Censorship in Sweden
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Sweden strongly protects freedom of speech and was a pioneer in officially abolishing censorship. A small number of restrictions remain.
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[edit] Abolition of censorship
Sweden was in 1766 the first country to introduce a constitutional law where censorship was abolished and the freedom of the press guaranteed. The Law on the Freedom of Printing of 1766 was written by a committee of the parliament, during the Swedish "Era of Freedom" (frihetstiden). This law was also the first in the world to make most documents of the state authorities open and available for the citizens. This principle from 1766 is still an important part of the Swedish Constitution, and all Freedom of Information Acts in the world has grown out an application - usually in a very diluted way - of this Swedish "principle of public availability" . The most important founding father of this part of the Swedish constitution was Anders Chydenius, from Nedervetil in Österbotten (today part of Finland), who was a member of parliament in the ecclesiastical estate.[1] and the freedom of press is guaranteed in the Free Press Statute of 1812.[2]
After an interlude 1772-1809, with royal dictatorship and renewed suppression, the freedom of the press was reintroduced by the parliament in the Constitution of 1809-10. The constitutional prohibition against all forms of censorship before publication of books and other printed matters has since 1810 the strict formulation that is still a cornerstone of Swedish freedom of the press. Not only a censoring authority is illegal, but also all other forms of court's injunctions and other measures from the authorities to suppress or restrict a book or a paper before its publication. The injunctions that in many countries are sought by lawyers or officials, and given by the courts, to stop the publication or broadcasting of certain statements, facts or pictures are not possible in Sweden.
During the rule of king Karl Johan Bernadotte the government had for a number of years power to administratively prohibit the further publication of newspapers. This was relatively easily circumvented by the press by small changes of newpapers' names, and the restrictions were abolished.
After the experiences during World War II (see below) a new Constitutional Law on the Freedom of Printing was decided by parliament in 1949. It gives a detailed constitutional protection of all steps in the way of a book or a newspaper from the protection of sources over the editing and printing to the distribution and the reading. This is done by special procedural rules for trials in all cases of press delicts, by trial by jury, by the requirement that no judgement of indemnity can be given if not a two-thirds majority of the jury has found the publication criminal - as well as through other rules that makes it impossible for the state or for private interests to take legal action against various persons or steps in the production.
The responsibility before the law rests only on the responsible publisher of a newspaper and only on the author of a book, with secondary rules only for such cases as books with an anonymous or an anknown author. It is not possible to take legal action against i.e. reporters, sources, distributors or printers because of the content of a book or a newspaper. The Swedish Constitution in this and a number of other ways gives a very strong protection for the free word and the free press. The same protection is since 1992 given to electronic media in a parallel Constitutional Law, that however has exceptions that allow regulation of radio and TV and a censorship of such films that are run on cinemas .
Swedish law has a few criminal offences that concern misuse of the printed or spoken word. Among those is a law against hate speech. This is in Sweden seen as a crime against the state and the public order, which means that legal action can be taken only by a special prosecutor that is under constitutional obligation to give special consideration to the importance of the free word for a free society.[3]
[edit] During World War II
During World War II pressure from Germany caused the Swedish government to recommend Swedish publishers to not publish stories Germany may find biased. Minister of Justice Karl Gustaf Westman revived an old law, long considered obsolete, that made it illegal to publish "offensive writings" about a foreign State. Ture Nerman was sentenced to three months in jail in the winter of 1939 for a column in his Trots allt!. Hermann Rauschning's book, The Voice of Destruction, was confiscated two hours after it left the press.[2] These and other cases of suppression showed the need to strengthen the protection of the free press. A committee, with former liberal minister of justice Natanael Gärde as chairman and well-known journalists and authors as the socialist Rolf Edberg, and the liberals Knut Petersson and Axel Brusewitz among the members, wrote a proposal for a revision of the Constitutional Law on the Freedom of Printing. This introduced a far stronger protection of the distribution of news, and it was with a few changes approved by parliament.
[edit] Film censorship
Sweden has a film censorship board (Statens Biografbyrå), founded in 1911. The board oversees censorship laws that state that films "shall not include any material that is offensive to public decency or disrespectful to the authorities or private individuals, nor pictures depicting the commission of murders, robberies or other serious crimes, and exhibitions that are open to children shall not include pictures depicting events or situations that are liable to arouse emotions of terror or horror in the audience or for other reasons be considered unsuitable for children to look at.".[4] The board also determines age limits for films. The age limits are 7, 11 or 15 years old. Generally movies where people are killed or assaulted have 15 as the age limit, and movies with acts of sex (even if not shown in detail) have 11 as the age limit. This differs significantly from the practice in the United States of rating films with sex more harshly than films with violence.
All the documents about the examination of films, including cut scenes, are available to the public. Some movies have been banned entirely and are not available for viewing. The list of the films banned includes Nosferatu (banned for excessive horror), Mad Max and Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation.[5] Films on video and DVD are not censored, but publishers may send them to the board for recommendations.
[edit] Military installations
It is also illegal to photograph, in any way make a picture of or describe (in writing) and/or publish pictures or documents of military installations and other "protective objects" (skyddsobjekt). Local protection (both civilian and military) has the right to confiscate and/or destroy images, documents and equipment that depicts or is used to depict the protective object. The military also has the right to hold suspects for 24 hours before contacting law enforcement.
