Boeing 367-80
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| Boeing 367-80 | |
|---|---|
 Boeing 367-80 |
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| Type | Prototype transport/airliner |
| Manufacturer | Boeing |
| Maiden flight | 15 July 1954 |
| Introduced | 1954 |
| Retired | 1969 |
| Status | At the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center |
| Primary user | Boeing |
| Produced | 1954 |
| Number built | 1 |
| Unit cost | $16 million |
| Variants | C-135 Stratolifter KC-135 Stratotanker Boeing 707 |
The Boeing 367-80, or "Dash 80" as it was called within Boeing, was an American prototype jet transport built to demonstrate that high speed jet transport was no longer the sole preserve of military aircraft. The "Dash 80" was also the first swept wing commercial jetliner that entered service.
Considered to be the prototype for both the Boeing 707 airliner and the C-135 series aircraft (including the best known variant, the KC-135 air tanker used by the United States Air Force), the Dash 80 was built in less than two years from project launch in 1952 to rollout on 14 May 1954 for a cost of US$16 million. This was at the time an enormous risk for the Boeing Company, since they had no committed customers for the project.
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[edit] Design and development
By the late 1940s, two developments were encouraging Boeing to begin considering the possibility of building a passenger jet.
The first was the maiden flight in 1949 of the world’s first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet. With its 500 mph cruise speed, it promised to significantly reduce journey times compared with existing propeller-powered aircraft. Boeing President Bill Allen led a company delegation to Britain in summer 1950 where they saw the Comet fly at the Farnborough Air Show, and also visited the de Havilland factory at Hatfield, Hertfordshire where the Comets were being built.
The second event was completion by 1950 of successful development of the B-47 jet bomber. Boeing felt that this program had enabled it to master the swept wing and podded engines which it saw as key technologies that would enable it to improve on the performance of the Comet.
In 1950, Boeing tentatively produced a specification for a jet airliner which it dubbed the Model 473-60C.[1] However the airlines were unconvinced[2] because they had no experience with jet transports, and were enjoying success with piston engined aircraft such as the Douglas DC-4, DC-6, Boeing 377 and Lockheed Constellation.
There was also a broader problem: Boeing was experienced at selling to the military, but had not enjoyed the same success with civil airliners. This market was dominated by Douglas who was adept at meeting the needs of airlines by refining and developing its range of propeller-driven aircraft, and in 1950 were actively marketing the forthcoming DC-7. Boeing decided that the only way to overcome the airlines' suspicion of the jet - and of itself - was to show them a completed aircraft.[3]
The -80 fuselage was wide enough for five-abreast seating; two on one side of the aisle and three on the other. However, by the time the Boeing company committed to production, the decision had been made to design the production model 707 as a six-abreast design, with a larger-diameter fuselage (148 inches), based on feedback from airline officials who had studied the prototype. This decision did not unduly delay introduction of the production model since the -80 had been largely handbuilt, and thus little production tooling had been created for its manufacture.[4]
[edit] Model number
As the first of a new generation of passenger jets, Boeing wanted the aircraft's model number to emphasize the difference from its previous propeller-driven aircraft which bore 300-series numbers. The 400-, 500- and 600-series were already used by missiles and other products, so Boeing decided that the jets would bear 700-series numbers, and the first would be the 707.[5]
However, just after the program was approved, Boeing changed the designation as a disinformation tactic intended to mislead its competitors. "367" was the Boeing model number of the KC-97 Stratotanker, a previous generation aircraft to which the Dash 80 owed nothing.[2] In fact, the Dash 80 was closer in relation to Boeing's B-47 Stratojet. It was because the aircraft's lack of relation to the 367 that the jet was referred to as "-80" or Dash 80.
[edit] Operational history
By early 1952 the designs were complete, and in April 1952, the Boeing board approved the program to build the jet. Construction of the Dash 80 took place at Boeing's Renton, Washington plant, but as a prototype there was no production line and most of the parts were custom built. The aircraft's interior was not fitted with an airline cabin; rather it consisted of a basic plywood lining that was used to house the test instrumentation required for the flight test program.
