Charles Münch

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the French conductor. For the contemporary American painter, see Charles Munch (painter).

Charles Münch (September 26, 1891 – November 6, 1968) was a French conductor and violinist best known for leading the Boston Symphony Orchestra as its music director.

Contents

[edit] Biography

Münch was born in Straßburg, Germany, (now France, since 1919) He was the fifth in a family of six children. Although his first ambition was to be a locomotive engineer, he studied violin at the Strasbourg Conservatoire. His father, Ernest Münch, was a professor of organ at the Conservatoire and performed at the cathedral. His father also taught and directed an orchestra with his son in the second violins. After receiving his diploma in 1912, Charles studied with Carl Flesch in Berlin and Lucien Capet at the Conservatoire de Paris. He was conscripted into the German army in World War I, serving as a sergeant gunner. He was gassed at Péronne and wounded at Verdun.

In 1920 he became professor of violin at the Strasbourg Conservatoire and assistant concertmaster at the Strasbourg Orchestra under Joseph Guy Ropartz, who directed the conservatory. In the early 1920s he was concertmaster for Hermann Abendroth's Gürzenich Orchestra in Cologne. He became concertmaster of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra under Wilhelm Furtwängler and Bruno Walter from 1926 to 1933.

At the age of 41, Münch made his conducting debut in Paris on November 1, 1932. Münch's fiancée, Geneviève Maury, granddaughter of a founder of the Nestlé Chocolate Company, rented the hall and hired the Straram Orchestra. She was also an accomplished translator of Thomas Mann.

Following this success, he conducted the Concerts Siohan, the Lamoureux Orchestra, the new Orchestre Symphonique de Paris, the Biarritz Orchestra (Summer 1933), the Société Philharmonique de Paris (1935 to 1938), and the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire (1937 to 1946). He became known as a champion of Hector Berlioz, and befriended Arthur Honegger, Albert Roussel, and Francis Poulenc. During these years, Münch gave first performances of works by Honegger, Jean Roger-Ducasse, Joseph Guy Ropartz, Roussel, and Florent Schmitt. He became director of the Société Philharmonique de Paris in 1938 and taught conducting at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1937 to 1945.

Plaque at Place Emile Dreux, village de Voisins in Louveciennes, Yvelines, France
Plaque at Place Emile Dreux, village de Voisins in Louveciennes, Yvelines, France

He remained in France conducting the Conservatoire Orchestra during the German occupation, believing it best to maintain the morale of the French people. He refused conducting engagements in Germany and also refused to perform contemporary German works. He protected members of his orchestra from the Gestapo and contributed from his income to the French Resistance. For this, he received the Légion d'honneur with the red ribbon in 1945 and the degree of Commandeur in 1952.

[edit] In Boston

Münch made his début with the Boston Symphony Orchestra on December 27, 1946. He was its Music Director from 1949 to 1962. Münch was also Director of the Berkshire Music Festival and Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) from 1951 through 1962. He led relaxed rehearsals which orchestra members appreciated after the authoritarian Serge Koussevitzky. Münch also received honorary degrees from Boston University, Harvard University, and Tufts University.

He excelled in the modern French repertoire, especially Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and was considered to be an authoritative performer of Berlioz. However, Münch's programs also regularly featured works by composers such as Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, and Wagner. His thirteen year tenure in Boston included 39 world premieres, 17 American first performances, and offered audiences 168 contemporary works. 15 of these premieres were works commissioned by the Boston Symphony and the Koussevitzky Music Foundation to celebrate the Orchestra's 75th Anniversary in 1956.

Münch invited former music director of the Boston Symphony Pierre Monteux to guest conduct, record, and tour with the Boston Symphony after an absence of more than 25 years. Guest conductors became an integral part of the Boston Symphony's programming, both in Boston and at Tanglewood, under Münch.

Münch led the Boston Symphony on its first transcontinental tour of the United States in 1953. He became the first conductor to take them on tour overseas: Europe in 1952 and 1956, and East Asia and Australia in 1960. During the 1956 tour, the Boston Symphony was the first American orchestra to perform in the Soviet Union.

The Boston Symphony under Münch made a series of recordings for RCA Victor beginning in 1949 and from 1954 to 1962, released in both monaural and stereophonic versions. Selections from Boston Symphony rehearsals under Leonard Bernstein, Koussevitzky, and Münch were broadcast nationally on the NBC Radio Network from 1948-1951. NBC carried portions of the Orchestra's performances from 1955-1957.

Beginning in 1951, the Orchestra was broadcast over local radio stations in Boston area. Boston Symphony performances under Münch and guest conductors were disseminated regionally, nationally, and internationally through the Boston Symphony Transcription Trust starting in 1957. Under Münch, the Boston Symphony appeared on television.

[edit] Orchestre de Paris

Münch returned to France and in 1963 became president of the École Normale de Musique. He was also named president of the Guilde Française des Artistes Solistes. During the 1960s, Münch appeared regularly as a guest conductor throughout America, Europe, and Japan. In 1967, at the request of France’s Minister of Culture, André Malraux, he founded the first full-time salaried French orchestra, the Orchestre de Paris, and conducted its first concert on November 14, 1967. He died of a heart attack suffered at his hotel in Richmond, Virginia the following year while on an American tour with his new orchestra. EMI recorded his final sessions, including Ravel's Piano Concerto in G, with this orchestra, and released them posthumously.

