Bramall Hall

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bramall Hall
Bramall Hall from the west. This is the main entrance side. The courtyard can be seen, as well as the north and south wings. In the centre is the Great Hall.
Shown within Greater Manchester
Building information
Town	Bramhall, Greater Manchester
Country	England
Coordinates	53°22′27″N 2°09′60″W / 53.374055, -2.16653Coordinates: 53°22′27″N 2°09′60″W / 53.374055, -2.16653
Construction start date	14th Century
Structural system	Timber framed
Style	Tudor

Bramall Hall (often misspelt as Bramhall Hall)^[1] is a Tudor mansion located in Bramhall, Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. It is a timber framed manor house located in the middle of 70 acres (28 ha) of landscaped parkland featuring lakes, woodland walks and gardens.^[2] Dating back to Saxon times, the hall has passed through the hands of the families Massey, Davenport, Nevill and Davies. Today it is run by Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council, and the hall and grounds are open to the public.

The oldest parts of the hall date from the 14th century, and it is constructed of oak timber framing, which was originally infilled by wattle and daub. The building also has motifs from the Victorian era.

Today the hall functions as a museum, and guided tours are available. Bramall also provides an extensive education service in conjunction with local schools, and there are regular special events that give visitors the chance to experience what Tudor life may have been like.^[3]

[edit] History

Bramall Hall from a postcard in 1819. At this time, it had yet to get its current black and white appearance.

The manor of Bramall dates from the Saxon period, when it was held as two separate manors owned by two Saxon freemen, Brun and Hacun. In 1070, William the Conqueror subdued the north-west of England, and divided the land among his followers. The manor of "Bramale" was given to Hamon de Massey, who eventually became the first Baron of Dunham Massey.^[4] The earliest reference to Bramall was recorded in the Domesday Book as "Bramale", a name derived from the Old English words brom meaning broom, both indigenous to the area, and halh meaning nook or secret place, probably by water. De Masci received the manor as wasteland, since it had been devastated by William the Conqueror's subdual. By the time of the Domesday survey, the land was recovering and cultivated again.^[5]

[edit] De Bromales

The founder of this family was probably a follower or relative of the first Hamon de Massey. About the time of Henry II the land passed from the second Baron of Dunham Massey to Matthew de Bromale, one of his kinsmen who took his name from the land he had received. Matthew's father is said to have been the kinsman of the first Hamon de Massey and may have held the land at some point. Matthew was succeeded by his grandson Richard, and then two subsequent Richards, the second dying without issue. The latter was succeeded by his younger brother Geoffrey, who had two daughters Alice and Ellen. Alice eventually inherited the land, and married John de Davenport of Wheltrough circa 1370–1380, thus changing the family name to Davenport.^[5]

[edit] Davenports

The Davenport family's antecedents can be traced back to the time of the Norman conquest and one Orm de Davenport. The name "Davenport" name derives from the Norman French Dauen-port which translates as "the town on the trickling stream".^[6] By the early 13th century the family were large landowners during this period Vivian Davenport held the rank of Grand Sergeant of Macclesfield. During the following century cadet lines of the Davenports acquired land throughout the area, being recorded at Wheltrough, Henbury, Woodford and lastly at Bramhall.^[7] Robert, the son of John and Alice was the first Davenport of Bramhall. His grandson, John succeeded him, and from 1436 -1478 held the manor. John was succeeded by five Williams, the first of whom was lord of the manor from 1478 to 1528, and was one the first recorded trustees of the Macclesfield Grammar School.^[8] He was heavily involved in the final battle of the Wars of the Roses at Bosworth and was thus instrumental in gaining the crown for Henry VII.^[9] A year later in 1486, William was rewarded with a pension of 20 marks a year payable for his lifetime^[10] A decade later, one of William's houses, possibly Bramall, was attacked by Randle Hassall. Hassal plundered the site and stole the timber, resulting in a warrant being issued for his arrest.^[11] The theory that the house destroyed was Bramall gives credence to the idea that Bramall was rebuilt during the reign of Henry VII. The second William Davenport is more memorable for his death than his life. His will, dated 1 June 1541 provides the first known record of the chapel:

