Hobgoblin (comics)
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| Hobgoblin | |
 Hobgoblin drawn by John Romita, Jr. |
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| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
|---|---|
| First appearance | (as Kingsley) Peter Parker the Spectacular Spider-Man #43; (as Hobgoblin) Amazing Spider-Man #238 |
| Created by | Roger Stern John Romita, Jr. |
| Characters | Roderick Kingsley Samuel "Lefty" Donovan Ned Leeds Jason Macendale Jr. |
The Hobgoblin is the alias of several supervillains that appears in the fictional Marvel Universe. The character was created by Roger Stern and John Romita, Jr. and first appears in Amazing Spider-Man #238.
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[edit] Fictional character biography
[edit] Roderick Kingsley
Roderick Kingsley started out as a fashion designer and billionaire, who had criminal underworld connections and had come about his wealth through unethical business practices and corporate raiding. Coincidentally, Kingsley was also the employer of Mary Jane Watson for a time[1]. As a means of avoiding the drill of day-to-day appearances, he had his timid identical twin brother Daniel pose as him to run his corporation day-by-day.[2]
Kingsley's activities gave him many enemies, one of whom was Narda Ravanna, a rival fashion designer whose business he had ruined. Taking the identity of Belladonna, she attempted revenge on Kingsley but was twice thwarted by Spider-Man.[3][4][5] After the incidents, Kingsley sought to protect himself and his empire by gaining more power. His chance came when a thug named George Hill discovered the secret lair of Norman Osborn. Hill reported his discovery to Kingsley in hopes of earning a reward, but instead Kingsley killed him to make sure that no one else got wind of the discovery.[6]
Upon examining the lair and gleaning the secrets within it, Kingsley decided to adopt the legacy of the Green Goblin almost in its entirety. Using the Green Goblin's equipment, Kingsley adopted the identity of the Hobgoblin (which should not be confused with the second Green Goblin who was Harry Osborn).[6] Soon after adopting this new identity, he first encountered Spider-Man as the Hobgoblin.[7] His activities included using some of Norman Osborn's files on prominent figures to blackmail them,[8] and attempting to buy Osborn's old corporation and merge it with his own. [9] These schemes inevitably brought him into conflict with Spider-Man.[7] Kingsley perceived Spider-Man as a nuisance and sought to eliminate him almost as an afterthought, rather than a principal goal. Kingsley also found among Norman's notes incomplete remnants of the strength enhancing potion of Norman Osborn. He became obsessed with finding the complete formula or perfecting the incomplete notes.[10] In his various criminal activities Kingsley repeatedly lost to the web-slinger, as he lacked the raw physical power of Spider-Man.[7]
Persistent and extremely intelligent, Kingsley eventually recovered the strength-enhancing potion he sought. Being well aware that the formula had driven Osborn insane, Kingsley was not about to try it until he had tested it on someone else.[10] He tricked a small-time hood in his employ, Lefty Donovan, into administering the formula and then used mind control to force Donovan to fight Spider-Man in the Hobgoblin costume. From a distance, Kingsley carefully monitored Donovan's vital signs and behavior. When Spider-Man overwhelmed and unmasked Donovan, and his brainwashing began to fail, Kingsley acted quickly to protect his identity by programming Donovan's glider to crash, instantly killing him.[10][11]Though Donovan's tenure as a Hobgoblin was brief, he is considered the second Hobgoblin. Judging that the experiment was a success, Kingsley then immersed himself in his completed derivative of the Goblin formula and gained slightly greater strength than even the original Green Goblin had. He used this newfound strength to battle Spider-Man and the Black Cat.[12]
Now that he had become a physical match for Spider-Man, the Hobgoblin became more ambitious in his villainy. Despite his increased abilities, he was still narrowly defeated by Spider-Man. Worse still, he seemed to have attracted the attention of powerful criminal interests who perceived him as a threat, among these the infamous Wilson Fisk, the Kingpin of Crime. [8] After a bitter encounter with Spider-Man,[13][14] Kingsley discovered he had been followed by Daily Bugle reporter Ned Leeds, who had discovered his lair.[15] Kingsley captured Leeds and brainwashed him with hypnosis and hallucinogenics into becoming the third Hobgoblin, who acted in concert with Kingsley.[15] Though Leeds lacked superhuman strength, he was effective in his role due to his investigative skills (in fact, he was more effective than the next Hobgoblin, even after Macendale acquired superhuman abilities). Kingsley also discovered that Leeds had been working with the Kingpin's son, Richard Fisk, on a plan to bring down the Kingpin and his empire. Richard Fisk had now adopted the identity of the Rose and posed as a crime-lord. Kingsley used Leeds to handle some of the negotiations, fooling many into believing that Leeds was the Hobgoblin. He hoped to use the Kingpin's downfall as an opportunity to advance his own interests.
