town's first African American ball players. In these early days of the Civil Rights Movement, the black players in the Carolina League received much verbal and psychological abuse from the largely white, Southern fan base.[14] One of these first black Kinston ball players, Carl Long, would excel during the 1956 season and set an RBI standard (111) that would never be surpassed by any of the Kinston hitters who have come after him.[15] The other racial pioneer for Kinston baseball was Frank Washington, a holdover from the 1955 Burlington team.[16] Kinston's owner was an inept businessman who brought the club near bankruptcy before it was moved to Wilson in 1957.[17]
Kinston's re-entry into Carolina League baseball in 1962 was successful both on the field and at the turnstile. The Eagles were able to claim the first of its Carolina League crowns. At a time when Kinston's population was only 25,000, the ball club was able to attract over 140,000 fans. Part of the lure for these fans was the talent supplied by Kinston's parent club, the Pittsburgh Pirates, which included Steve Blass (17-3, 1.97 ERA, 209 K's), and Frank Bork (19-7, 2.00 ERA).[18] Another attraction for the fans was that for the first time, the Eagles were a community owned team. The Kinston Eagles Baseball Company was a non-profit organization run by an elected eighteen man, unpaid board of directors. Profits went back into improving the stadium, promoting the team, and supplying playing equipment for the youth of Kinston. This arrangement would continue through all thirteen years of Kinston's second tenure in the Carolina League from 1962 through 1974.[19]
With the reclassification of minor league baseball in 1963, the Carolina League became a High-A circuit. The Eagles would fail to win any more championships during this second period of Carolina League play, but they managed to make the playoffs following six of the thirteen seasons. The Pirates stuck with Kinston through the 1965 campaign, and the Eagles were managed by Harding "Pete" Peterson during three of those four seasons. Pete would later oversee the Pirates farm system and become the Pirates' general manager, helping to build the late seventies team that won the World Series.[20] The Eagles became affiliated with the new Atlanta Braves during 1966 and 1967 and were managed by Andy Pafko during those years.[21] From 1968 through 1973, the Eagles had an affiliation with the New York Yankees, and the fans saw a lot of future all-stars pass through the city including a young Ron Guidry who would establish himself as one of the best pitchers in the American League soon thereafter.[22]
During the 1970s the popularity of minor league baseball reached its lowest point and the attendance in Kinston fell to only 30,000 for the 1973 season. The city needed a revival of interest, and the Expos were turned to for help. The young Montreal franchise boasted a strong farm system with a lot of talent. So much talent in fact, that they decided to experiment with having two High A affiliates. Instead of dividing the players evenly between the two High A teams, the West Palm Beach club ended up with all the best men while the newly renamed Kinston Expos had to make due with castoffs. The Kinston team soon found itself overmatched among its Carolina League rivals. The Expos fell to last place and attendance fell to only 27,000 for the year. Montreal declared their experiment a failure and withdrew from Kinston following the 1974 season. With no major league sponsor and very little fan support, Kinston withdrew from the league.[23]
Former airline pilot Ray Kuhlman brought minor league baseball back to Kinston by investing in a Carolina League franchise in the late seventies. The renamed Kinston Eagles flew unaffiliated their first season back in the circuit in 1978. By the next campaign, they were associated with the Toronto Blue Jays. Toronto stayed with Kinston for seven years, and the team eventually took on the Blue Jay name. Kinston did not win any championships during the Blue Jays years. Kuhlman and his wife ran the team themselves and oversaw steady annual increases in attendance each year. They brought a string of marketing ideas that have taken hold and remain to this day. These included increased promotional days, fireworks displays, the introduction of Kinston baseball cards, an increase in branded souvenir merchandise, the establishment of the Kinston Professional Baseball Hall of Fame, and the hiring of a team mascot. Also attracting fans was a collection of future major league stars including Tony Fernández, Fred McGriff, and Cecil Fielder.[24]
