Coyote (mythology)
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Coyote is a mythological character common to many Native American cultures, based on the coyote (Canis latrans) animal. This character is usually male and is generally anthropomorphic although he may have some coyote-like physical features such as fur, pointed ears, yellow eyes, tail and claws. The myths and legends which include Coyote vary widely from culture to culture.
Coyote shares many traits with the mythological figure Raven.
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[edit] Coyote in mythology
Coyote often plays the role of trickster, although in some stories he is a buffoon and the butt of jokes and in a few is outright evil. His positive traits include humor and sometimes cleverness. His negative traits are usually greed or desire, recklessness, impulsiveness and jealousy. Coyote is often the antagonist of his brother Wolf, who is wise and good natured but prone to giving in to Coyote's incessant demands.
Among the Northwest tribes, coyote stories were often highly sexualized.[1] White settlers may have known, but been too timid to recirculate these stories; there is evidence that tellings by native writers have been sanitized. These myths seem to have been edited out of history by the more sexually conservative European-Americans, and are now difficult to find. There is reference to the sexual myths of the coyotes though in original sources from the era, where an Indian Agency administrator might reference the myths and then primly refuse to tell the tales. Some examples include Recollections from the Colville Indian Agency 1886-1889 by Major Richard D. Gwydir and Coyote Stories by Mourning Dove.[2]
[edit] The creator
Coyote figures prominently in several creation myths. In one myth, Coyote creates the first people by kicking a ball of mud (sometimes a bit of feces) until it formed into the first man. In another myth Coyote is able to successfully impregnate an evil woman who has killed off all the other men in the world during the sexual act.
Coyote is also commonly a character in "just-so stories", in which he tries to hunt prey or compete with other predators. In the process phenomena such as why rabbits have long ears are explained.
[edit] The culture hero
Coyote also plays the role of a hero, or even a culture hero, in some stories. In these stories, he proves to be helpful (and sometimes genuinely heroic).
[edit] By culture
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Coyote is a figure in the following cultural areas of the Americas, as commonly defined by ethnographers:
[edit] California
Coyote is featured in the culture of the following groups who live in the area covered by the state of California: the Karuk [3], the Tongva of Southern California, the Ohlone mythology of Northern California, the Miwok mythology of Northern California, and the Pomo mythology of Northern California
[edit] Great Plains
Coyote is seen in the cultural heretige of these people of the Great Plains area: the Crow mythology (Crow Nation), the Ho-Chunk mythology (Ho-Chunk, Winnebago), and the Menominee.
[edit] Plateau
Myths and stories of Coyote are also found in the cultures of the Plateau area: the Chinookan (including the Wishram people and the Multnomah) [4], the Flathead [5], the Nez Perce [6], the Nlaka'pamux, the Secwepemc, the St'at'imc, the Tsilhqot'in, and the Yakama.[7]
[edit] Homologues
Coyote has been compared to both the Scandinavian Loki, and also Prometheus, who shared with Coyote the trick of having stolen fire from the gods as a gift for mankind. Similarities can also be drawn with another trickster, the Polynesian demigod Māui, who also stole fire for mankind and introduced death to the world.
Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist proposed a structuralist theory that suggests that Coyote and Crow obtained mythic status because they are mediator animals between life and death.[8]
[edit] Coyote in the modern world
Coyote figures prominently in current efforts to educate young people about Western Native American languages and cultures. For example, the Secwepemc people of the Kamloops Indian Band in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada, have designated their recently opened native elementary school the Sk'elep (Coyote) School of Excellence, while educational websites such as one co-sponsored by the Neskonlith Indian Band of Chase, British Columbia prominently feature stories about Sk'elep.[9].
Peter Blue Cloud (Aroniawenrate) is a member of the Turtle clan of the Mohawk Nation. His books include two collections of contemporary Coyote tales, Elderberry Flute Song and The Other Side of Nowhere, which place Coyote in a number of different guises -- showing Coyote to be funny, wise, sad, and sexual. William Bright's collection, A Coyote Reader, also shows the continuing importance of Coyote in today's world.
[edit] Coyote in popular culture
The coyote is a popular figure in folklore and popular culture. Modern references may invoke either the animal or the mythological figure. Traits commonly described in pop culture appearances include inventiveness, mischievousness, and evasiveness.
Wile E. Coyote could be considered an instance of the buffoon version of the Coyote myth.
Coyote's mythological role as a trickster is the basis for American sex workers' modern adoption of the coyote in service to advocacy in their industry – "COYOTE" ("Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics") is the name of a group established in 1973 in San Francisco to advocate for sex workers in political issues and to help prostitutes who want to leave the business.
[edit] External links
- Native American Trickster Tales
- In Cahoots with Coyote
- Coyote, He/She Was Going There: Sex and Gender in Native American Trickster Stories
- Trickster: Shaman of the Liminal
[edit] References
- ^ A collection of sexual coyote myths from various tribes
- ^ Gwydir, Richard D. Recollections from the Colville Indian Agency 1886-1889. The Arthur H. Clark Co., Spokane, Washington, 2001
- ^ Karuk stories
- ^ Chinookan stories
- ^ Flathead stories
- ^ Nez Perce Stories
- ^ Other stories from Plateau tribes
- ^ Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Structural Anthropology. Trans. Claire Jacobson. New York: Basic Books, 1963. (p. 224)
- ^ Stseptekwle legends [pronounced S-chep-tek-wool-eh]