The Hobgoblin later kidnapped Harry Osborn. He battled Osborn, who used his father's weaponry against the Hobgoblin.[16]
[edit] Jason Philip Macendale Jr.
However, as time progressed, the Rose and Hobgoblin's plan got out of hand. Kingsley wanted to escape from his identity, looked for a way out, and decided to target Flash Thompson, a vocal advocate of Spider-Man who had insulted the Hobgoblin on national television, incurring Kingsley's wrath. Kingsley attempted to frame Thompson as the Hobgoblin, so that his criminal enemies might target him instead.[17] The plan was foiled through intervention of Jason Philip Macendale Jr., who subsequently broke Thompson out of jail, thinking he was doing the Hobgoblin a favor. Jason Philip Macendale Jr. was a mercenary who had been trained by the CIA and various para-military organizations, and was known in his costumed identity as Jack O'Lantern. When Macendale discovered that Thompson was not the Hobgoblin, Kingsley grew furious, as he had planned to operate "under the radar" while Thompson was in custody; this began a long-running feud between Kingsley and Macendale when the two battled for the first time.[18] Thompson was ultimately exonerated and released.
When the Kingpin temporarily abdicated his role at the head of organized crime on the eastern seaboard, the resulting gang war tore New York City apart. During the conflict the Hobgoblin and the Rose had a falling out, with the latter ordering the former's assassination as he had become too dangerous. The Hobgoblin sold the Rose's identity to the Kingpin in exchange for information that would aid Leeds in a story, thus reinforcing the illusion of the latter's identity. Also, during the conflict the Hobgoblin fiercely defeated Jack O'Lantern, causing the latter to seek another way to destroy his enemy.[19][20][21]
The Hobgoblin took one more attempt at killing Harry Osborn, and poisoned both Osborn and Spider-Man.[22]
Hoping to give another try at escaping from his identity, Kingsley leaked word to the underworld that Leeds was the Hobgoblin. Taking this information, Macendale paid the supervillain known as the Foreigner to take Leeds out. On an overseas assignment with Peter Parker, Leeds was murdered in his hotel room.[23] As Spider-Man, Peter was later told by the Kingpin that Leeds had been the Hobgoblin and shown a series of photos of the assassination. Although known in parts of the underworld, this information did not become public until many years later when Macendale revealed it at the end of his trial. For many years Leeds was considered to be the original Hobgoblin.
Kingsley's plan had worked: his enemies thought they had killed the Hobgoblin and now he could take his ill-gotten gains and retire to Belize. This paved the way for Macendale to take up the role,[24] an unforeseen development that would eventually force Kingsley out of retirement to protect his secret identity (Macendale had enough information to possibly lead the authorities to discover the true identity of the Hobgoblin).
[edit] Return of Kingsley
After a retirement of several years, Kingsley returned to New York. He killed Macendale in his jail cell, declaring that he alone deserved the mantle of the Hobgoblin. Kingsley kidnapped Betty Brant and set a trap for Spider-Man. In the final fracas, Daniel Kingsley was captured and the Hobgoblin was unmasked, clearing Ned Leeds' name. Roderick Kingsley was taken to prison.
