Kanamycin

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Kanamycin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-(aminomethyl)- 6-[4,6-diamino-3- [4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydropyran- 2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxy-cyclohexoxy]- tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol
Identifiers
CAS number	8063-07-8
ATC code	A07AA08 J01GB04 S01AA24
PubChem	6032
DrugBank	APRD00026
Chemical data
Formula	C18H36N4O11
Mol. mass	484.499
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	very low after oral delivery
Metabolism	?
Half life	2 hours 30 minutes
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	?
Routes	Oral, intravenous, intramuscular

Kanamycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, available in both oral and intravenous forms, and used to treat a wide variety of infections. Kanamycin is isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus^[1].

Contents 1 Pharmacology 2 Side effects 3 Use in research 4 References

[edit] Pharmacology

Kanamycin works by affecting the 30S ribosomal subunit and causing a frameshift mutation or it prevents the translation of RNA. This means that instead of a codon CAT (for example in sequence CATG), a codon ATG is read by aminoacyl tRNA (aa-tRNA). Aminoacyl tRNA is consequently carrying a different amino acid, because the anticodon on the aa-tRNA is different. The protein needed cannot be synthesized: depending on the site and severity of the frame shift, either a completely different protein is synthesized, or a protein similar to the one needed is synthesized, but is folded incorrectly. A bacterium is destroyed because it cannot produce any of its proteins correctly.^{[citation needed]}

Kanamycin is not given to humans often because of its fairly toxic side-effects.

[edit] Side effects

Serious side effects include changes in hearing (either hearing loss or ringing in the ears), toxicity to kidneys, and allergic reactions to the drug.^[2]

[edit] Use in research

Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selectable markers in molecular biology.^{[citation needed]} At least one such gene, Atwbc19^[3] is native to a plant species, of comparatively large size and its coded protein acts in a manner which decreases the possibility of Horizontal Gene Transfer from the plant to bacteria; it may be incapable of giving resistance to kanamycin to bacteria even if gene transfer occurs.

v • d • e Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07) Intestinal anti-infectives Antibiotics (Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B, Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin) Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole) other (Miconazole, Broxyquinoline, Acetarsol, Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide) Intestinal adsorbents Charcoal - Bismuth - Pectin - Kaolin - Crospovidone - Attapulgite - Diosmectite Antipropulsives Diphenoxylate - Opium - Loperamide - Difenoxin - Paregoric - Laudanum - Codeine - Morphine Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents corticosteroids acting locally (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone) antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid) aminosalicylic acid and similar agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide) Antidiarrheal micro-organisms Saccharomyces boulardii Other antidiarrheals Albumin tannate - Ceratonia - Racecadotril

v • d • e Antibacterials for systemic use: aminoglycosides (J01G) -mycin (Streptomyces) Streptomycin • Neomycin (Framycetin, Paromomycin, Ribostamycin) • Kanamycin (Amikacin, Dibekacin, Tobramycin) • Hygromycin B • Spectinomycin -micin (Micromonospora) Gentamicin (Netilmicin, Sisomicin, Isepamicin) • Verdamicin

[edit] References