An inventory of William's belongings was made in 1541, and shows that he was a wealthy man. There is mention of a "yate house chamber", showing that at this date there was a fourth side to the hall, with an entrance by a gatehouse. There is also mention of a "chapell chamber", the room above the chapel, which may have been the priest's room.^[13] The third William Davenport succeeded his father, and it was he who was the originator of the Bramhall heraldic tapestry. Shields depicting various marriages are commemorated on it, and its arrangement makes it appear as though it was intended to be a cover of some sort, possibly for the high table.^[14] His son, another William, succeeded in 1576, and was lord for nine years. It would have been during his time that a priest's hide would have been built at Bramall, and it would have been done on this William Davenport's orders. He and his wife Margaret were both Catholic, so it seems fairly likely that this happened.^[15] The fifth William Davenport inherited Bramall in 1585, and lived there with his wife Dorothy for nearly 55 years. The first marriage at Bramall was recorded at this time, and it was of William, the eldest son of William and Dorothy, and Frances Wilbraham. William was 15 and Frances was 11, and the entry of the marriage was made in the register of Stockport Parish Church.^[16] On 22 April 1603 the fifth William Davenport was knighted by James I at Newark, where the king was staying on his six-week journey from Edinburgh to London.^[17]

From 1869 to 1876, the hall was leased to Wakefield Christy, a member of the well-known Stockport hatting firm.^[18] John William Handley Davenport became the legal owner in 1876, but on 24 January 1877 it was announced the estate had been arranged to be sold.^[19] Much of the furniture was auctioned, and some of these pieces can be seen at Capesthorne Hall in Cheshire.^[20] The hall itself, and rest of the Bramall estate totalling 1,918 acres (7.8 km²) was sold to Freeholders Company Limited, a Manchester property development firm, on 3 August 1877 for £200,000.^[21] It remained empty until 1882 when it was purchased by Thomas Nevill, a local industrialist whose wealth came from calico printing, as a wedding present for his son, Charles Nevill.^[22][4] While living in the hall, Charles carried out substantial restoration and remodelling of the building as well as redesigning the landscaping of its grounds. Most notably, the interior was made more comfortable while retaining most of the building's external features, with the assistance of the architect George Faulkener Armitage.^[23]

The hall remained in the Nevill family until 1925, when with changing fortunes after the first world war the family was forced to sell the estate to John Henry Davies. He lived in the hall until his death in 1927, and his widow Amy remained in the property until 1935 when she sold it to Hazel Grove and Bramhall Urban District Council with the intention that the hall and Park should be open to the public.^[23][4]

Following local government reorganisation, the estate became the property of Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council in 1974 and has remained so ever since.^[23]

[edit] Building

The east side of Bramall Hall. This side was the original entrance before the road through the park was rebuilt.

There has been a settlement at Bramall since Saxon times. The hall was not always in the current location, the current one having been built around the fourteenth century. According to local legend, the original home of the Bromales is said to be Crow Holt Wood, where artificial ditches which remain today are thought to have come from a moat.^[24] The current hall is a grade I listed building, and the oldest surviving parts date from the late 14th century, with extensive additions and alterations from the 16th and 19th centuries.^[4][25] It is built with foundations of stone, but the main part is made of oak timbers, joined together using mortice and tenon joints, and held in place with oak pegs. Wattle and daub or lath and plaster are used to fill the spaces between the timbers. The hall was originally approached on the east side; the drive followed the route of the Ladybrook stream, crossed the Carrbrook and went uphill towards the chapel on the south side, reaching the courtyard on the other side. Today the main entrance is on west, on the side of the courtyard.^[26] The gables date from the 19th century, and are an imitation of nearby Little Moreton Hall. The current layout can clearly be seen from the west side of the building: the service wing is on the left, the Great Hall is in the centre, and the solar wing is on the right.^[20] The service, or north wing contains the servants' hall and working quarters, with bedroom accommodation upstairs. The rooms are small, badly lit, and poorly arranged.^[27] They have been remodelled so much over the years, little antiquity remains in this area. However, the roof timbers are still intact, and indicate this wing is as old as the rest of the hall.^[28] There was a gatehouse on the west side, and it formed a courtyard in the centre.^[29] It was built for defence purposes, but in the late 18th century it was no longer necessary or fashionable, and was thus removed.^[30]

[edit] Ground floor

A plan of the ground floor.

The Great Hall is the central part of Bramall. In the Middle Ages, this is the place where the business of the house was conducted and a communal eating room for the household. Some of the servants would probably have slept there too. It was originally an open-roofed, single-storey building with two cross wings but was floored over in the 16th century.^[31][20] The Hall was largely rebuilt and the Withdrawing Room constructed above it towards the end of the 16th century, a long gallery was later added as a third storey.^[32] The history of the gallery is uncertain; it was in existence in 1790 but was taken down before 1819^[33] because it was considered unsafe.^[34]

