ChristianUnion
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- This article is about the Dutch political party. See Christian Union (students) (with space between the two words) for the university religious organization, and Christian Union (disambiguation) for other meanings.
| ChristenUnie | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Political leader | André Rouvoet |
| Party Chair | Peter Blokhuis |
| Chair of the First Chamber Parliamentary Party | Egbert Schuurman |
| Chair of the First Chamber Parliamentary Party | Arie Slob |
| Chair of the European Parliament Delegation | Hans Blokland (of the ChristenUnie-SGP-delegation) |
| Founded | 15 March 2001 |
| Merger of | GPV and RPF |
| Seats in the First Chamber |  |
| Seats in the Second Chamber |  |
| Seats in the European Parliament |  |
| Political Ideology | Orthodox Protestantism[1] |
| Position | Centre |
| Youth Organization | PerspectieF |
| Thinktank | Mr. G. Groen van Prinsterer Stichting |
| European Affiliation | European Christian Political Movement |
| European Parliament Group | Independence and Democracy |
| Colours | Blue |
| Headquarters | Partijbureau ChristenUnie Puntenburgerlaan 91, Amersfoort |
| website | www.christenunie.nl |
| See also | Politics of the Netherlands |
The ChristianUnion (Dutch: ChristenUnie) is a Dutch orthodox-protestant[1] and Christian-social party. It combines a conservative point of view on ethical issues, with more centre left ideas on economic, migration, social and environmental issues. After doubling its seats in the 2006 elections it became the smallest member of the newly-formed fourth Balkenende cabinet.
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[edit] Party history
[edit] Before 2000
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The Netherlands has a long tradition of small orthodox or conservative Protestant parties in parliament. The Reformed Political Party (SGP) entered parliament in the 1922 election as a split off from the Anti Revolutionary Party, the Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (HGS) entered parliament in the 1925 election, a split from the Christian Historical Union. The SGP did survive the war years, but the HGS was unable to obtain seats in the 1946 elections. In the 1963 election the Reformed Political Alliance (GPV) entered parliament, although it was founded in 1948 as a split from the Anti Revolutionary Party over a religious issue within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands. In the 1981 election, the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) entered parliament. It had split from the ARP over the formation of the Christian Democratic Appeal.
The RPF explicitly stated in its manifesto of principles that it sought to unite all reformed parties in the Netherlands. The other two were less positive about cooperation however. The GPV which was only open to a specific current in reformed Protestantism, namely the Reformed Churches (liberated), did not want to cooperate with non-'liberated' reformed: it had rejected the entry of the group that was to become the RPF in the 1970s on religious grounds. The Reformed Political Party had rejected cooperation with these parties because they had female members while the SGP consistently ejected female suffrage. The RPF, GPV and SGP were testimonial parties, which chose to voice their concerns about government policy, while acknowledging that they are not big enough to force their opinion upon others.
In 1984 however the three parties cooperated in the European elections and presented a common list in order to enter the European Parliament. In the 1989 general election they formed a electoral alliance in order to enhance their chances of obtaining seats. In 1995 informal talks were opended between the three parties. The GPV had opened itself to non-liberated members, but the SGP not to women. The discussions with the SGP were broken off and the GPV and RPF continued together. For a long time the GPV was not willing to enter a large internal debate with the RPF which also performed better electorally; it had won three seats in the 1998 elections while the GPV received only two. From 1998 the two parliamentary parties cooperated with each other, held common meetings and appointed common spokespersons. In 1999 a group called "Transformatie" (Transformation) was set up by young people from both parties in reaction to the slow cooperation process: they tried to intensify the debate about cooperation. In the same year the cooperation talks were formalized and intensified, leading to the foundation of the ChristianUnion.
