Battle of Tarakan (1945)

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Battle of Tarakan (1945)
Part of the Pacific Theatre of World War II
Australian infantry advancing through wrecked oil storage tanks at Tank Hill, Tarakan.
Date May 1-June 19, 1945 Location Tarakan Island, Netherlands East Indies Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Australia  United States  Netherlands	Empire of Japan
Commanders
Brigadier David Whitehead	Major Tadai Tokoi
Strength
15,532	2,200
Casualties and losses
Over 251 dead, over 669 wounded. Civilian casualties unknown.	1,540 dead, 252 captured prior to 15 August 1945

v • d • e Borneo campaign (1945) Tarakan – Oboe Six – North Borneo – Balikpapan Order of battle

The Battle of Tarakan was the first stage in the Borneo campaign of 1945. It began with an amphibious landing by Australian forces on May 1, code-named Operation Oboe One. While the battle ended with success for the Allied forces over the Japanese defenders, this victory is generally regarded as having not justified its costs.

Contents 1 Background 1.1 Japanese occupation 1.2 Allied plans 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Allies 2.2 Japan 3 Preparatory operations 4 Battle 4.1 Landing 4.2 Securing the interior 4.3 Construction problems 4.4 Mopping up 5 Aftermath 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Background

Tarakan is an island off the east coast of Borneo. The island has an area of 303 square kilometers (117 mi²), much of which was covered by swamps or hills covered in dense jungle at the time of the battle. Tarakan formed part of the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) and was an important oil production centre, with the island's two oilfields producing 80,000 barrels of oil per month in 1941.^[1]

[edit] Japanese occupation

Securing Tarakan's oilfields formed one of Japan's early objectives during the Pacific War. The Japanese invaded Tarakan on January 11, 1942 and defeated the small Dutch garrison in two days of fighting in which half the defenders were killed. While Tarakan's oilfields were successfully sabotaged by the Dutch before their surrender, the Japanese were able to switfly restore them to production and 350,000 barrels were extracted each month by early 1944.^[2]

Following the Dutch surrender Tarakan's 5,000 inhabitants suffered under Japan's occupation policies. The large number of Japanese troops stationed on the island caused food shortages and many Tarakanese civilians suffered from malnutrition as a result. During the occupation the Japanese brought about 600 labourers to Tarakan from Java. The Japanese also forced an estimated 300 Javanese women to work as "comfort women" on Tarakan after enticing them to travel with false offers of clerical and clothes-making jobs.^[3]

Tarakan's value to the Japanese evaporated with the rapid advance of Allied forces into the area. The last Japanese oil tanker left Tarakan in July 1944, and heavy Allied air raids later in the year destroyed the island's oil production and storage facilities.^[4] These raids may also have killed several hundred Indonesian civilians.^[5] In line with its declining importance, the Japanese garrison on Tarakan was reduced in early 1945 when one of the two infantry battalions stationed on the island (the 454th Independent Infantry Battalion) was withdrawn to Balikpapan. This battalion was destroyed by the Australian 7th Division in July during the Battle of Balikpapan.^[6]

[edit] Allied plans

The primary objective for the Allied attack on Tarakan (code-named "Oboe One") was to secure and develop the island's airstrip so that it could be used to provide air cover for subsequent landings in Brunei, Labuan and Balikpapan. The secondary objective for the operation was to secure Tarakan's oilfields and bring them into operation as a source of oil for the Allied forces in the theatre.^[7]

Under the pre-invasion planning it was intended that a wing of fighter aircraft would be based at Tarakan six days after the landing and this force would be expanded to include an attack wing nine days later and staging facilities for a further four squadrons of aircraft within 21 days of the landing.^[8]

The Allied planners possessed detailed intelligence on Tarakan and its defenders. This intelligence had been gathered from a variety of sources which included signals intelligence, photographic reconnaissance flights and Dutch colonial officials.^[9] Tarakan was the Australian Services Reconnaissance Department's (SRD) first priority from November 1944. However, the difficulty of infiltrating operatives into such a small island and power struggles within SRD led to the organisation providing only limited aid to the planners.^[10]

[edit] Opposing forces

Main article: Borneo Campaign (1945) order of battle

[edit] Allies

The Allied force responsible for capturing Tarakan was centred around the almost 12,000 man strong Australian 26th Brigade Group. The 26th Brigade had been formed in 1940 and comprised three veteran infantry battalions which had seen action in North Africa and New Guinea. The Brigade Group also included an artillery regiment, a tank squadron from the 2/9th Armoured Regiment, a commando squadron and pioneer and engineer units. These combat units were supported by a large number of logistics and medical units.^[11] While the 26th Brigade Group greatly outnumbered the known strength of Tarakan's Japanese defenders, the Allies committed this large force as their previous experience indicated that it would be difficult to defeat the Japanese force if it retreated into Tarakan's rugged interior.^[12]

