Cuisine of the Southern United States

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See also: List of foods of the Southern United States

The Cuisine of the Southern United States is defined as the regional culinary form of states generally south of the Mason-Dixon Line east of the state of Texas. This cuisine manifests influences from traditions of various indigenous peoples and settlers that have inhabited this region of the USA.

[edit] Origins

The most notable influences come from African, Native American, British, Irish, French, and Spanish cuisines. Soul food, Creole, Cajun, Lowcountry, and Floribbean are examples of Southern cuisine. In more recent history, elements of Southern cuisine have spread north, having an effect on the development of other types of American cuisine.

The food of the American South is quite multicultural. Many items like squash, tomatoes, corn (and its derivatives, including grits itself), to say nothing of types of cornbreads) as well as the practice of deep pit barbecuing have been inherited from the indigenous Americans. Many foods associated with sugar, flour, milk, eggs (many kinds of baking or dairy products like breads and cheeses) are more associated with Europe. The South's propensity for a full breakfast (as opposed to a Continental one with a simple bread item and drink) is derived from the British fry up, although it was altered substantially. Much of Cajun/Creole cuisine is based on France, and on Spain to a lesser extent. Floribbean is more Spanish-based with obvious Caribbean influences, while Tex-Mex has considerable Mexican and native tribes touches.

[edit] Evolution of Southern cuisine

Modern definition The states in dark red are almost always included in modern day definitions of the South, while those in medium red are usually included. The striped states are sometimes/occasionally considered Southern^[1][2]

One of the most important occurrences in this period was the interaction with the people of the area and borrowing from Native American cuisine. From this interaction came one of the main staples of the Southern diet: corn (maize), either ground into meal or limed with an alkaline salt to make hominy, also called masa, in a Native American technology known as nixtamalization.^[3] Corn was an essential and versatile crop for the early settlers. Corn was used to make all kinds of dishes from the familiar cornbread and grits to liquors such as whiskey and moonshine, which were important trade items.

Though a lesser staple, potatoes were also adopted from Native American cuisine and were used in many similar ways as corn.

Native Americans introduced the first Southerners to many other vegetables still familiar on southern tables. Squash, pumpkin, many types of beans, tomatoes (though these were initially considered poisonous), many types of peppers and sassafras all came to the settlers via the native tribes.

Many fruits are available in this region. Muscadines, blackberries, raspberries, and many other wild berries were part of settlers’ diets.

Early settlers also supplemented their diets with meats derived from the hunting of native game. Venison was an important meat staple due to the abundance of white-tailed deer in the area. Settlers also hunted rabbits, squirrels, opossums, and raccoons, all of which were pests to the crops they raised. Livestock in the form of hogs and cattle were kept. When game or livestock was killed, the entire animal was used. Aside from the meat, it was not uncommon for settlers to eat organ meats such as liver, brains and intestines. This tradition remains today in hallmark dishes like chitterlings (commonly called chit’lins) which are fried large intestines of hogs, livermush (a common dish in the Carolinas made from hog liver), and pork brains and eggs. The fat of the animals, particularly hogs, was rendered and used for cooking and frying.

[edit] African-American influences

A woman preparing poke salad outside of Marshall, Texas in the 1930s

Main article: Soul food

Plantations were born after Southern settlers realized the region's great potential for agricultural profit. The wealthiest land owners began to cultivate the land in larger tracts and enslaving people to work the tracts -- mostly Africans.

Most Africans’ diets consisted of greens and various vegetables.^{[citation needed]} Stews were common and rice was a familiar staple to them. Foods that became part of the Southern diet from African-American heritage include eggplant, kola nuts, sesame seeds, okra, sorghum, sweet potatoes, field peas, peanuts, black-eyed peas, African rice and some melons.

The African influence is present in traditional Cajun cuisine. Gumbo (a stew using chicken or seafood, sausage, rice, okra and roux) and étouffée, (a thicker, less liquid gumbo served over a bed of rice) are all born from African cooking tradition.

The term "soul food" dates only to the first half of the 1960s.^[4] There are many stories about non-black Southerners going to other parts of the country and having to seek out African restaurants for the food they grew up on. In some cases they have been told they cannot get certain grocery items and to try the foreign sections. Generally speaking, white Southerners eat the exact same food in the exact same way as traditional African Americans. Albeit in certain areas of like Florida there are variations. There are some foods, however, like chitlins and pig's feet, that are more associated with poverty (even among white Southerners) and have simply been employed over time more by blacks than whites.

