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Contents

[edit] Bibliography on paper

  • Onisifor Ghibu, Cum s'a facut Unirea Basarabiei, Editura "Asociaţiunii", Sibiu, 1925
  • Alexandru Bobeica, Sfatul Ţării: stindard al renaşterii naţionale, Universitas, Chişinău, 1993, ISBN 5-362-01039-5
  • Ion Calafeteanu şi Viorica-Pompilia Moisuc, Unirea Basarabiei şi a Bucovinei cu România 1917-1918: documente, Editura Hyperion, Chişinău, 1995
  • Ştefan Ciobanu, Unirea Basarabiei : studiu şi documente cu privire la mişarea naţională din Basarabia în anii 1917-1918, Universitas, Chişinău, 1993 ISBN 5-362-01025-5 // Alfa, Iaşi, 2001
  • Gheorghe E. Cojocaru, Sfatul ţării: itinerar, Civitas, Chişinău, 1998 , ISBN 9975-936-20-2
  • Ion Turcanu, Unirea Basarabiei cu România : 1918 : preludii, premise, realizari, Tipografia Centrală, Chişinău, 1998, ISBN 9975-923-71-2
  • Marin C. Stănescu, Armata româna si unirea Basarabiei şi Bucovinei cu România : 1917-1919, Ex Ponto, Constanţa, 1999, ISBN 973-9385-75-3
  • Alexandru V. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Victor Frunză, Bucureşti, 1992
  • Dinu Postarencu, O Istorie a Basarabiei în date si documente (1812-1940), Editura Cartier, Chişinău, 1998

[edit] Contributors to this list

[edit] Bibliography online

[edit] Sketches

[edit] Soviet occupation

Bessarabia was a part of Romania until 1940 when the USSR re-annexed the territory as well as Northern Bukovina.

The convention of October 28, 1920, whereby the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan recognized Romanian sovereignty in Bessarabia, was rejected as invalid by the USSR. Moscow even denied the validity of that part of the convention that stipulated that, upon Russian request, the Council of the League of Nations could be empowered to arbitrate the Russo-Romanian dispute over Bessarabia. In short, the Kremlin insisted that Romania was illegally occupying Bessarabia. Moscow also encouraged revolutionary activities by Bolshevik elements in Bessarabia.

The exact position of the USSR on these issues is unknown except for Moscow's unwillingness to make any concessions to Bucharest on Bessarabian issues. Recent tracts by Romanian historians have emphasized the support given by Romanian Communists to the "democratic forces" opposed to alteration of the status quo in Transylvania in 1938 and subsequent years. True as this may be, there has been no evidence presented in support of any fundamental change in Moscow's positions with respect to Bessarabia in 1938 and subsequent years.

According to official NKVD documents, over 15,000 Romanians from Northern Bukovina were deported to Siberia in 1940 alone.[1] The Soviet action culminated with the Fântâna Albă massacre when 2,500 to 3,000 Romanian refugees who were attempting to leave Northern Bukovina for Romania were blocked by the USSR Border Troops and about 200 of them were shot, at a place called "Fântâna Albă" (White Fountain in Romanian). This policy resulted in a substantial shrinkage of the Romanian population in the province. By 1941, out of 250,000 Romanians in Northern Bukovina, only 192,000 were left.

The territory of the Moldavian SSR was composed of Bessarabia (except for Southern Bessarabia, assigned to Ukraine) and a part of the territory of the former Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Transnistria), founded in 1924 within the territory of Ukraine. In the document confirming the establishment of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) of 12 October 1924 the West frontier of the republic was traced out not along the Dniester River but the Prut River. In the MASSR the ideology of a separate Moldovan identity was pursued, including the introduction of Moldovan language, distinct from Romanian. The Cyrillic alphabet and abundant Russisms were introduced.

Another historical event which contributed to the future implementation of the anti-Romanian feelings constituted Romania’s behaviour in the World War II when the Romanian regime allied itself with Nazi Germany.

In Bessarabia, the Soviet government pursued a policy of assimilation of the native Romanian population. First, the province was divided into a "Moldovan" Socialist Republic and a southern region known as Budjak, which was renamed Izmail Oblast and attached to the Ukrainian SSR. Elite elements of the Romanian population were then deported to Siberia much like their Bukovinian counterparts. Russian and Ukrainian settlers were used to fill the vacant areas caused by the deportation of Romanians.[2] Romanians who continued to identify themselves as Romanians and not Moldovans were severely punished by the Communist regime.[citation needed]

In 1946-1947, as a result of the famine organised in the MSSR (according to some data of certain scientists; official data have not yet been published), around 300 thousand people died and many cases of cannibalism occurred. In addition, the population of the former MASSR, as a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, also suffered from the artificial famine in the 1930s when several million people died in Ukraine (see also Holodomor).