Following the 1985 season, the Blue Jays dropped Kinston as a franchise, and professional baseball in the city seemed to be in doubt once again. There was talk of moving the franchise to Charles County, Maryland, but the city remained in the Carolina League with an independent ball club that took on the Eagles name. 1986 proved to be disappointing in the standings and at the gate, and talk of a move was renewed, but ownership secured an affiliation with the Cleveland Indians during the off season.[25] For more than twenty years, Cleveland and the KTribe, as they have come to be known, have enjoyed a successful partnership which has produced sixteen playoff appearances and five Carolina League championships (1988, 1991, 1995, 2004, and 2006).[26] The value of the team has risen along with its onfield success. In 1983, Kuhlman sold the team for one hundred thousand dollars. The franchise was sold in 1985 for two hundred twenty five thousand, and it was sold again in 1989 for seven hundred fifty thousand dollars. The team's value in 1992 was estimated at one and a half million.[27]
Six figure attendance totals became the norm throughout the 1990s and into the new century. General Manager North Johnson fostered closer bonds with the mayor's office and helped create the Mayor's Committee for Professional Baseball in 1987.[28] Dedicated to increasing season ticket sales and promoting ties with businesses, the committee accomplished much in a short span of time. Attendance increased by nearly twenty thousand in 1987 and by more than twelve thousand the following year. By 1991, the number of fans through the turnstiles topped 100,000 for the first time since 1964. Although a new ownership group purchased the franchise in 1994, continuity in the day-to-day operations has been maintained through general manager North Johnson, and front office mainstay Shari Massengill who took over the reins in 2006.[29] Ties with the local government also remain strong, as prospects for the start of a second century of baseball in 2008 look all but assured with new renovations to the ballpark and a renewed affiliation with Cleveland.[30][31]
The Kinston Indians are currently managed by Chris Tremie, a former major league catcher. Their current General Manager, Shari Massengill,[29] and former Assistant General Manager, Jessie Hays, made up the only all-female General Manager/Assistant General Manager team in the Minor Leagues.[32] Although Hays has departed for the 2008 season, her replacement, Janell Bullock, is also female.[33]
In 2007, the Indians won the Southern Division crown for both halves of the year, but they lost in the first round of the playoffs to the wildcard team, the Salem Avalanche. It was the seventh season in a row that they made the post season which is a new Carolina League record formerly held by the Burlington Bees (1945-1950). It was the second time a Kinston team has accomplished this feat. The Kinston Eagles of the Coastal Plain League also made it to seven post seasons in a row (1946-1952).[34] It was announced in June of 2008 that Kinston's player development contract with Cleveland has been extended through the 2010 season.
[edit] Grainger Stadium
The Kinston Indians, and all the Kinston teams since 1949, have played their home games at Grainger Stadium located at 400 East Grainger Avenue in Kinston. The original structure was built by architect John J. Rowland in 1949 at a cost of one hundred seventy thousand dollars inclusive of everything except the land. One hundred fifty thousand dollars of the money was raised by bond issue.[35] The stadium is owned by the city and leased by the team. A dedicatory plaque identifies the structure as "Municipal Stadium," but it has been called Grainger Stadium since it was first built.[36] Recent ownership has begun to refer to it as "Historic Grainger Stadium" due to its age relative to other fields in the Carolina League. It is currently the second oldest stadium in the circuit. The name Grainger comes from its location on Grainger Avenue as well as its use early on by Grainger High School. Grainger is a prominent old family name in Lenoir County.
[edit] Annual Awards
Each year, usually on the weekend of the last home games, the Kinston Indians present awards to those deserving. The team MVP Award was named in honor of "Cap'n Pat" Crawford. Crawford was a longtime Kinston resident who made it to the major leagues with the St. Louis Cardinals during the Gashouse Gang era.[37]
Steve Olin was a right-handed submarining relief pitcher for Kinston who had moved up to the Cleveland Indians. He was killed in a boating accident during spring training of 1993 in Winter Haven, Florida. The boat he was in struck a pier, killing him and fellow reliever Tim Crews and seriously injuring Bob Ojeda. Kinston's annual award for Pitcher of the Year was named in his honor.