Preceded by
Philippe Gaubert		 Principal Conductor, Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire
1938–1946		 Succeeded by
André Cluytens

[edit] Recordings

Münch's discography is extensive both in Boston on RCA Victor, and at his European posts and guest conducting on various labels, including English Decca, EMI, Nonesuch, Erato and Audivis-Valois.

He began making records in Paris before the war, for EMI. Münch then made a renowned series of Decca Full Frequency Range Recordings (FRRR) in the late 1940s. After several recordings with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia, Münch began making recordings for RCA Victor soon after his arrival in Boston as Music Director. These included memorable Berlioz, Honegger, Roussel, and Saint-Saens's tapings.

His first stereophonic recording with the Boston Symphony, in Boston's Symphony Hall in February 1954, was devoted to a complete version of The Damnation of Faust by Hector Berlioz and was made simultaneously in monaural and experimental stereophonic sound, although only the complete score was released in monaural version. The stereo tape survives only fragmentarily. The monural version of this recording was added to the Library of Congress's national registry of sound.

Upon Münch's return to Paris, he made Erato disks with the Orchestre Lamoureux, and with the Orchestre de Paris he again recorded for EMI. He also made recordings for a number of other companies including Decca/London.

A number of Münch's recordings have been available continuously since their original releases such as Saint-Saens's Organ Symphony and Ravel's Daphnis and Chloe. RCA reissued in a multi-disc set, Munch Conducts Berlioz, including all of their Berlioz recordings by Münch. BMG/Japan has issued two different editions of Münch's recordings on CD, 1998 and 2006. The latter was 41 CDs and encompassed all but a handful of Münch recordings with the Boston Symphony. It made available a number of recordings from the first ten years of Münch's tenure in Boston for the first time in more than 50 years.

[edit] Selected discography

Recordings made with the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra for Decca:

Recording made with the Bavarian Radio and Television Orchestra for Deutsche Grammophon:

  • 1968 Hector Berlioz: Requiem, Op. 5 with the Bavarian Radio and Television Orchestra Chorus and Soloist: Peter Schreier

Recordings made with the Boston Symphony Orchestra for RCA Records:

Recording made with the Hungarian Radio and Television Orchestra for Phillips

Recordings made with the New Philharmonia Orchestra for Decca:

Recordings made with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia Records:

Recordings made with the Orchestre de l'Association des Concerts Lamoreaux for Erato:

Recordings made with the Orchestre de Paris for EMI/Angel:

Recordings made with the Orchestre national de France Auvidis-Valois, previously issued on Disques Montaigne*:

Recordings made with the Orchestre national de l'O.R.T.F. for Erato:

Recordings made with the Philadelphia Orchestra for Columbia Records:

Recording made with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra for Reader’s Digest:

[edit] DVDs

The Boston Symphony appeared on television with Münch locally on WGBH-TV, Boston, and nationally through a syndicated series. NHK broadcast throughout Japan the opening concert of the Boston Symphony's tour of Japan in 1960. Münch also appeared on film or television with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Czech Philharmonic, the Hungarian Radio and Television Orchestra, the Orchestre National de l'ORTF, and the Orchestre de Radio-Canada.

DVD with the Boston Symphony on NHK

DVDs with the Boston Symphony on VAI

DVD with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on VAI

DVD with the Orchestre National de l'ORTF on EMI

DVD with the Orchestre de Radio-Canada on VAI

DVD The Art of Conducting Volume II on EMI

  • 1957 Cesar Franck: Symphony in D Minor - excerpts with the Czech Philharmonic
  • 1962 Hector Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique - excerpts with Boston Symphony
  • 1962 Claude Debussy: La Mer - excerpts with Boston Symphony
  • 1962 Maurice Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé Suite No. 2 - excerpts with Boston Symphony
  • 1966 Hector Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique - excerpts with the Hungarian Radio and Television Orchestra

[edit] External links


v • d • e
Boston Symphony Orchestra Music Directors

George Henschel (1881) · Wilhelm Gericke (1884) · Arthur Nikisch (1889) · Emil Paur (1893) · Wilhelm Gericke (1898) · Karl Muck (1906) · Max Fiedler (1908) · Karl Muck (1912) · Henri Rabaud (1918) · Pierre Monteux (1919) · Sergei Koussevitzky (1924) · Charles Münch (1949) · Erich Leinsdorf (1962) · William Steinberg (1969) · Seiji Ozawa (1973) · James Levine (2004)
v • d • e
Orchestre National de France Music Directors

Désiré-Emile Inghelbrecht (1934) · Manuel Rosenthal (1944) · Roger Désormière (1947) · André Cluytens (1951) · Maurice Le Roux (1960) · Charles Münch (1962) · Jean Martinon (1968) · Sergiu Celibidache (1973) · Lorin Maazel (1987) · Charles Dutoit (1991) · Kurt Masur (2002)
v • d • e
Orchestre de Paris Music Directors

Charles Münch (1967) · Herbert von Karajan (1969) · Georg Solti (1972) · Daniel Barenboim (1975) · Semyon Bychkov (1989) · Christoph von Dohnányi (1998) · Christoph Eschenbach (2000)