A great deal of Southern cuisine has been developed from soulfood and African Americans have played a pivotal role in the development in southern cuisine. Many famous southern cuisine chefs have been African Americans. Yet white Americans have also lent their hand. In the way the food is made there is some difference but it is subtle.

[edit] Southern cuisine for the masses

Southern food is steeped in tradition, as seen on a sign for the Granny Cantrell's restaurants in the Florida Panhandle.

A niche market for Southern food along with American comfort food has proven profitable for chains such as Cracker Barrel, which have extended their market across the country, instead of staying solely in the South.

Other Southern chains which specialize in this type of cuisine, but have decided mainly to stay in the South, are Po' Folks (also known as Folks in some markets) and Famous Amos. Another type of selection is Sonny's Real Pit Bar-B-Q. Pit barbecue is popular all over the American South; many rural places even sport several locally run locations, although this is rare in most other parts of the country.

Southern chains that are popular across the country include Stuckey's, and Popeyes. The former is known for being a "pecan shoppe" and the latter is known for its spicy fried chicken. Other popular chains with Southern roots Bojangle's rooted in N.C. boast famous chicken and biscuits, and also includes Krystal, Shoney's, Hardee's (which originated in North Carolina), Huddle House, Captain D's,Kentucky Fried Chicken, Waffle House, and Chick-Fil-A. Krispy Kreme has become popular for its unique sugary doughnuts.

There are many individual family style restaurants based on the cuisine of the American South. Despite the down-home image of many Southern-influenced restaurants, some are more upscale. Similar restaurants are even overseas.

[edit] Southern cuisine by region

Southern cuisine varies widely by region. In Southern Louisiana, there is Cajun and Creole cuisine. Rice was historically an important crop in the coastal areas of North Carolina and South Carolina, leading to local specialties like "Hoppin' John" (a mixture of rice and black-eyed peas flavored with salt pork) and Charleston Red Rice. Although North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas are particularly noted for their particular varieties of barbecue, it is extremely popular throughout the South with many regional variations of its own. Virginia is noted not only for its Smithfield hams but also for its major supplies of apples and peanuts. Louisiana is a large supplier of hot sauces with its peppers while Texas is more known for BBQ sauces.

Oklahoma has a reputation for many grain- and bean-based dishes, such as 'cornbread & beans' or the popular breakfast dish, 'biscuits & gravy'. Mississippi specializes in farm-raised catfish, found in traditional "fish houses" throughout the state. Arkansas is the top rice-producing state in the nation, and is also noted for catfish, pork barbecue at restaurants such as McClard's in Hot Springs (a one-time favorite of former governor and president Bill Clinton), and chicken from major poultry production and industry leader Tyson Foods, as well as other companies. Florida is home of the Key lime pie and swamp cabbage. Orange juice is the well-known beverage of the state. Georgia is famous for its peaches, pecans and peanuts.

The Appalachian areas have ramps (onions and their relatives) and berries aplenty. Kentucky is famous for Burgoo. Texas specializes in chili, while Brunswick stew originated in the eastern parts of the South. Generally speaking, many parts of the Upper South specialize more in pork (such as ham with the hog killings), sorghum, and whiskey, while the low country coastal areas are known for seafood (shrimp and crabs), rice, and grits. The western parts of the South like Texas and Oklahoma are more beef-inclined and the eastern parts lean more towards pork.

[edit] Creole and Cajun cuisine

Dishes typical of Creole cuisine

Southern Louisiana developed significant culinary traditions, Louisiana Creole cuisine in southeastern Louisiana centered on New Orleans, Louisiana. Cajun cuisine in central to Acadiana in southwestern Louisiana and East Texas.

Both share influences of the traditional cuisine of France, though with greater use of rice, local Louisiana resources and African imports such as okra.

Creole cuisinières also had access to many native coastal animals such as crawfish (commonly called crayfish outside the region), crab, oysters, shrimp, and fish. These seafoods were incorporated into their diets and are still seen today in the various dishes of the region.

Fruits such as figs, plums and grapes are also grown in the region. Additionally, pecans and peanuts are native to the region, providing an alternative protein source.

Creole cuisine was not well-known nationally until the explosion of interest in Cajun food in the 1980s.

[edit] Cajun cuisine

Main article: Cajun cuisine

Cajun cuisine includes influence from the Acadia region in Canada. Rice, which could be used to stretch meals out to feed large families, became a major staple food. Today we still see that resourceful influence in many Cajun dishes which are served over a bed of rice. And again, stretchable corn was a major staple.