The award given each year to the player who had to overcome the greatest adversity in his career was named in honor of Tex Drake. Drake was one of the batboys for the Kinston Blue Jays starting with the 1982 season. On the last day of the 1984 campaign, he found out that he had Hodgkin's Disease which had advanced to all four stages. The club president, Gary Fitzpatrick, arranged for Drake to work as a batboy for the last three home games of the Toronto Blue Jays season. Once back in Kinston, Drake was able to overcome his cancer through chemotherapy and return to his duties on the field.[38][39]
The Kinston player who best represents good sportsmanship is given an award named for Steve Gaydek. Gaydek was a former member of the club's Board of Directors who became a lifelong fan of Kinston's baseball teams. He attended every home game for over twenty years even though he lived over thirty miles from the ballpark.[40]
Lewis B. "Mac" McAvery was the head groundskeeper from 1949 to his death in 1979. In honor of his accomplishments, the team established an award in his name to be given to the individual who has done the most to "preserve and enhance" professional baseball in Kinston.[41]
[edit] Mascots
The Indians' mascot is a dog named Scout. Scout can usually be found in an Indians jersey and baseball cap, but has also been known to don a Superman t-shirt or an aloha shirt depending on the antics he is performing. Scout replaced an earlier Native American mascot who was named Tom E. Hawk.[42] Although Tom E. Hawk no longer greets fans in person at the ballpark, he can still be seen in several of the official logos on much of the team merchandise. His broadly smiling visage is very reminiscent of Cleveland's Chief Wahoo.
During the days when Kinston was a Toronto Blue Jays affiliate, the team had a bird mascot named B.J..[43] 1980 manager Dennis Holmberg once resorted to dressing up in the mascot's costume so that he could return to the dugout undetected after being ejected from a game.[44] For the 1983 season, the Blue Jays had a dozen teenage girls, known as the Golden Corral Lady Jays, in the stadium. This experiment only lasted the one season.[45]
[edit] Local baseball personalities
- See also: List of Kinston baseball people
- Chris Hemeyer: Hemeyer is the radio voice of the Indians as well as the host of Tribe Talk. Tribe Talk is an interview television program shown on local public access stations in southeastern North Carolina. Besides interviewing team members and staff, the show also has highlights of recent Kinston games. First run episodes air once a week during the season. Tribe Talk is currently in its second season of production.[46]
- Team Mamas: Anne "Mama" Robinson and Evelyn "Mama" Kornegay are local residents of Kinston who have hosted players during their stay in Kinston. Mama Robinson hosted players for the first eleven years of the current franchise (1987-1997),[47] while Mama Kornegay has taken over the duties since.[48] Although only a few of the team members live in the house at any one time, the homes have become popular gathering places and a home away from home for the club. Prior to the current arrangement, players had some difficulty establishing a stable environment in which to live. In his autobiography, Ron Guidry relates how his rented mobile home was sold out from under him while he was gone on Reserve duty.[49] David Wells tells similar stories of being bounced around from place to place during his time in Kinston.[50]
- Delmont Miller: (born March 30, 1966): Miller is the longtime scoreboard operator for the Indians. His humorous first inning chatter and "shout-outs" prior to each "KTribe" game have become a tradition at Grainger Stadium. Recognizing the popularity of Delmont with both the fans and the players, the Kinston front office has held special "Delmont Miller Nights" the past few seasons and have built promotions around his unique personality. His twenty plus year career at the stadium has spanned several ownerships and even major league affiliation changes. Prior to becoming the scoreboard operator, he was the clubhouse assistant for the Kinston Blue Jays. His first name came from his father's love of Del Monte brand peaches.[51]
- The Smeraldos: Robert Smeraldo and Robert Smeraldo Jr. are the longtime father/son clubhouse managers for the ballclub. The senior Smeraldo has entered his fifteenth season of tending to the home clubhouse while his son takes care of the needs of the visiting team in their clubhouse.[52]
[edit] Season by Season Results
| Year | Name | League | Level | Affiliation | Record | Manager | Playoffs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1908 | Eastern Carolina | D | 6-12 | Loyd K. Wooten | DNF | ||
| 1921 | Robins | E.C.B.A. | outlaw | ? | Jim White | ||
| 1922 | Highwaymen | E.C.B.A. | outlaw | ? | Suggs/Rodgers | ||
| 1925 | Eagles | Virginia | B | 52-80 | Johnny Nee | ||