[edit] 2000-present
The ChristianUnion was founded in January 2000 as an alliance between two conservative reformed parties: the Reformed Political Alliance and the Reformatory Political Federation. In 2000 their youth organizations, GPJC and RPFJ fused completely, presenting an example to their mother organizations. In 2001 they formed a common parliamentary party in both the lower and higher house. In 2002 the alliance entered the elections for the first time. The party got four seats - one seat less than the 1998 election when they campaigned separately. It had polled much better, with some polling stations predicting seven or eight seats. The party's leader Kars Veling stepped down. He had been good at keeping the peace internally in a party still somewhat divided along the old GPV and RPF blood lines, but had not appealed well enough to the population at large. With preference votes a woman, Tineke Huizinga (positioned nr. 7 on the CU candidate-list) was elected into parliament for the CU, becoming the first woman to enter parliament for the party or its predecessors. Because of her election, party-prominent Eimert van Middelkoop, who was nr. 4 on the candidate-list, had to leave parliament. In the 2003 the party lost an additional seat, and was left with three seats. Again Huizinga (now nr. 4 on the list) was elected with preference-votes and this time former RPF-leader Leen van Dijke (nr. 3) had to leave parliament. The decline of the CU in 2003 was probably due to party supporters voting for the Christian-democratic CDA, which was competing with the social-democratic PvdA, to become the largest party. The ChristianUnion was heavily involved in the formation of Balkenende II, but the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) vetoed the formation of a CDA/VVD/CU/SGP cabinet and so the progressive liberal D66 became a part of the governing alliance instead. In 2004 the two organizations RPF and GPV officially ceased to exist, making the fusion into CU final.
In the 2006 elections the party doubled its seats and joined the fourth cabinet Balkenende. CU-leader Andre Rouvoet became minister without portfolio for family and children
[edit] Ideology and issues
The CU calls itself a Christian social party. The party has its roots in orthodox Protestant parties[1], often referred to as the "small right". It combines a conservative point of view on ethical and foreign policy issues, with more centre left ideas on economic, asylum, social and environmental issues. Its conservative reformed ideals are reflected in its program of principles: It believes that the state is the sword maiden of God. It bases its politics directly on the Bible. However, it sees separate duties for the state and the church in public life: the church should spread the Word of God, while the state should merely uphold public morality. The state should respect the religion of its citizens. Other Christian principles, like neighbourly love and stewardship for the Earth, however have given the CU's political program a centre-left orientation.
Some of CU's conservative policies include:
- Facilitation by government of a one-earner model, allowing one parent, usually the wife, to stay at home and take care of the children.
- Society should cherish its collective moments of rest, and leave the Sunday a day of rest.
- Abortion and euthanasia-practices should be reduced and eventually replaced by adoption and palliative care.
- The Dutch policy of toleration of soft drugs should be abandoned.
- Combatting pornography and prostitution.
- Allowing civil servants to refuse to perform gay marriage.
- Defending the freedom of education (that is, to found religious schools), because of sphere sovereignty.
- The Netherlands should remain an independent political entity within the European Union.
- Limiting the use of genetic manipulation.
More Center-left policies include:
- Public services of education, health care and social security should remain in government's hands, in a small-scale.
- Increased budgets for development cooperation in order to address the poverty in the global south.
- A more open policy towards asylum seekers, especially those who are persecuted for religious reasons.
- A relatively green environmental policy. Based on its electoral promises on investment in green energy the Dutch branch of Greenpeace termed it the greenest political party.[2]
[edit] Representation
In this table the election results of the CU in Tweede Kamer, Eerste Kamer and European elections are represented, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election; these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It also listed whether the CU was in government at the time. For further information the membership figure and the name of the party chairman of the CU are listed.
| Year | Second Chamber | First Chamber | European Parliament | Provincial Parliament | Leader in elections | Leader in Second Chamber | Cabinet | Membership | Chair | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 37 | no elections | Leen van Dijke and Gertjan Schutte | opposition | unknown | M. van Daalen | |
| 2001 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 37 | no elections | Leen van Dijke and Gertjan Schutte | opposition | unknown | M. van Daalen | |
| 2002 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 37 | Kars Veling | Kars Veling | opposition | 27.250 | M. van Daalen | |
| 2003 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 26+3* | André Rouvoet | André Rouvoet | opposition | 27.000 | M. van Daalen | |
| 2004 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 26+3* | no election | André Rouvoet | opposition | 25.074 | M. van Daalen | |
| 2005 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 26+3* | no election | André Rouvoet | opposition | 24.235 | P. Blokhuis | |
| 2006 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 26+3* | André Rouvoet | André Rouvoet | opposition | 24.156 | P. Blokhuis | |
| 2007 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 35+3* | no election | Arie Slob | Cabinet-member | unknown | P. Blokhuis | 26.673 |
*: elected on combined SGP/CU-lists (estimate).