The territory of Transnistria was more industrialised in comparison with the other part of Moldova and the industrialisation process of Transnistria was accompanied by a population flow from other areas of the USSR, especially from the Russian Federation. Although in the Republic of Moldova the level of population density was the highest one in the USSR, Moscow continued to stimulate the arrival of labour force from outside, including that with a poor qualification. Even Igor Smirnov himself, current leader of the separatist regime of Transnistria, was sent in 1987 from Russia to Bender to be the director of an enterprise. This process was also amplified by the excessive militarization of the area.

Many officers of the Red Army, serving in military units on the left bank of Dniester river, transferred to reserve, preferred to stay and live in Tiraspol and Bender. Therefore, although in the whole of the MSSR in 1989 the titular nationality's share of the population was about 65%, in Transnistria it stood at only 40%. Moreover, the majority of the Romance-speaking population on the left bank of the Dniester was dispersed in rural localities and it was more difficult for them to consolidate and to express themselves politically.

The 1989 adoption of the Law on state language (official language) and Law on functioning of languages on the territory of the MSSR generated an extremely negative reaction in the industrial centres of Transnistria, where the largely Russian-speaking population was not being consulted, and felt threatened by the prospects of Romanianization. These laws proclaimed the Moldovan (Romanian) language, written in the Latin alphabet, as the only state language. The fact that Moldovan and Romanian are identical was recognised. Although a majority of the Transnistrian population never read these laws which served as a reason for the conflict's outburst, they feared that by the application of the new linguistic legislation, Russian language speakers would become second-class citizens. At the industrial enterprises, including those of the military-industrial complex of the USSR, strikes occurred protesting against granting official language status to the Moldavian (Romanian) language.

[edit] Soviet politicide and ethnic cleansing

Before and after World War II, the Soviet Union transferred a significant number of people from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to labour camps, where many died or were executed. The deportees were those who had been declared enemies of the working class by Stalinist policy. These included former policemen and soldiers, religious workers, larger landowners (nobility and kulaks, that is, richer peasants), members of certain political parties, as well as those who expressed any kind of dissent, which altogether constituted a significant part of the population and included the majority of the educated population, the bearers of Romanian culture. In addition, the ethnically Romanian population was resettled from the border regions. (See Population transfer in the Soviet Union and Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union for similar processes all over the USSR.)

  • Between 1939 and 1941, 300,000 Romanians were deported, of whom 57,000 were killed (not counting the Gulag).[3]
  • Between 1941 and 1945, 390,000 Romanians were deported, of whom 51,000 were killed (not counting the Gulag).[4]
  • Between 1945 and 1953, 1,654,000 Romanians were deported, of whom 215,000 were killed (380,000 more counting Gulag and terror killings).[5]

In total, around 2,344,000 Romanians were deported, of whom 703,000 were killed.

[edit] History of Transnistria

the refference: Charles Upson Clark: “Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea”:

“Frequent mention has been made of the Moldavian Soviet Republic. It is not generally known that the lower Dniester is an almost purely Roumanian stream. The villages along its left bank, from Movilau down to Ovidiopol, opposite Akkerman, are as Moldavian as those on the Bessarabian bank. And this Moldavian peasantry stretches as far east as the Bug, beyond Elisavetgrad, and down to within a few miles of Odessa (see Draghicesco). This is due to a very early immigration of Roumanian shepherds and traders along the streams of the black-earth district east of the Dniester-so early that we find here some Roumanian place-names on the Reichersdorf map of 1541. Further extensive colonization took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Polish princes of Podolia encouraging the creation of large farms by Moldavian boyars; and in the eighteenth century, Russian generals took back with them from their campaigns against the Turks, enormous numbers of Roumanian peasants. In 1739, Gen. Munnich carried back with him 100,000 Roumanian peasants, according to the memoirs of Trenck, his companion; and_ in 1792, another great immigration took place. As a result, it is reckoned that there are probably half a million Roumanian peasants in Russia east of the Dniester.”

Ch. XXIX. Upson Clark was reffering at actual Transnistria, not at the entire Dniester-Bug teritorry