| 1926 | Eagles | Virginia | B | 69-83 | Johnny Nee | ||
| 1927 | Eagles | Virginia | B | 56-75 | Konnick/Hauger | ||
| 1928 | Eagles | Eastern Carolina | D | 55-59 | Bennett/Walters | ||
| 1929 | Eagles | Eastern Carolina | D | 46-71 | Clarence Roper | ||
| 1934 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | semipro | 36-24 | Bunn Hearn | Lost League Finals | |
| 1935 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | semipro | 41-26 | Bunn Hearn | League Champs | |
| 1936 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | semipro | 40-32 | Herschel Caldwell | Lost League Finals | |
| 1937 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | St. Louis Cardinals | 32-65 | Bess/Taylor | |
| 1938 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | St. Louis Cardinals | 60-50 | Tommy West | Lost in 1st round |
| 1939 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | St. Louis Cardinals | 65-59 | Henry/Lucas/Herring | Lost League Finals |
| 1940 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | 63-60 | Sothern/Aerette | Lost League Finals | |
| 1941 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | 42-77 | McHenry/DeMasi | ||
| 1946 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | 67-56 | Frank Rodgers | Lost League Finals | |
| 1947 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | Atlanta Crackers | 74-65 | Steve Collins | League Champs |
| 1948 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | 80-59 | Steve Collins | Lost League Finals | |
| 1949 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | 74-64 | Steve Collins | Lost League Finals | |
| 1950 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | Boston Red Sox | 70-68 | Wally Millies | Lost League Finals |
| 1951 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | 79-47 | Wes Livengood | Lost in 1st round | |
| 1952 | Eagles | Coastal Plain | D | Detroit Tigers | 76-47 | Wayne Blackburn | Lost in 1st round |
| 1956 | Eagles | Carolina | B | Pittsburgh Pirates | 66-87 | Paepke/Taylor | |
| 1957 | Eagles | Carolina | B | Washington Senators | 5-15 | Pete Suder | DNF |
| 1962 | Eagles | Carolina | B | Pittsburgh Pirates | 83-57 | Pete Peterson | League Champs |
| 1963 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Pittsburgh Pirates | 77-66 | Pete Peterson | Lost in 1st round |
| 1964 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Pittsburgh Pirates | 79-59 | Pete Peterson | Lost in 1st round |
| 1965 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Pittsburgh Pirates | 72-71 | Bob Clear | |
| 1966 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Atlanta Braves | 76-63 | Andy Pafko | Lost in 1st round |
| 1967 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Atlanta Braves | 60-75 | Andy Pafko | |
| 1968 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | New York Yankees | 62-75 | Bob Bauer | |
| 1969 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | New York Yankees | 74-68 | Gene Hassell | Lost in 1st round |
| 1970 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | New York Yankees | 72-65 | Alex Cosmidis | |
| 1971 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | New York Yankees | 83-52 | Gene Hassell | Lost League Finals |
| 1972 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | New York Yankees | 73-64 | Gene Hassell | Lost League Finals |
| 1973 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Co-op | 68-69 | Gene Hassell | |
| 1974 | Expos | Carolina | High-A | Montreal Expos | 38-93 | Jack Damaska | |
| 1978 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | 57-77 | Leo Mazzone | ||
| 1979 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Toronto Blue Jays | 67-69 | Duane Larson | |
| 1980 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Toronto Blue Jays | 69-69 | Dennis Holmberg | |
| 1981 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Toronto Blue Jays | 72-68 | John McLaren | Lost in 1st round |
| 1982 | Blue Jays | Carolina | High-A | Toronto Blue Jays | 76-59 | John McLaren | |
| 1983 | Blue Jays | Carolina | High-A | Toronto Blue Jays | 62-76 | Clark/Ault | |
| 1984 | Blue Jays | Carolina | High-A | Toronto Blue Jays | 71-69 | Doug Ault | |
| 1985 | Blue Jays | Carolina | High-A | Toronto Blue Jays | 64-73 | Grady Little | Lost in 1st round |
| 1986 | Eagles | Carolina | High-A | Co-op | 60-75 | Dave Trembley | |
| 1987 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 75-65 | Mike Hargrove | Lost League Finals |
| 1988 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 88-52 | Glenn Adams | League Champs |
| 1989 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 76-60 | Ken Bolek | |
| 1990 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 88-47 | Brian Graham | Lost League Finals |
| 1991 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 89-49 | Brian Graham | League Champs |
