Demographics of Kazakhstan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
As of 2003, there is a discrepancy between reputable sources as to the population of Kazakhstan. United States government sources including the CIA World Fact Book and the US Census Bureau International Data Base list the current population as 15,340,533[1], while United Nations sources such as the World Bank give a 2002 estimate of 14,794,830. This rather large discrepancy is presumably due to difficulties in measurement caused by the large migratory population of Kazakhstan, emigration, and the low population density - only about 5.5 persons per km² in an area the size of Western Europe.
According to the 1999 census there are two dominant ethnical groups in Kazakhstan, they are ethnic Kazakhs (53.4%) and ethnic Russians (30%) with a wide array of other groups represented, including Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Germans, Chechens, Koreans, and Uyghurs - that is, virtually any group that has ever come under the Russian sphere of influence. This diverse demography is due to the country's central location and its historical use by Russia as a place to send colonists, dissidents, and minority groups from its other frontiers - one can almost not understand Kazakhstan without understanding population transfer in the Soviet Union. From the 1930s until the 1950s, both Russian opposition (and such Russians "accused" of being part of the opposition) and certain minorities (esp. Volga Germans, Poles, Ukrainians, Crimean Tartars, Kalmyks) had been interned in labor camps often merely due to their heritage or beliefs, mostly on collective orders by Stalin. This makes Kazakhstan one of the few places on earth where normally-disparate Germanic, Indo-Iranian, Koreans, Chechen, and Turkic groups live together in a rural setting and not as a result of modern immigration. Most of the population speaks Russian; only half of ethnic Kazakhs speak Kazakh fluently, although it is enjoying a renaissance. Both Kazakh and Russian languages have official status.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the German population of Kazakhstan proceeded to emigrate en masse during the 1990s [1], as Germany is willing to repatriate them. Also much of the smaller Greek minority took the chance to repatriate to Greece, so did many Russians move to Russia. Some groups have fewer good options for emigration but because of the economic situation are also leaving at rates comparable to the rest of the former East bloc.
Table: Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan[2][3][4]
| Nationality | 1897 % | 1911 % | 1926 % | 1939 % | 1959 % | 1970 % | 1979 % | 1989 % | 1999 % | 2006 % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakh | 73.9 | 60.8 | 59.5 | 38.0 | 30.0 | 32.6 | 36.0 | 39.7 | 53.4 | 59.2 |
| Russian | 12.8 | 27.0 | 18.0 | 40.2 | 42.7 | 42.4 | 40.8 | 37.4 | 29.9 | 25.6 |
| Ukrainian | * | * | 12.4 | 10.8 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 2.9 |
| German | - | - | 0.7 | 1.5 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 2.4 | 1.4 |
| Tatar | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
| Uzbek | 1.3 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.9 |
| Belarusian | * | * | - | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | - |
| Uighur | - | - | - | - | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
| Korean | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | - |
* For 1897 and 1911 "Russians" include all Slavs.