Not long after his arrest, Kingsley took up the mantle of the Hobgoblin once more. Furious at the now returned Norman Osborn's denial of being the Green Goblin, Kingsley decided to spread rumours that there existed a secret journal of Osborn's that proved beyond a doubt that he was the Green Goblin (although this was a ruse: Kingsley himself had destroyed all of the journals years before). He offered to barter for his freedom with this information with the District Attorney, guessing that Norman Osborn would try to get to him first. As he anticipated, Osborn, deciding to make a deal with Kingsley, broke him out of prison. Kingsley was then confronted by both Osborn and the mysterious fifth Green Goblin. Osborn provided Kingsley with new Hobgoblin equipment, and both Goblins swooped in to collect Daniel Kingsley, now in protective custody, who, Roderick claimed, knew the location of the final journal. Spider-Man tried to defend Daniel, but was drugged, and both men were taken back to Norman Osborn.
It was then that Osborn revealed the truth. He explained that he knew that Kingsley was lying about the journal and that he had completely bought Kingsley's company out from underneath him. Furious, Kingsley attacked, and a titanic battle between the two followed, Osborn as the Green Goblin, and Kingsley as the Hobgoblin. The building began to burn down as a result, and Spider-Man was barely able to safely escape with Daniel Kingsley. All three of the villains managed to escape as well; neither Goblin having managed to overcome or destroy the other. Osborn appeared to get the best of Kingsley with his corporate takeover. Yet, Kingsley still had several million dollars hidden away in foreign bank accounts, and quietly moved to a small island in the Caribbean to enjoy his retirement, although he did wonder to himself whether someday the Hobgoblin would return.
[edit] Fifth Hobgoblin
A fifth Hobgoblin was introduced in the series Secret War. Very little is known about him, including his true identity. He was sent, along with Lady Octopus, to attack Captain America in his civilian identity by the terrorist-elements wound into the events of the Secret War. Chatter from the Goblin indicated he'd been in contact with other members of Spider-Man's rogue's gallery, who'd warned him about Spider-Man's constant and inane joking. This Hobgoblin is jailed along with the various defeated villains after the conclusion of the "War".
[edit] Powers and abilities
[edit] Roderick Kingsley
In the beginning of his career Kingsley had no superhuman abilities, but possessed a keen analytical intellect with enough knowledge of chemistry and biology to understand the notes of Norman Osborn regarding the Green Goblin Formula originally conceived by Dr. Mendel Stromm. Kingsley not only recreated the formula from the incomplete notes he found, but perfected it by removing its side-effects (which neither Stromm, nor Osborn had been able to do). Further, he improved many of Osborn's various inventions. He also had expertise in areas outside of the original Green Goblin's knowledge. Kingsley was a master of hypnosis and drug induced mind control. Kingsley was highly skilled in the management of both criminal organizations and legally run professional businesses. He was also a talented fashion designer.
Due to the green chemical solution that he bathed in, Kingsley possesses superhuman strength on par with Spider-Man. [2] Likewise, his reflexes, speed, and stamina were also enhanced to superhuman levels, including his intelligence, but at an extraordinary level. He was actually physically stronger than the original Green Goblin in the beginning, because of longer exposure to the formula. It is not known if, like Norman Osborn, Kingsley possesses a healing factor. The derivative of the Green Goblin formula Kingsley used did not apparently drive him as insane as the original formula did to Norman Osborn, thanks to some certain modifications, though both Kingsley and his brother did at times worry that he had indeed developed insanity.
However, Kingsley does have an obvious narcissistic complex which, at times, impels him to irrational actions such as his decision to personally murder Macendale for tarnishing the Hobgoblin persona (resulting in his exposure). Though it would have been safe to hire one of his many criminal underlings, Kingsley could not resist the temptation to let Macendale know, in person, that he was the inferior Hobgoblin before he disintegrated the man. Another example of Kingsley's easily wounded narcissistic complex and inability to distinguish between his own identity and that of the Hobgoblin persona was when Flash Thompson insulted him on national television and the Hobgoblin immediately hatched a plan to avenge himself with a level of vigor and ingenuity quite out of proportion with a mere petty insult. Although such actions may make him seem insane at those times, it is really only the result of malignant vanity. This neurotic feature of Kingsley's psyche existed long before he bathed in the serum.