There was once a belief that a right of way existed through the Hall, popularised by Harrison Ainsworth in the mid-19th century. He wrote that the road took the traveller through the Great Hall, where he was entertained, and sometimes refreshed.^[35] Tradition also claims that food from the buttery hatch was handed out to the poor who had gathered in the front porch. There is however no evidence for any right of way through the Hall.^[36] The Banqueting Hall, which leads off the Lesser Hall was built in the early 15th century, and in the 19th century it was used as a billiards room.^[1] Its northern wall is possibly the oldest part of the present hall, having not been renovated like the rest of the courtyard walls.^[36] The chapel, opposite the Banqueting Hall was the only place of public worship in Bramhall for many centuries. It was closed some time between 1869 and 1890, and later fell into disrepair. In 1938 it was restored, and religious services were resumed. On the north wall are unglazed windows which face the wall of the library. The origin of these is obscure, but they do provide evidence that the south wing was once separate from the Great Hall. On the west wall are written the Ten Commandments. Much of it has faded away now, and in doing so an older painting has been revealed. It is a pre-Reformation passion painting. These were outlawed following the Reformation, and whitewashed over. It was only in the 20th century that an effort was made to restore Passion paintings, but very little of this particular painting survives.^[37]

[edit] First floor

The ballroom, or upper banqueting hall dates from the late 15th century.^[20] It contains rare 16th century wall paintings depicting various scenes, painted directly on to the wood. There is one depicting the nursery rhyme "Ride a cock horse", and along the east wall a lady in a long gown holds a long scroll of music from which a man with a mandoline plays music. There may have once been a musicians' gallery there. Above the Chapel is the Chapel Room, or Queen Anne Room. It was almost totally restored in the 19th century. In the time of the Davenports, the room was divided into an anteroom, and a state bedroom. Because the room was over the chapel, it is likely a priest would have used it, and the room earned the name of the Priest's Room.^[38] The Plaster Room is named after what would have been the original flooring. The floor itself is lower than that of the Chapel Room and the Withdrawing Room.^[38] The room contains the most important item in the hall, a large table carpet dating from the 1560s, depicting the coats of arms of Elizabeth I and the Davenports with their marriage alliances.^[20] The Paradise Room is named after the bed hangings which contain embroidered images of Adam and Eve and their fall from paradise, as well as the fact paradise was a name used in the Middle Ages for a bedchamber or favourite room. There is a cupboard on the right hand side of the fireplace, and on the other side there is a large cavity which was hidden by modern boarding until recently. A description from 1882 describes it as

This is the most likely place in Bramall a priest's hide could be found, in the thick wall of the chimney breast, close to the chapel and chapel room. This room had earned the alternative name "the ghost room" in the 19th century, due to the frequent stories of sightings coming from it. There have also been stories of a secret passage from the paradise room to the drive outside, or down to the chapel, but these passages do not exist.^[40] The largest upstairs room is the Withdrawing Room, situated above the Great Hall. It was built for William Davenport, and dates from 1592. It contains Davenport family portraits and a plaster ceiling.^[20] There is an overmantel bearing the arms of Elizabeth I above the fireplace, and tradition has it that the queen herself presented it as a thank you for hospitality received. However, as the queen only likely ever came as far north as Chester, this is unlikely.^[41]

[edit] Name

The area around Bramall is Bramhall, but the correct name of the estate is without the "h". The Domesday book spells Bramall as "Bramale", and the current spelling was preferred by Charles Nevill, as well as Hazel Grove and Bramhall Urban District Council, so "Bramall" became the correct spelling. It is often still confused however.^[1]

[edit] Grounds

Part of the grounds and lakes.

The hall is set in 70 acres of parkland, which have been landscaped in the style of Capability Brown. The park was originally an estate attached to the hall, and would have served as a deer park, stocked with deer and used as a hunting ground. From the seventeenth century, the park was gradually converted into agricultural land. In the 1880s Charles Nevill remodelled the park into what can be seen today, creating the lakes by altering the course of the Ladybrook.^[2] A new road through the park was built in the spring and summer of 1888, which was taken well away from the hall. The east entrance was turned into a private doorway leading into the garden, where Charles Nevill laid out terraces.^[42]

There have been a number of archaeological finds in and around Bramall, including an early Bronze Age arrowhead and flints. The park contains substantial mature woodland and open grassland, which provide a natural boundary, as well as two lakes.^[1][4]

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Ainsworth, Harrison (1834). Rookwood. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard. 
• Campbell, W. (1873-1877). Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII.  (Roll series, no.60)
• Dean, E. Barbara (1977). Bramall Hall: The Story of an Elizabethan Manor House. Stockport: Recreation & Culture Division, Metropolitan Borough Council of Stockport. ISBN 0905164067. 
• Earwaker, J.P. (1877). East Cheshire Past and Present. 
• Nichols, J. (1828). The Progresses of King James I. 
• Ormerod, George (1980). The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester. Manchester: E. J. Morten Publishers. ISBN 0859720454. 
• Piccope, G.J. (1855). Lancs. & Ches. Wills and Inventories. Chetham Society. 
• Watson, John. Survey of Bramhall. 

[edit] External links

• Bramall Hall