[edit] Ministers
Currently the CU supplies two ministers and one state secretary:
- Minister of Defence: Eimert van Middelkoop
- Minister without portfolio for Youth and Families and Vice-Premier: André Rouvoet
- State secretary for Transport: Tineke Huizinga
[edit] Members of the Lower House of Parliament
After the 2006 elections the party has six representatives in the lower house of parliament (Second Chamber):
Arie Slob (Second Chamber fraction leader) Joel Voordewind Esmee Wiegman Cynthia Ortega Ernst Cramer Ed Anker
[edit] Members of the Upper House of Parliament
After the 2007 Upper House elections the party has four representatives in the Upper House (First Chamber):
- Egbert Schuurman, First Chamber fraction leader
- Roel Kuiper
- Flora Lagerwerf-Vergunst
- Remmelt de Boer
[edit] Members of the European Parliament
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After the 2004 European Parliament elections the party has one representative in the European Parliament:
- Johannes Blokland, fraction leader of the combined ChristenUnie-SGP parliamentary party.
[edit] Municipal and Provincial Government
[edit] Provincial Government
Since the 2007 elections The ChristianUnion is part of the provincial executives of Drenthe, Gelderland and Groningen.
The following table below shows the election results of the 2007 provincial election in each province. It shows the areas where the ChristenUnie is strong, namely Groningen, Overijssel and Flevoland, provinces which have a traditional large conservative Protestant population. The party is especially weak in the southern Catholic provinces of Limburg and North Brabant and the more secular North Holland province.
| Province | Votes (%) | Result (seats) |
|---|---|---|
| Groningen | 10,3% | 4 |
| Friesland | 8,2% | 3 |
| Drenthe | 7,6% | 3 |
| Overijssel | 10,3% | 5 |
| Flevoland | 11,2% | 5 |
| Gelderland | 8,1% | 4 |
| Utrecht | 8,9% | 4 |
| North Holland | 3,2%* | 2** |
| South Holland | 6,9%** | 4 |
| Zeeland | 8,0% | 3 |
| North Brabant | 2,7%* | 1** |
| Limburg | 1,8 | 0 |
* result of combined ChristianUnion/SGP lists; ** members of the CU (estimate) in combined ChristianUnion/SGP parliamentary parties.
[edit] Municipal Government
Eight of the 414 mayors of the Netherlands are members of the CU. CU tends to have mayors in smaller rural districts in the so-called "Bible belt". This includes cities like Tholen, Staphorst and Elburg. The party cooperates in several local executives, both in the more conservative Bible Belt area, and in several larger cities like Leiden or Utrecht where the CU is a small party but needed to form a majority. It has 71 aldermen. It has 398 members of local legislatures.
[edit] Electorate
The CU was supported by orthodox Reformed of many denominations, such as the Christian Reformed Churches, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) and the Dutch Reformed Church. But members of newer churches such as the Evangelical Church and the Pentecostal community also supported this party. The electorate is concencentrated in the smaller rural districts in the so-called "Bible Belt" an area of more conservative Christian municipalities that reaches from Overijssel, through the Veluwe and the Biesbos to Zeeland. The party also draws support from Christians with an immigrant background, who are mostly located in the large cities.
The party is also drawing support from a growing number of conservative Roman Catholics, dissatisfied with the, in their eyes, less Christian policies of the CDA. Roman Catholics are welcome to become a member of the party although one of the foundations of the party is the Heidelberg Catechism, known for its staunch anti-Catholicism. During the Provincial elections of 2007 the party fielded two Roman Catholic candidates on their shortlist of the province of Limburg. This process has alerted some prominent CDA politicians. CU-senator Egbert Schuurman has stated the CU will provide a shelter for everyone who actively believes in Jesus Christ but also said the CU will always be a Protestant party.
[edit] Organisation
[edit] Organisational Structure
The highest organ of the CU is the Union Congress, formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the First Chamber, Second Chamber, European Parliament candidates list and has the final say over the party program. A member congress has an important role in the formation of the CU's political direction.