As the Hobgoblin, he wore bulletproof mail with an overlapping tunic, cape, and cowl. He is armed with a variety of bizarre concussion and incendiary devices and uses a Goblin glider as a personal transport. It can reach high velocities and is extremely maneuverable. It is a one-man miniature turbo-fan powered vertical thrust, cybernetically-controlled vehicle, and is heavily armored. He uses concussion and incendiary Jack O'Lanterns, wraith-shaped smoke and gas-emitting bombs, bat shaped razor-edged throwing blades, and gloves woven with micro-circuited power conducting filaments which channel pulsed discharges of electricity. He wore a shoulder bag to carry his small, portable weaponry.
[edit] Behind the scenes controversy
The Hobgoblin was created by writer Roger Stern when he was writing the Amazing Spider-Man in the early 1980s. Like other writers Stern found himself under pressure to have Spider-Man fight the Green Goblin again but did not wish to bring Norman Osborn or Bart Hamilton back from the dead, have Harry Osborn become the Green Goblin again or create yet another Green Goblin. Instead he decided to create a new character as heir to the Goblin's legacy and developed the Hobgoblin.
A key part of the character's appeal was that his identity was not initially revealed, generating one of the longest running mysteries in the Spider-Man comics. However Stern left the series after Amazing Spider-Man #252 and subsequent writers struggled with the question of the identity. Interviews and articles written by various writers, most notably Tom DeFalco and Peter David, artist Ron Frenz and editor James Owsley (now known as Christopher Priest) are all somewhat at odds with one another over many details about the course of events and what was agreed. However all sources agree that DeFalco, who had taken over the writing chores on the title, was due to bring the storyline to a revelation when he suddenly departed the title. (DeFalco has since stated that he had intended to reveal Richard Fisk, The Kingpin of Crime's son, as the Hobgoblin, and Roderick Kingsley at the Rose; the ultimate outcome was, in fact, the exact reverse.) Owsley then wrote the one-shot Spider-Man vs Wolverine in which Leeds was killed off (though the actual death was not shown), fully intending that Leeds was not the Hobgoblin. Shortly afterwards Peter David (at the time the regular writer on Spectacular Spider-Man) was commissioned to write Amazing Spider-Man #289, a double sized issue in which the Hobgoblin's identity would be revealed. After examining the recent issues David came to the conclusion that the only person who fit the clues was Ned Leeds, and so wrote the unusual revelation issue in which a dead man was revealed as the villain. With Spider-Man's then-archenemy now dead, a new Hobgoblin was created from the storyline of Macendale's hatred of the Hobgoblin.
The revelations proved controversial and many fans felt that the Macendale Hobgoblin was subsequently treated poorly, often coming across as one of the weaker Spider-Man villains. Roger Stern returned and pitched an idea for a Spider-Man story in which it would be revealed that Leeds had not been the Hobgoblin after all and the real identity would be revealed. Working on the basis that Leeds' death was implausible given the Hobgoblin's strength, the limited series Spider-Man: Hobgoblin Lives was commissioned in which Roderick Kingsley (whom Stern introduced in Spectacular Spider-Man #43) was revealed as the original Hobgoblin, ending the mystery after over thirteen years.
[edit] Other versions
[edit] Hobgoblin 2211
| Hobgoblin 2211 | |
 Hobgoblin 2211 and her father, Spider-Man 2211 |
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| Publication information | |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | Spider-Man 2099 Meets Spider-Man |
| Created by | Peter David Rick Leonardi |
| In story information | |
| Alter ego | Robin Bourne |
| Abilities |
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Hobgoblin 2211 first appears in Spider-Man 2099 Meets Spider-Man. While her costume sports the green-and-purple color scheme of the twentieth-century Green Goblin, she boasted that she was the Hobgoblin of the year 2211. Her identity was not revealed to readers (or to the visiting Spider-Men of previous eras) at the time, but her later reappearance in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man (Also written by David) revealed her true identity and origin.
Hobgoblin 2211 is the daughter of Spider-Man 2211 named Robin Bourne. Nicknamed "Hobby" and "Hob" as a child, her father always seemed to put his superhero career before raising his own daughter. She wanted to save the universes from 'intersecting'; in other words, having other parallel universes merge with the existing one, causing it to override. She was later arrested by her father for something that she would have done in future: unauthorized time travel, chronal displacement, jumping the tracks to other realities. She was held in a virtual reality prison where she lives a benign and trouble-free existence in what appears to be Kansas. Her boyfriend attempts to free her by uploading a virus into the prison, but inadvertently causes her to be driven insane. She attacked her father with a 'retcon bomb' (a variation on the original Goblins' pumpkin bombs) but it hit her boyfriend instead, erasing (or 'retconning') him from existence.