| 1992 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 65-71 | Dave Keller | |
| 1993 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 71-67 | Dave Keller | Lost in 1st round |
| 1994 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 60-78 | Dave Keller | |
| 1995 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 81-56 | Gordon Mackenzie | League Champs |
| 1996 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 76-62 | Jack Mull | Lost League Finals |
| 1997 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 87-53 | Joel Skinner | Lost League Finals |
| 1998 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 69-71 | Mako Oliveras | |
| 1999 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 79-58 | Eric Wedge | Lost in 1st round |
| 2000 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 68-69 | Brad Komminsk | |
| 2001 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 89-51 | Brad Komminsk | Lost in 1st round |
| 2002 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 74-65 | Ted Kubiak | Lost League Finals |
| 2003 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 73-66 | Torey Lovullo | Lost in 1st round |
| 2004 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 88-50 | Torey Lovullo | League Champs |
| 2005 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 76-64 | Luis Rivera | Lost League Finals |
| 2006 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 85-54 | Mike Sarbaugh | League Champs |
| 2007 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | 87-52 | Mike Sarbaugh | Lost in 1st round |
| 2008 | Indians | Carolina | High-A | Cleveland Indians | [1] | Chris Tremie |
TABLE NOTES:
- The record for the 1938 team above were the actual wins and losses for that team. An ineligible player scandal caused the league office to award or take away wins and losses from teams based on their violations of the rules. The "official" adjusted record at the end of the season was 64-45.
- DNF = Did Not Finish season.
- Sources[53][54][55][56]
[edit] No Hitters
- Jim Meade (6/12/1926) vs the Petersburg Broncos[57]
- Eddie Nowak (7/31/1939) vs the New Bern Bears[58]
- Conrad Noessel (6/11/1966) vs the Tidewater Tides (7 innings)[59]
- William Olsen (5/11/1970) vs the Burlington Senators[59]
- Bob Elliott (6/14/1970) vs the Lynchburg Twins (7 innings)[59]
- Oscar Muñoz (5/26/1991) vs the Prince William Cannons[59]
- Paul Byrd, Scott Morgan, and Mike Soper (8/23/1991) vs the Prince William Cannons[59]
- Jason Rakers (6/4/1997) vs the Durham Bulls (7 inning game)[59]
- Keith Ramsey (9/6/2004) vs the Myrtle Beach Pelicans (perfect game)[59]
[edit] Current roster
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Kinston Indians roster
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| Players | Coaching staff | ||||
Pitchers
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Catchers
Infielders
Outfielders
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Manager
Coaches
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[edit] See also
[edit] Bibliography
[edit] Autobiographies and biographies
- Blomberg, Ron with Dan Schlossberg (2006). Designated Hebrew: The Ron Blomberg Story. Sports Publishing. ISBN 1582619875.
- Guidry, Ron and Peter Golenbock (1980). Guidry. Prentice-Hall, Inc.. ISBN 0-13-371609-0.
- Hall, Donald with Dock Ellis (1976, 1989). Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-65988-X.
- Hargrove, Sharon and Richard Hauer Costa (1989). Safe at Home: A Baseball Wife's Story. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-376-2.
- Thompson, Dick (2005). The Ferrell Brothers of Baseball. McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-7864-2006-5.
- Wells, David with Chris Kreski (2003). Perfect I'm Not: Boomer on Beer, Brawls, Backaches, and Baseball. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 0-06-050824-8.
[edit] League histories
- Chrisman, David F. (1988). The History of the Virginia League. Maverick Publications. ASIN B0006EQIN8.
- Gaunt, Robert (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 0-945-16402-5.
- Holaday, J. Chris (1998). Professional Baseball in North Carolina: An Illustrated City-by-City History, 1901-1996. McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-7864-0532-5.
- Johnson, Lloyd, and Miles Wolff (eds.) (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed.. Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 0-963-71898-3.
- Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys: The First Half-Century of the Carolina League. John F. Blair. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
[edit] Newspapers
- The Kinston Daily Free Press, 1882 to present - Issues for the 1908 season do not exist. Issues for all other seasons are available on microfilm at Lenoir Community College.
[edit] Official sources
- Kinston Eagles/Expos/Blue Jays/Indians Programs and Roster Sheets - Programs are also referred to as yearbooks.