In addition to the above listed foods, Acadian families were introduced to vegetables such as okra, which is a key ingredient in gumbos and étouffe as well as many other Cajun and Creole dishes. Many Southerners also enjoy deep-fried or pickled okra.

[edit] Louisiana Creole cuisine

Main article: Louisiana Creole cuisine

Southeastern Louisiana was heavily influenced by France, Spain and Latin America than was Acadiana. The region also maintained more trade with France and incorporation of more recent French culinary traditions well into the 19th century. The major city of New Orleans, long known for its fine restaurants, allowed development of more gourmet variations of local dishes.

At the start of the 1980s Cajun chef Paul Prud'homme opened a popular restaurant in New Orleans which started significant influence of Cajun food on to Creole traditions.

[edit] Lowcountry cuisine

Main article: Lowcountry cuisine

The Lowcountry region of the coastal Carolinas and Georgia shares many of the same food resources as the Upper Gulf Coast--fish, shrimp, oysters, rice, and okra. Not surprisingly, it also displays some similarities to Creole and Cajun cuisines.

[edit] Appalachian Mountain cuisine

Food served in the Appalachian Mountains differs slightly from other southern cuisine. Terrible travel conditions and poor roads limited most settlements to only foods that could be produced locally. Seafood, beyond the occasionally locally caught fish, was unheard of. Diets were almost meatless, except for wild game, particularly during the winter. Pigs were raised and the meat cured for later consumption, but often the meat was used as a flavoring instead of as the main course. For example, sausage was often cooked in small portions primarily to obtain grease for use in gravy instead of as a main course. Cornbread was eaten regularly since corn grew well locally. As flour became available, biscuits and johnny cakes became more popular. Salt was available, notably from Saltville, Virginia, but until black pepper appeared, few other seasonings were used. Women in this area were often herbalists, and may used local plants in seasoning. Chicory, which could be grown locally, was a well known coffee substitute. Corn whiskey, milk, and water were available from the farm. Coffee, sugar, and tea were all slow to become available. Fruits that tend to be more popular in this area are berries and apples. Morel mushrooms and ramps (onions and onion relatives) are grown here but are less common in other parts of the South. In the mountains one may find ramp festivals and recipes for dishes like fruit dumplings and wilted lettuce with dressing. Home canning is a strong tradition here as well. Dried pinto beans are a major staple food during the winter months. Typically they are served in a simple soup called soup beans. Kieffer pears were available and along with apples were used to make pear butter and apple butter. Canning included green beans (half-runners, snaps) as well as shelly beans (green beans that were more mature and had ripe beans along with the green husks). Also popular were bread and butter pickles, pickled beets, and chow-chow (commonly called "chow"). Tomatoes were canned in large numbers. Along with sausage gravy, tomato gravy, a roux thinned with tomatoes, was very popular. ⁵

[edit] Traditional Southern dishes

See also: List of foods of the Southern United States

Biscuits with honey.

An example of a traditional Southern meal is deep fried chicken, field peas, turnip or collard greens, cornbread, sweet tea and a dessert that could be a pie (sweet potato, pecan and peach are traditional southern pies), or a cobbler (peach, blackberry or mixed berry are traditional cobblers).

Some other foods commonly associated with the South are mint juleps, pecan pie, country ham, chicken (or country) fried steak, grits, buttermilk biscuits, especially with gravy or sorghum, pimento cheese, sweet tea, pit barbecue, catfish, fried green tomatoes, cornbread, bread pudding, fried chicken, okra, butter beans, pinto beans, "greens", and black eyed peas. A common snack food, in season, is boiled peanuts.

Fried chicken is among the region's best-known exports, though pork is also an integral a part of the cuisine, with Virginia ham being one renowned form. Barbecue is always understood to be pork, unless specified as some other meat, and there are many regional "cookoff" competitions. A traditional holiday get-together featuring whole hog barbecue is known in the Carolinas as a "pig pickin'." Green beans are often flavored with bacon and salt pork, biscuits served with ham often accompany breakfast, and ham with red-eye gravy or country gravy is a common dinner dish. A bit of fatback is added to many vegetable dishes, especially greens, for flavoring.