Now suited up as the Hobgoblin, Robin managed to time-travel to the current year, attacking the current Spider-Man in his reality and derailing an Uncle Ben from another reality into the present one causing a time paradox. Later, in a confrontation with her father, she threw a 'retcon bomb' at him. Spider-Man, believing it to be no more harmful than a regular pumpkin bomb, caught it with his web and threw it back to Robin, unwittingly erasing her from existence.
[edit] MC2
The original Hobgoblin made his MC2 debut in Spider-Girl #97, as a hired assassin to kill many of the Spider-Girl characters, including Normie Osborn, Spider-Girl, and Peter Parker. After a fight against both Spider-Girl and her father, he came close to victory, but at the end his only success lay in killing the Venom symbiote, and also in escaping without a trace. He is currently masterminding a complex plot to become the new kingpin of crime.
[edit] Ultimate Hobgoblin
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For more information, see Ultimate Harry Osborn.
[edit] In other media
[edit] Television
The Jason Macendale Hobgoblin appears in Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Mark Hamill. In this continuity there was no Roderick Kingsley Hobgoblin and this was the first and only version of the Hobgoblin. This version of the Hobgoblin also debuted before the Green Goblin, although he still uses the weapons designed by Norman Osborn (the Green Goblin's alter ego).
Producer Greg Weisman has stated that he hopes to use the Hobgoblin in season 3 of The Spectacular Spider-Man.[25]
[edit] Video games
- The Kingsley version of the Hobgoblin (although he is not named as Kingsley, the Hobgoblin's identity still a mystery at the time of the game's release) appears in Spider-Man and Captain America in Doctor Doom's Revenge, allied with Dr. Doom
- The Hobgoblin appears as a boss in The Amazing Spider-Man for the Game Boy. It is never stated which Hobgoblin this is.
- Hobgoblin again appears as a boss in the sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Once he is defeated, Spider-Man uses his glider to pass a wall that he could not scale.
- Appears as a boss in the game Spider-Man: Return of the Sinister Six.
- Hobgoblin also appears in the game The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin.
- The Hobgoblin makes another appearance in Spider-Man: The Video Game.
- The Hobgoblin appears as a boss in the Game Boy Color game Spider-Man.
- In Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro, in a level where a ball is invaded by gangsters, Spider-Man says, "Hey, who dresses you guys anyway? Hobgoblin!?" The Hobgoblin doesn't appear in the game.
[edit] Theme park
Hobgoblin can be seen in the Islands of Adventure ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man as one of the villains. A wanted poster for him may be seen during the waiting period of the ride, which incorrectly identifies him as Edward Leeds. Outside the ride, in the main Marvel Super Hero Island area, a giant picture of the Hobgoblin on his glider is attached to a building and is one of the main pieces of decoration.
[edit] Toys
- Hobgoblin first received a toy in the Secret Wars toy line produced by Mattel.
- He later received toys in the animated Spider-Man and Sneak Attack toy-lines of the '90s.
- He received 2 toys in the Spider-Man Classics. The first (Series 2), was similar to that of the demonic Jason Macendale version, while the more recent one (Series 17) is similar to that of the original Roderick Kingsley version.
- The Jason Macendale version was reused twice. The first time, it was repainted and given a newly sculpted Green Goblin head for the Spider-Man vs. The Sinister Six box set in the Marvel Legends toy line. The second time, it was repainted and renamed Demogoblin in the Spider-Man: Origins toy line produced by Hasbro.
- A Hobgoblin Minimate was released in late 2007 exclusively at select FYE, Suncoast, and Sam Goody stores in a 2-pack including a Scarlet Spider figure.[26]
[edit] External links
- SpideyKicksButt.com: "Squandered Legacy: The Rise and Fall of the Hobgoblin"
- Peter David site: "Foolish Consistencies and..."