- Official league web site, <http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/index.jsp?sid=l122>. Retrieved on 1 July 2007
- Official team web site, <http://www.kinstonindians.com>. Retrieved on 1 July 2007
- various editors (1956-present). Carolina League Record Book. Baseball America. - Over the years, this publication has also been known as Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book and Carolina League Directory and Record Book
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ a b Moore, Louis T. (1909), “Eastern Carolina League”, in Foster, John B., Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide, vol. 34, New York, N.Y.: American Sports Publishing Company, pp. 252-253
- ^ Dalimonte, David E.. Kinston Has a Rich Tradition in Baseball. Retrieved on 2007-07-27.
- ^ Anon. (June 15, 1922), “College Coach Is New Manager Local Club; Suggs Quits”, Kinston Free Press
- ^ Anon. (December 16, 1924), “Kinston Takes A Franchise In Virginia League; Plans To Buy Petersburg Players”, Kinston Free Press
- ^ Anon. (December 12, 1924), “Baseball Club's To Improve Park And Get Manager”, Kinston Free Press
- ^ Anon. (February 11, 1925), “Ball Club Given Name of Eagles; Choice Of Heads”, Kinston Free Press
- ^ Chrisman, David F. (1988). The History of the Virginia League. Maverick Publications. ASIN B0006EQIN8.
- ^ Thompson, Dick (2005). The Ferrell Brothers of Baseball. McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-7864-2006-5.
- ^ Mead, William (1998). Baseball Goes to War. USA: Broadcast Interview Source, p. 9. ISBN 0-934-33338-6.
- ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Miles Wolff (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed.. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc., p. 295. ISBN 0-963-71898-3.
- ^ Gaunt, Robert (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Durham, N.C.: Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 0-945-16402-5.
- ^ Baseball-Reference.com. Charlie Keller Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-07-27.
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys: The First Half-Century of the Carolina League. John F. Blair, p. 62-69. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Snyder, Brad (2006). A Well-Paid Slave. Viking, p. 43-48. ISBN 0-670-03794-X.
- ^ Kelley, Brent (2000). The Negro Leagues Revisited. McFarland & Company, p. 303-308. ISBN 0-786-40875-8.
- ^ United Press (April 19, 1956), “Hitters Have Big Night as Play Gets Underway in Carolina Loop”, Kinston Free Press
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 70-73. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 89-95. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Kinston Expos (1974), “The Fans Own The Expos”, Kinston Expos 1974 Souvenir Scorebook: p. 10
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 96-107. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 112-114. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 117-139. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 140-142. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 150-186. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Greenwell, Megan (May 2, 2008), “Charles Scores One For the Home Team: After 23-Year Effort, County Gets Its Ballpark”, Washington Post
- ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair, p. 191-227. ISBN 0-895-87112-2.
- ^ Gorman, Jerry (1994). The Name of the Game: The Business of Sports. New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 179. ISBN 0-471-59423-7.
- ^ Kinston Indians (1987), “Mayor's Committee For Professional Baseball”, Kinston Indians 1987 Souvenir Program: p. 24
- ^ a b Hall, David (December 30, 2005), “Massengill new GM of K-Tribe”, Kinston Free Press, <http://www.kinston.com/common/printer/view.php?db=kfpress&id=9314>
- ^ Shiles, Bob (January 11, 2007), “Tourism Development Authority grants funds”, Kinston Free Press
- ^ Schector, Paige (2006-03-09). Third time charm for Kinston, GM Massengill. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved on 2007-07-29.
- ^ Hall, David (October 11, 2006), “Indians promote Hays to AGM”, Kinston Free Press, <http://www.kinston.com/common/printer/view.php?db=kfpress&id=3143>
- ^ Kinston Indians. Front Office Staff. Retrieved on 2008-04-02.
