Doctor of Pharmacy
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[edit] North America
[edit] Canada
In Canada the PharmD program is offered in both English and French. It has been available from the University of British Columbia since 1991 and at the University of Toronto, both offering it as a post-graduate degree. Since 2007/08 the Université de Montréal has offered a 4 year undergraduate Pharm. D. program in French.
[edit] United States
In the United States, the PharmD. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a professional degree that prepares the graduate for pharmacy practice. [1]
Traditionally in the United States, the bachelor's degree in pharmacy was the first-professional degree for pharmacy practice. However, in 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) mandated that a doctorate in pharmacy would be the new first-professional degree. The University of Florida's College of Pharmacy, ranked as one of the top 10 in the nation by US News and World Report, has offered its Doctor of Pharmacy online degree program for licensed pharmacists since 1994. The Working Professional Pharm D (WPPD) program has grown to be the largest and most sought after pharmacy program for employed pharmacists to earn the Doctor of Pharmacy degree.
[edit] Europe
[edit] Portugal
In Portugal, Pharmacy studies can be accessed after completing 4 years of basic school, 5 years of preparatory school, and three years of high school where afterwards the student is submitted to nation wide exams. The process is the same for every degree the student chooses, from medicine to engineering. The student takes the Master's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (equivalent to the PharmD program) in one of the 9 Pharmacy faculties with their own respective numerus clausus which comprises a 6 year rigorous study (5 with the uniformities in EU teaching). Finished the degree the student then enrols in the regulatory institution for the Pharmacist profession in Portugal called, "Pharmacists Order" or in Portuguese "Ordem dos Farmacêuticos". After the enrolment the title of Doctor of Pharmacy is issued. Afterwards Pharmacists can become their career in a limitless number of professional areas that range from community pharmacies, drug development, health research, biotechnology to areas such as forensic sciences, food analysis and toxicology. The student can also choose to become a specialist in one of following areas of activity: Pharmaceutical Industry, Pharmaceutical Regulamentation, Hospital Pharmacy, and Clinical Analysis. Each and everyone of them require an additional 5 year professional study program guided by a tutor in the respective area of knowledge. This specialisation is composed of regular evaluations performed by the professional order, which at the end of the 5 years performs an exam. After the success at the exam, the Pharmacist then becomes a specialist, respectively, an Industrial Pharmacist, Regulamentation Pharmacist, Hospital Pharmacist, and Clinical Analyst.
[edit] Czechia
In the Czech Republic, the PharmDr. (Pharmaciae doctor) diploma can be obtained by pharmacists who had graduated in pharmacy (Magister, Mgr.) before (the undergraduate study of pharmacy takes 5 years). Applicants must defend a recherche or experimental thesis, and pass a rigorous examination. The PharmDr. title is predominantly a prestigious thing. It is different from the postgraduate Ph.D. diploma.
[edit] France
In France, pharmacy studies can only be accessed through a competitive examination ("concours", with numerus clausus) happening at the end of the first year, similarly to Medicine studies. Most candidates hold a Scientific Baccalaureate from the equivalent to high schools (lycée). In case of failure, it is possible to retry once (twice in extremely rare cases). Yearly success rate depends on the university's current numerus clausus and the number or registered students, ranging from 10 to 40% bearing in mind that second-time participants are three to four times more likely to succeed than students trying for the first time. The studies last a minimum of 6 years, or 9 years for students choosing hospital residency (accessible through another competitive exam, even more selective). Students must specialise when entering the 5th year, and choose between dispensing pharmacy, pharmaceutical industry or hospital internship. In any case, a 12-month part-time hospital externship is mandatory during the 5th year, although some flexibility is possible for students choosing industry. 6th year for industry is generally dedicated to further specialisation with a DESS/Professional Master's degree or a DEA/Research Master's degree. State diploma for the Doctorate of Pharmacy, Pharm D., is granted to pharmacists after they have completed a bibliographic thesis.
In France, since the harmonization of European Union in September 2005, the student who chooses the industry/research orientation have a 6 month period of part time hospital externship, and 3 to 6 month of full time training in a pharmaceutical industry or a research lab.
It is also possible to defend an experimental (research) thesis, but you have the same diploma.
[edit] Italy
In Italy, the course of study leading to the laurea known as Dottore in farmacia lasts 5 years and includes a guided professional apprenticeship in a pharmacy.
[edit] Netherlands
The eduction of pharmacists in the Netherlands requires a minimum of six years of university study. EU-harmonisation has led to division into three bachelor and three master years. A bachelor title is, however, not used at all professionally. The Dutch consider the educational level of their current (M.Sc.) Degree in Pharmacy to be comparable to the PharmD title in use in the United States. Before the harmonization a four year Master of Science was superseded by two more years of university education preparing for pharmacy practice.
[edit] UK
In the United Kingdom the PharmD is a relatively new postgraduate doctorate degree open to qualified pharmacists. It is offered by the University of Bradford, taking place over 3 years of clinical practice followed by 2 years of research. It is also offered by the University of Portsmouth and the University of Derby.
[edit] Middle East
[edit] Iran
In 1930 Tehran University changed the Pharmacy degree from Masters to doctorate (Pharm.D. or Doctor in Pharmacy) and the duration of the study was increased to 5 years. Graduates need to present and defend their theses in different fields of pharmacy and this adds another year to their studies and generally after 6 years students can graduate as Doctor in Pharmacy. The Masters degree in Pharmacy was available in Tehran University since 1926.
[edit] Lebanon
In Lebanon, the first Doctor of Pharmacy degree was awarded by the Lebanese University Faculty of Pharmacy (upon a decree by the Lebanese government) to its graduating class of 19 students in 1992. The program was first established by Dr. Anwar Bikhazi, a Pharmacy graduate of the American University of Beirut with a PhD from the prestigious University of Michigan. The PharmD program of the Lebanese University, upon its inception, followed the rigorous US model of Pharmacy teaching and clinical training (6 years entry level program). As of 2007, two additional schools of Pharmacy in Lebanon followed the lead of the Lebanese University and are offering a PharmD degree. These include the Lebanese American University (LAU) and the Lebanese International University (LIU).
[edit] Asia
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[edit] India
BPharm is the basic degree for Pharmacists in India. The main courses in Pharmacy are the 2 years Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharm), 4 years Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm), 2 years Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) and Ph.d programmes. Plans are being made to start Pharm.D. programs.
[edit] Pakistan
In Pakistan, the PharmD. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a professional degree that prepares the graduate for pharmacy practice.
Traditionally in Pakistan, the bachelor's degree in pharmacy was the first-professional degree for pharmacy practice. However, in 2003, the Pakistan Pharmacy Council mandated that a doctorate in pharmacy would be the new first-professional degree.
The PharmD in Pakistan is a professional basic degree consisting of 5 years. Most universities in Pakistan are offering the PharmD program such as Karachi University; Dow College of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Baqai University, Federal Urdu University, The University of Punjab,[2], etc.The qualified institutes are recognized by the Pakistan Pharmacy Council. Provincial Pharmacy councils of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan issue Pharmacist Licenses ( RPh)
[edit] Philippines
In the Philippines, only the Centro Escolar University offers the degree Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD). The degree requires the completion of 52 units of formal course work and 36 units of clinical rotation done at the Makati Medical Center. It is a 2-year postbaccalaureate degree open to licensed pharmacists in the philippines. [3]