Table: Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan (Detailed Census Data)[2]
| Ethnic groups | 1999 | 1989 | As % of 1989 | % Of Pop |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population | 14,953,126 | 16,464,464 | 90.82 | 100.00 |
| Kazakh | 7,985,039 | 6,534,616 | 122.19 | 53.40 |
| Russians | 4,479,618 | 6,227,549 | 71.93 | 29.95 |
| Ukrainians | 547,052 | 896,240 | 61.03 | 3.65 |
| Uzbeks | 370,663 | 332,017 | 111.63 | 2.47 |
| Germans | 353,441 | 957,518 | 36.91 | 2.36 |
| Tatars | 248,952 | 327,982 | 75.90 | 1.66 |
| Uighurs | 210,339 | 185,301 | 113.51 | 1.40 |
| Belarusians | 111,926 | 182,601 | 61.29 | 0.74 |
| Koreans | 99,657 | 103,315 | 96.45 | 0.66 |
| Azerbaijanis | 78,295 | 90,083 | 86.91 | 0.52 |
| Poles | 47,297 | 59,956 | 78.88 | 0.31 |
| Dungans | 36,945 | 30,165 | 122.47 | 0.24 |
| Kurds | 32,764 | 25,425 | 128.86 | 0.21 |
| Chechens | 31,799 | 49,507 | 64.23 | 0.21 |
| Tajiks | 25,657 | 25,514 | 100.56 | 0.17 |
| Bashkirs | 23,224 | 41,847 | 55.49 | 0.15 |
| Moldovans | 19,458 | 33,098 | 58.78 | 0.13 |
| Ingush | 16,893 | 19,914 | 84.82 | 0.11 |
| Mordva | 16,147 | 30,036 | 53.75 | 0.10 |
| Armenians | 14,758 | 19,119 | 77.19 | 0.09 |
| Greeks | 12,703 | 46,746 | 27.17 | 0.08 |
| Kyrgyz | 10,896 | 14,112 | 77.21 | 0.07 |
| Bulgarians | 6,915 | 10,426 | 66.32 | 0.04 |
| Lezgins | 4,616 | 13,905 | 33.19 | 0.03 |
| Turkmen | 1,729 | 3,846 | 44.95 | 0.01 |
| Other | 166,342 | 203,626 | 81.68 | 1.11 |
| No | 1 | 119 | 0.84 | 0.00 |
Total Slavic/European population was 39.0% in 1999. (It was 60.3% in 1959, 57.3% in 1970,54.5% in 1979 and 49.8% in 1989). [3]
Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 22.1% (male 1,734,622/female 1,659,723)
- 15-64 years: 69.6% (male 5,219,983/female 5,463,468)
- 65 years and over: 8.2% (male 443,483/female 819,254) (2008 est.)
Population growth rate:[1]
- 0.374% (2008 est.)
Birth rate:[1]
- 16.44 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death rate:[1]
- 9.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Net migration rate:[1]
- -3.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sex ratio:[1]
- at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
- under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/female
- total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate:[1]
- total: 26.56 deaths/1,000 live births
- male: 31.03 deaths/1,000 live births
- female: 21.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:[1]
- total population: 67.55 years
- male: 62.24 years
- female: 73.16 years (2008 est.)
Total fertility rate:[1]
- 1.88 children born/woman (2008 est.)
According to the Kazakhstan Demographic and Health Survey in 1999, the TFR for Russians was 1.38, that for Russian speaking Kazakhs was 1.9 and that for Kazakh speaking Kazakhs was 2.9 and that for Kazakhs generally was 2.5. TFR in 1989 for Kazakhs & Russians were 3.58 and 2.24 respectively. TFR according to regions: Almaty Gorsovet-1.00, South - 2.86, West-2.26, Karaganda-1.59, North-1.72, East- 1.42. percentage of people currently pregnant was 2.89% (2.95% of Kazakhs, 2.49% of Russians and 3.42% of Others).[5]
Nationality:
- noun: Kazakhstani(s)
- adjective: Kazakhstani
- Muslim (47%)
- Russian Orthodox (44%)
- Protestant (2%)
- other (7%)
Languages: (2001 est) [8]
Literacy: (1999 est)
- definition: age 15 and over can read and write
- total population: 99.5%
- male: 99.8%
- female: 99.3%
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i CIA Factbook (Kazakhstan) Retrieved on May 2, 2008
- ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights/ http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/docs/WP5.doc
- ^ Alexandrov, Mikhail. Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992-1997. Greenwood Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0313309656
- ^ Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan - "Demographic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2006"/ http://www.stat.kz/index.php?lang=rus&uin=1176791556&chapter=1176791809 (in Russian)
- ^ Kazakhstan: DHS, 1999 - Final Report Chapter 4: Fertility
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Kazakhstan
- ^ Kazakhstan (02/07)
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Kazakhstan
[edit] External links
For current data, use these sites.
- World Bank Database
- CIA World Fact Book page on Kazakhstan
- US Census Bureau International Data Base
- countrystudies.us
- WESP population statistics
- Russians left behind in Central Asia
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