Kalapuyan languages

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Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.

[edit] Family division

Kalapuyan consists of

1. Northern Kalapuya (a.k.a. Tualatin-Yamhill)

2. Central Kalapuya (a.k.a. Santiam)

3. Yoncalla (a.k.a. Southern Kalapuya)

[edit] Genetic relations

One of the boulders engraved with Kalapuyan words along the paths of east Alton Baker Park in Eugene, Oregon, this one is next to the Willamette River: "Whilamut" "Where the river ripples and runs fast"

Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals with Kalapuyan lying within an Oregon Penutian sub-group (along with Takelma, Siuslaw, and Coosan). A special relationship with Takelma has been proposed, together forming a Takelman family; however, recent research has offered counterevidence against this relationship. Therefore, currently the Kalapuyan family is generally considered separate, but with promising connections to the Penutian hypothesis.

[edit] References

This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations.

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).

[edit] External links

• The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)
• Kalapuyan languages at Ethnologue

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