- ^ Anon. (June 14, 2007), “K-Tribe clinches first-half title”, The Goldsboro News-Argus, <http://www.newsargus.com/sports/archives/2007/06/14/ktribe_clinches_firsthalf_title/index.shtml>
- ^ Mock, Jr., Frank L. (June 1950), “Kinston's New Stadium”, Athletic Journal XXX (10): p. 14
- ^ Rowland, John J. & Simpson, James M. (July 1949), “Stadium for All Municipal Functions, Kinston, N. C.”, Architectural Record 106 (1): p. 121-123
- ^ Kinston Indians (1989), “Pat Crawford MVP Award”, Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: p. 23
- ^ Drake, Tex (1985), “My Weekend In Toronto: A Dream Comes True For The Blue Jays Batboy”, The 1985 Kinston Blue Jays Souvenir Program: p. 41
- ^ Kinston Indians (1989), “The Tex Drake Award”, Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: p. 26
- ^ Kinston Indians (1989), “Steve Gaydek Award”, Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: p. 27
- ^ Kinston Indians (1989), “The Lewis B. McAvery Award”, Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: p. 24
- ^ Whisnant, Gabe (July 23, 2006), “K-Tribe mascot is a hit”, The Goldsboro News-Argus, <http://www.newsargus.com/sports/archives/2006/07/23/ktribe_mascot_is_a_hit/index.shtml>
- ^ Kinston Blue Jays (1984), “Blue Jay Staff”, Kinston Blue Jays 1984 Souvenir Program: p. 3
- ^ Klein, Jeff (2004). Diamond Days: Life In Minor League Baseball. Xlibris Corporation, p. 78. ISBN 1-413-43365-0.
- ^ Kinston Blue Jays (1983), “The Golden Corral Lady Jays”, Kinston Blue Jays 1983 Souvenir Program: p. 13
- ^ Kinston Indians. Tribe Talk Returns To Television. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
- ^ Rada, Joe (1997-06-01), “Dreaming Big in the Carolina League”, Southern Living 32 (6): p. 16cl-27cl
- ^ Neff, Eric (August 17, 2006), “In Kinston: 'Mama' always has room for her players”, Jacksonville Daily News
- ^ Guidry, Ron and Peter Golenbock (1980). Guidry. Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 72-74. ISBN 0-13-371609-0.
- ^ Wells, David; Chris Kreski (2003). Perfect I'm Not: Boomer on Beer, Brawls, Backaches, and Baseball. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., p. 67-69. ISBN 0-060-50824-8.
- ^ Winston, Lisa (2006-09-10). Indians Scoreboard Operator Became a Legend in Carolina League. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved on 2007-07-01.
- ^ Hall, David (July 28, 2006), “Keeping the Indians up and running”, Kinston Free Press
- ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Miles Wolff (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed.. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 0-963-71898-3.This was the main source for all the information concerning teams in "official" leagues. Whenever possible, the facts were cross-checked using other sources.
- ^ The Kinston Daily Free Press, 1921-1922 Used for the two E.C.B.A. teams.
- ^ Gaunt, Robert (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Durham, N.C.: Baseball America, Inc., p. 16-33. ISBN 0-945-16402-5.Used for the semi-pro Coastal Plain League team.
- ^ Cuttone, Charles; Linda Cuttone, eds. (2007). Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book. Baseball America. Used for seasons since the publication of The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed. and to cross-check same.
- ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Miles Wolff (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed.. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc., p. 246. ISBN 0-963-71898-3.
- ^ Gaunt, Robert H. (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc., p. 97. ISBN 0-963-71898-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cuttone, Charles; Linda Cuttone, eds. (2007). Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book. Baseball America, p.72-73.
| Preceded by Wilson Tobs 1961 |
Carolina League Champions Kinston Eagles 1962 |
Succeeded by Wilson Tobs 1963 |
| Preceded by Salem Buccaneers 1987 |
Carolina League Champions Kinston Indians 1988 |
Succeeded by Prince William Yankees 1989 |
| Preceded by Frederick Keys 1990 |
Carolina League Champions Kinston Indians 1991 |
Succeeded by Peninsula Pilots 1992 |
| Preceded by Wilmington Blue Rocks 1994 |
Carolina League Champions Kinston Indians 1995 |
Succeeded by Wilmington Blue Rocks 1996 |
| Preceded by Winston-Salem Warthogs 2003 |
Carolina League Champions Kinston Indians 2004 |
Succeeded by Frederick Keys 2005 |
| Preceded by Frederick Keys 2005 |
Carolina League Champions Kinston Indians 2006 |
Succeeded by Frederick Keys 2007 |
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