It is not uncommon for a traditional southern meal to consist of only vegetables with no meat dish at all, although meat or meat products are often used in the cooking process. "Beans and Greens," which consists of either white or brown beans alongside a "mess" of greens has always been popular in most parts of the South. Turnip greens are generally prepared mixed with diced turnips and a piece of fatback. It is often said that Southerners tend to cook down their vegetables a little longer and/or use more seasoning than other Americans, but it often depends on the cook.

[edit] Traditional Southern breakfast

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Breakfast is an extremely important meal in the South. Southerners will often eat breakfast at all hours of the day due to its popularity. Many restaurants and fast food chains with Southern roots will often specialize in this fare, serve breakfast all day or include a separate menu just for breakfast. Cracker Barrel does all of these. Other examples of this include the Waffle House, and Shoney's.

Some things that are typical as breakfast items include:

• bacon
• gravy made from pork fat
• traditional pork sausage in patties
• link sausage, less often
• Canadian bacon
• chicken fried steak
• country ham with red eye gravy
• eggs prepared in a variety of ways including scrambled with cheese or as an omelet with onions, peppers, olives and other items.
• grits, often served with butter, cheese or salt.
• hominy
• tomatoes Usually served fresh, sliced. Not usually cooked unless sauteed with eggs.
• muscadine Eaten separately or made into jam to eat on toast or biscuits.
• biscuits often with either milk gravy or with some kind of jam. Other variations include hot chocolate gravy where the biscuits are served piping hot and pinched up in a dish with a little butter added before pouring on the chocolate gravy. Also certain meats like stewed roast beef hash can be served with biscuits for an alternative taste. Tomato gravy on biscuits is popular in parts of Mississippi and Tennessee or some parts of Georgia,. Biscuits can also be sliced in half and served with some type of meat, eggs and/or cheese in the middle usually with butter and/or jelly. Biscuits can also be served with country ham and red-eye gravy (red-eye gravy is made by first frying country ham in a skillet, then deglazing the pan with just a bit of coffee).
• hot sauce is often added to sausage, gravy or eggs
• Some kind of fruit, grapefruit is probably most common
• juice, orange juice is common, or more rarely, peach juice.
• sweet tea is often served at breakfast in many areas
• pancakes or waffles topped with fruit or syrup
• doughnuts like Krispy Kreme
• cobbler
• Other pastry items like the Creole/Cajun Beignets
• Livermush is a pork product made with liver and cornmeal. Popular in North Carolina.

[edit] See also

• Tex-Mex cuisine
• Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
• Cuisine of the United States

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ David Williamson. UNC-CH surveys reveal where the ‘real’ South lies. Retrieved on 22 Feb, 2007.
2. ^ http://www.pfly.net/misc/GeographicMorphology.jpg
3. ^ Dragonwagon, Crescent (2007). The Cornbread Gospels. Workman Publishing. 
4. ^ soul food. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Lexico Publishing Group (2006). Retrieved on 2006-11-09.

[edit] References

• Domine, David. Adventures in New Kentucky Cooking with the Bluegrass Peasant. McClanahan Publishing House, 2007. ISBN 0-9133-8397-X
• Harris, Jessica. On the Side: More than 100 Recipes for the Sides, Salads, and Condiments That Make the Meal. Simon & Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-4917-8.
• The Junior League of Charleston. Charleston Receipts. Wimmer Brothers, 1950. ISBN 0-9607854-5-0.
• Lewis, Edna and Peacock, Scott. The Gift of Southern Cooking: Recipes and Revelations from Two Great American Cook. Knopf, 2003. ISBN 0-375-40035-4.
• Neal, Bill. Bill Neal's Southern Cooking. University of North Carolina Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8078-4255-9.
• Neal, Bill. Biscuits, Spoonbread, and Sweet Potato Pie. University of North Carolina Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8078-5474-3.
• Neal, Bill. Good Old Grits Cookbook. Workman Publishing Company, 1991. ISBN 0-89480-865-6.
• Snow, Constance. Gulf Coast Kitchens. Clarkson Potter/Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-609-61011-2.
• Sohn, Mark F. Appalachian Home Cooking History, Culture, & Recipes Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2005. ISBN 0-8131-9153-X
• Taylor, John. Hoppin' John's Lowcountry Cooking. 1992. ISBN 0-553-08231-0.
• Walter, Eugene. American Cooking: Southern Style. New York: Time Life Books, 1971.

[edit] External links

• Adventures in New Kentucky Cooking with the Bluegrass Peasant
• Southern Foodways Alliance
• Southern Food & Beverage Museum
• North Carolina barbecue primer