The Dash 80 was rolled out of the factory on 15 May 1954,[6]. The 367-80 then undertook a series of taxi trials although the port landing gear collapsed on the 22 May causing damage to the airframe which was quickly repaired.[7] and the maiden flight took place 15 July 1954. A series of test flights followed during which the most significant issue discovered was a marked propensity to "Dutch roll" - an alternating yawing and rolling motion. Boeing already had considerable experience with this on the B-47 and B-52, and had developed a yaw damper system on the B-47 that could be adapted to later swept wing configurations like the Dash 80. Other problems were found with the engines and brakes, the latter failing completely during landing on one occasion causing the aircraft to overshoot the runway and suffer damage.[8]
In addition to the flight testing program, Boeing also used the Dash 80 to provide demonstration flights to airline executives and other key industry figures. These focused attention on the question of what the cabin of a passenger jet should look like. In a significant departure from its usual practice, Boeing hired industrial design firm Walter Dorwin Teague to create a cabin as radical as the aircraft itself.[9]
[edit] The barrel roll
As part of the Dash 80's demonstration program, Bill Allen invited representatives of the Aircraft Industries Association (AIA) and International Air Transport Association to the Seattle's 1955 Seafair and Gold Cup Hydroplane Races held on Lake Washington on 6 August 1955. The Dash-80 was scheduled to perform a simple flyover, but Boeing test pilot Alvin "Tex" Johnston instead performed a barrel roll at 500 ft to show off the jet airliner.[10]
The next day, Allen summoned Johnston to his office and told him not to perform such a maneuver again, notwithstanding Johnston's assertion that doing so was completely safe ("It's a one-g maneuver. It's absolutely nonhazardous, but it's very impressive," explained Johnson to Allen)[11].
To date Johnston is the only pilot known to have performed a roll in a four engine jet transport. Other big four engine jet aircraft have done barrel rolls; for instance, the Avro Vulcan XA890 was rolled by Roly Falk on the first day of the 1955 Farnborough Air Show[12], but it was a bomber. The barrel roll story appears on a video called Frontiers of Flight - The Jet Airliner, produced by the National Air and Space Museum in association with the Smithsonian Institution in 1992.[10][verification needed]
The legacy of the 707 barrel roll lives on: Boeing Chief Test Pilot John Cashman has stated that just before he piloted the maiden flight of the Boeing 777 on 12 June 1994, his last instructions from then-Boeing President Phil Condit were "No rolls."[13]
[edit] Life as an experimental aircraft
After the arrival of the first production 707 in 1957, the Dash 80 was adapted into a general experimental aircraft and used by Boeing to test a variety of new technologies and systems. One of its most important tasks during the late 1950s was to test systems for the new Boeing 727. These tests required the fitting of a fifth engine on the rear fuselage to simulate the 727's third engine.
Other tests included experiments with different airfoil shapes and a number of high lift devices such as blown flaps in which compressed air bled from the engines is directed over the flaps to increase lift during takeoff and landing.[2]
[edit] Final flight
After 2,350 hours and 1,691 flights the aircraft was withdrawn from use in 1969 and placed in storage .[14] On 26 May 1972 Boeing donated the 367-80 to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, the museum had designated it one of twelve most significant aircraft of all time.[15]. For the next 18 years the aircraft was stored at a Aircraft boneyard in Arizona before being returned to Boeing in 1990 for restoration. The Dash 80's final flight was to Dulles International Airport near Washington, D.C. on 27 August 2003. She was put on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum located at Dulles.
[edit] Specifications (367-80)
General characteristics
- Length: 128 ft 0 in (39.02 m)
- Wingspan: 130 ft 0 in (39.63 m)
- Height: ()
- Wing area: 2,402 ft² (223.2 m²)
- Loaded weight: 160,000 lb (72,600 kg)
- Powerplant: 4× Pratt & Whitney JT3 turbojets, 10,000 lbf (44.5 kN) each
Performance
- Range: 3,530 mi (5,680 km)
- Service ceiling 43,000 ft (13,100 m)
- Wing loading: 67 lb/ft² (325 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.3:1
[edit] References
- Notes
- ^ Irving 1994, p. 166.
- ^ a b c National Air and Space Museum (Smithsonian Institution): Boeing 367-80 (2004) Access date: 22 February 2007
- ^ Irving 1994, p. 167-169.
- ^ Boeing web page
- ^ Irving 1994, p. 171.
- ^ Irving 1994, p. 173.
- ^ Pither 1998, p. 12
- ^ Irving 1994, p. 179.
- ^ Boeing's relationship with Walter Dorwin Teague has continued to the present day.
- ^ a b Video interview with Tex Johnston about barrel roll
- ^ It's Possible to Roll This Airplane, Flying Magazine, Vol. 135., No. 5, May 2008, p. 48
- ^ Laming 2002, p 48
- ^ After 40 years at Boeing, chief test pilot John Cashman is retiring
- ^ Pither 1998, Page 13
- ^ Pither 1998, Page 13
- Bibliography
- Bowers, Peter M. Boeing aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989. ISBN 0-85177-804-6.
- Irving, Clive. Wide Body: The Making of the Boeing 747. Philadelphia: Coronet, 1994. ISBN 0-340-59983-9.
- Laming, Tim. The Vulcan Story 1952-2002, Second Edition. Enderby, Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books, 2002. ISBN 1-85605-701-1.
- Tony Pither, The Boeing 707 720 and C-135, Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, England, 1998, ISBN 0 85130 236 X
- Wilson, Stewart. Airliners of the World. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-875671-44-7.
[edit] External links
- Boeing 367-80 history on Boeing.com
- Boeing 707 family history (including 367-80) on Boeing.com
- Boeing 367-80 page on AviationHistoryOnline.com
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
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