- http://marvel.com/universe/Hobgoblin_%28Roderick_Kingsley%29
[edit] References
- ^ DeFalco, Tom (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Rubenstein, Josef (i). "Whatever Happened To Crusher Hogan?" Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, (December 1985) Marvel Comics
- ^ a b Stern, Roger (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Pérez, George (i). "Victims" Hobgoblin Lives #1 (January 1997) Marvel Comics
- ^ Stern, Roger (w), Zeck, Mike (p), Mitchell, Steve (i). "Pretty Poison" Peter Parker The Spectacular Spider-Man #43 (June 1980) Marvel Comics
- ^ Stern, Roger (w), Severin, Ron (p), Patterson, Bruce (i). "A Night on the Prowl!" Peter Parker The Spectacular Spider-Man #47 (October 1980) Marvel Comics
- ^ Stern, Roger (w), Severin, Marie (p), Patterson, Bruce (i). "Double Defeat!" Peter Parker The Spectacular Spider-Man #48 (November 1980) Marvel Comics
- ^ a b Stern, Roger (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Romita, John Sr. (i). "The Shadow of Evils Past!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #238 (March 1983) Marvel Comics
- ^ a b c Stern, Roger (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Giacoia, Frank (i). "Now Strikes The Hobgoblin!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #239 (April 1983) Marvel Comics
- ^ a b Stern, Roger (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Green, Dan (i). "Secrets!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #249 (February 1984) Marvel Comics
- ^ DeFalco, Tom (January 1985), “The Challenge of Hobgoblin!”, Amazing Spider-Man (no. 260)
- ^ a b c Stern, Roger (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Janson, Klaus (i). "Ordeals!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #244 (September 1983) Marvel Comics
- ^ Stern, Roger (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Simons, Dave (i). "Sacrifice Play!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #245 (October 1983) Marvel Comics
- ^ Mantlo, Bill, Roger Stern (w), Milgrom, Al (p), Mooney, Jim (i). "The Hatred of the Hobgoblin!" Peter Parker The Spectacular Spider-Man #85 (December 1983) Marvel Comics
- ^ Stern, Roger (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Janson, Klaus (i). "Confessions!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #250 (March 1984) Marvel Comics
- ^ DeFalco, Tom, Roger Stern (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Janson, Klaus (i). "Endings!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #251 (April 1984) Marvel Comics}
- ^ a b Stern, Roger (w), Frenz, Ron (p), McLeod, Bob (i). "Secrets" Hobgoblin Lives #3 (March 1997) Marvel Comics
- ^ DeFalco, Tom (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Rubinstein, Josef (i). "The Sins of My Father!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #261 (February 1985) Marvel Comics
- ^ DeFalco, Tom (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Breeding, Brett (i). "Unmasked!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #276 (May 1986) Marvel Comics
- ^ DeFalco, Tom (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Breeding, Brett (i). "When Warriors Clash--!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #281 (October 1986) Marvel Comics
- ^ DeFalco, Tom (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Layton, Bob (i). "With Foes Like These..." The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #276 (May 1986) Marvel Comics}
- ^ DeFalco, Tom (w), Frenz, Ron (p), Rubinstein, Josef (i). "...And Who Shall Stand Against Them...?" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #284 (January 1987) Marvel Comics
- ^ Owsley, James, Tom DeFalco (w), Kupperberg, Alan (p), Fern, Jim (i). "The Arranger Must Die!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #285 (February 1987) Marvel Comics
- ^ Layton, Bob (w), Fern, Jim (p), Colletta, Vince (i). "24 Hours" Peter Parker The Spectacular Spider-Man #130 (September 1987) Marvel Comics
- ^ Owsley, James (w), Bright, Mark (p), Williamson, Al (i). "High Tide" Spider-Man Versus Wolverine #1 (February 1987) Marvel Comics
- ^ David, Peter (w), Kupperberg, Alan, Tom Morgan (p), Morgan, Tom (i). "The Hobgoblin Revealed!" The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 1, #289 (June 1987) Marvel Comics
- ^ Podcast 29 April 2008: Josh Keaton/Spidey and Greg Weisman Interview
- ^ OAFE - Hobgoblin/Scarlet Spider Minimates exclusive review