[edit] Members
The CU currently has 26.673 members (as of January 01, 2007). They are organized in over 200 municipal branches.
[edit] Linked Organisations
The youth organisation of the party is PerspectieF which was formed as a fusion of the two youth organizations of the CU's predecessors the GPJC and RPFJ. The party publishes the HandSchrift (HandWriting) six times a year. The party's scientific institute is the Mr. Groen van Prinsterer Foundation, which publishes the DenkWijzer (ThoughtWiser). The women's organization is Inclusief.
The CU participates in the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.
[edit] International Organisations
Internationally the CU is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Its MEPs are seated in the Independence and Democracy group.
[edit] Orthodox-protestant (pillarized) Organisations
The CU still has ideological strong links with so-called pillarized organizations. Together with conservative protestant schools, papers like the Nederlands Dagblad and the Reformatorisch Dagblad, the Protestant broadcaster Evangelische Omroep, several Reformed churches they constitute the conservative or orthodox Reformed pillar (Dutch zuil). While all four of the traditional Dutch pillars (socialists, liberals, Protestants and catholics) have broken down since the 1960s, the orthodox reformatory pillar has actually strengthened in reaction to the process of secularization.
[edit] Relationships to Other Parties
Until 2006 the party had never been in government. It has good relations with the orthodox reformed SGP with which it forms one European parliamentary party ChristenUnie-SGP and the Christian-Democratic CDA, with which the ChristenUnie-SGP had an electoral alliance for the 2004 European Parliament elections. As a critical but constructive opposition party against the Second Balkenende cabinet the CU has gained sympathy from the leftwing parties in parliament, the PvdA, the SP and the GreenLeft, with which it cooperates in several local governments after the 2006 municipal elections.
[edit] International Comparisons
The Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland is the closest to the ChristianUnion as a conservative Protestant party that is leftwing in social matters, conservative in ethical matters and critical of the European Union.
The party is also comparable to the American Christian Right and the small Protestant parties of Scandinavia, such as the Christian Democratic Party of Norway, the Swedish and Danish Christian Democrats.
[edit] Controversy
During their existence, the RPF, GPV and since 2000 the CU have aroused some controversy. Examples:
In 1996 RPF-party leader Leen van Dijke declared: "Why would stealing, for example committing social welfare fraud, be less of a sin than going against the seventh commandment? Yes, why should someone with a homosexual relationship be better than a thief?" General public, and especially the Dutch gay movement, criticized this statement heavily. In 1999 the Dutch high court ruled that Van Dijke's views were not discriminatory according to Dutch law.
In 2007 Yvette Lont, a CU municipal council member for Amsterdam, expressed the view that homosexuals should not be admitted to representative functions within the party. Although research proved that two-thirds of de CU-voters and members disagreed with her, again the CU was heavily criticized in the media. Also in 2007, municipal council member Monique Heger decided to resign from office, because she had recently discovered that she was a lesbian, and she and her (female) partner moved in together. A minority of the CU-members in her constituency objected to her lifestyle, which made her decide to leave office. Heger is still a member of the CU and has declared not to bear grudge against her party. But again, the media and members of other parties were outraged.
Several incidents reinforce the public fear that the CU is trying to force a more conservative christian moral upon the Dutch people. Vice-premier Rouvoet recently said that it would be better if Dutch people had more children: he based this opinion upon scientific research which proved that a birth rate of 2.1 would be most favourable for a society socially as wel as economically (and the Dutch birth rate is 1.7). The Balkenende IV cabinet also wants to evaluate the effectiveness of Dutch legislation concerning abortion and euthanasia.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Orthodox protestantism (Orthodox Protestantisme) is a term which is used in the Netherlands to refer to conservative forms of protestantism in contrast to liberal or free-thinking forms of protestantism. This includes conservative branches of the Dutch Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (now united in the Protestant Church of the Netherlands), but also to independent forms of Reformed protestantism, such as the Reformed Churches (liberated) or other more conservative forms of protestantism such as the certain branches of baptism
- ^ www.greenpeace.nl
[edit] External links
- Introduction (in English)
- Website of the European Christian Political Movement, of which the ChristenUnie is a member
- ChristenUnie: http://www.christenunie.nl/ (in Dutch)
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