Hurricane Alma (1996)
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| Category 2 hurricane (SSHS) | ||
|---|---|---|
 Hurricane Alma before landfall |
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| Formed | June 20, 1996 | |
| Dissipated | June 27, 1996 | |
| Highest winds |
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| Lowest pressure | 969 mbar (hPa; 28.63 inHg) | |
| Fatalities | 20 reported | |
| Damage | Unknown | |
| Areas affected |
Mexico | |
| Part of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season |
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Hurricane Alma was the first of three consecutive named storms to come close to, or make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten day span.[1] The third tropical cyclone, first named storm and first hurricane of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season, it is believed that the storm originated out of an Atlantic tropical wave which crossed Central America in the middle of June. In warmer than average waters of the open Pacific, it gradually organized and it was first designated as a tropical depression on June 20 before quickly intensifying to a tropical storm. Early on June 22 the storm was upgraded to a hurricane and subsequently reached peak intensity of 969 mb, a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Alma made landfall on Mexico's shoreline, but it soon moved back out over water and began to weaken. Alma had moderate impact in Mexico; three people were confirmed to be dead when their house collapsed, and 17 deaths were unofficially attributed to flooding which was thought to be a result of heavy rainfall.
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[edit] Storm history
The specific origins of Alma are unknown, although they are believed to be related to the same tropical wave which spawned Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic. Satellite imagery and upper–air observations indicated that the disturbance crossed Central America during the middle of June, entering warming than average waters of the Pacific. Initially, the system was located within a sheared environment, although it did not hinder development. The convection soon became aligned with the low–level center and at 0000 UTC on June 20 it was designated as a tropical depression. The depression rapidly intensified and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alma by later that day. As the wind shear relaxed it was upgraded to a hurricane at early on July 22 while tracking generally northwest.[2]
A mid–level trough located near Baja California and a mid–to–upper–level low over the southwest Gulf of Mexico began to steer Alma northward towards the southwest coast of Mexico, prior to reaching a peak intensity of 969 mb at 1200 UTC on June 23. Before long, the steering flow collapsed and the hurricane drifted further towards land. Later that day it made landfall near Lazaro Cardenas, although Alma quickly moved back over open water and meandered for about 36 hours. This made the hurricane the first of three consecutive storms to come close to, or make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten day span. However, a portion of the circulation was still over land, and it was severely disrupted by Mexico's rough terrain. A compact storm, the cyclone had begun to weaken by June 24 and it was subsequently downgraded to a tropical storm. Tracking slowly along a path roughly parallel to the coastline, it was further downgraded to a tropical depression on June 25 before dissipating at on June 27.[2]
Hurricane Alma was forecast well, with errors well below long-term averages at the time. However, the tropical cyclone prediction models were a mixture of accurate and inaccurate, with the Aviation and GFDL models performing badly and the OFCI model performing well.[2] The errors in dynamic models was attributed to a lack of data on upper-air conditions over the ocean south and west of the cyclone.[2]
[edit] Preparations and impact
In anticipation for the storm, hurricane warnings were placed into effect along 175 mi (282 km) of coastline between the resorts of Zihuatenejo and Manzanillo.[3][4] Hundreds of people were evacuated prior to the passage of the hurricane.[5] Also, the Mexican government sent troops to the area to help with disaster relief, and the Michoacan state government sent five truckloads of bedding and medicines.[5]
In the Mexican states of Guerrero and Michoacan, the hurricane generated estimated wind gusts of up to 100 mph (160 km/h),[3] and dropped large amounts of rainfall peaking at 19.09 in (485 mm) of rainfall just east of where it had made landfall.[6] Also, there were reports of swells up to 12 ft (3.7 m) along the coast.[5] Newspapers in Mexico reported that three people died in Lazaro Cardenas when their house collapsed.[2][7] The government news agency Notimex reported that strong winds from Alma had ripped roofs off of some houses, downed power lines and uprooted numerous trees,[3][8] leaving thousands left homeless.[9] There were unconfirmed reports that the heavy rainfall produced by the storm resulted in flooding in Puebla, which killed 17 people.[2]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Max Mayfield (1996-08-11). Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Cristina. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.
- ^ a b c d e f Lixion A. Avila (1996). Hurricane Alma Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
- ^ a b c Hurricane Alma hits Mexico's coast; no injuries reported. The Syracuse Post-Standard (1996). Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
- ^ "Mexican coast hit by Hurricane Alma Hundreds of people were evacuated prior to the storm", Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.
- ^ a b c Hurricane Alma strikes Mexico's Pacific coast. Gettysburg Times (1996). Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
- ^ David Roth (1996). Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Alma. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
- ^ "Hurricane Alma kills 3 in Mexico", Palm Beach. Retrieved on 2008-05-09.
- ^ Associated Press. "Hurricane Alma Strikes Mexico's Coast", Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
- ^ DAVID LUHNOW. "Killer hurricane downgraded to storm", Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