The 26th Brigade Group was supported by Allied air and naval units. The air units were drawn from the Australian First Tactical Air Force (1 TAF) and United States Thirteenth Air Force and included fighter and bomber squadrons. The naval force was drawn from the United States Seventh Fleet and included several Royal Australian Navy warships and transports. Since the main objective of attacking Tarakan was to use the island's airstrip, the invasion force also included a large number of Royal Australian Air Force ground units, including No. 61 Airfield Construction Wing^[13] comprising No. 1 and No. 8 Airfield Construction Squadrons.^[14]

The force which landed on Tarakan included nearly a thousand United States and Dutch troops. The U.S. troops included the U.S. Army engineers who manned the invasion force's landing craft and LVTs and United States Navy Seabee detachments onboard the Landing Ship Tanks. The Dutch forces were organised into a company of Ambonese infantry commanded by Dutch officers and a civil affairs unit.^[15]

[edit] Japan

At the time of the Allied landing, the Japanese force on Tarakan numbered 2,200 men drawn from the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy. The largest unit was the 740-man strong 455th Independent Infantry Battalion which was commanded by Major Tadai Tokoi. 150 Army support troops were also on Tarakan. The Navy's contribution to Tarakan's garrison comprised 980 seamen commanded by Commander Kaoru Kaharu. The main naval unit was the 600-strong 2nd Naval Garrison Force. This naval unit was trained to fight as infantry and operated several coastal defence guns. The 350 Japanese civilian oil workers on Tarakan were also expected to fight in the event of an Allied attack. The Japanese force included about 50 Indonesians serving in a home guard unit. Major Tokoi directed the overall defence of Tarakan, though relations between the Army and Navy were poor.^[16]

The Japanese forces were concentrated around Lingkas, Tarakan's main port and the site of the only beaches suitable for landing troops.^[17] These defenders had spent the months before the invasion constructing defensive positions and laying mines.^[18] These fixed defences were used extensively during the battle, with Japanese tactics being focused on tenaciously defending pre-prepared positions. The Japanese did not conduct any large counter-attacks, and most offensive actions were limited to small parties of raiders which attempted to infiltrate the Australian lines.^[19]

[edit] Preparatory operations

Prior to the arrival of the invasion force the Japanese garrison on Tarakan and Borneo was subjected to intensive air and naval attacks from April 12 to April 29.^[20] The RAAF and USAAF also mounted air attacks against Japanese bases in China, French Indochina and the NEI to supress Japanese air units throughout the region. These attacks destroyed all Japanese aircraft in the Tarakan area.^[21]

The aerial bombing of Tarakan increased in intensity five days before the landing. The bombardment was focused on the areas adjoining the planned landing beaches at Lingkas with the objective of neutralising the Japanese defences in these areas. The oil storage tanks at Lingkas were a key objective as it was feared that the oil in these tanks could be ignited and used against Allied troops. These bombardments forced much of Tarakan's civilian population to flee inland.^[22]

Because they needed to clear the large number of naval mines around the island and the extensive beach obstacles at Lingkas, the Allies did not attempt a surprise landing. The first elements of the invasion fleet arrived off the island on April 27, four days before the planned date of the main landing. Mine clearance operations were completed by May 1 at a cost of two small minesweepers damaged.^[23]

On April 30, the 2/4th Commando Squadron and the 57th Battery of the 2/7th Field Regiment were landed on the nearby Sadau Island in order to support the engineers tasked with clearing the obstacles off the invasion beaches. This force rapidly secured the undefended Island.^[24] The landing on Sadau Island was the first time Australian soldiers had landed on non-Australian territory in the Pacific since late 1941 (Australian participation in the New Guinea Campaign from 1942 onwards was limited to the Australian portion of New Guinea).^[25] The only Allied losses in this operation were onboard USS Jenkins which was damaged when she struck a mine while supporting the landing.^[26]

The task of clearing the beach obstacles at Lingkas was assigned to the 2/13th Field Company. These defences comprised rows of barbed wire, wooden posts and steel rails which extended 125 yards from the beach. At 11:00 on April 30, eight parties of engineers went forward in LVTs and landing craft to clear the obstacles. The engineers were supported by the guns on Sadau Island and Allied warships and aircraft. Operating under Japanese fire the engineers cleared all the obstacles obstructing the landing beaches. While heavy casualties had been expected, the 2/13th completed their task without loss.^[27]

[edit] Battle

[edit] Landing

The main invasion force arrived by sea off Tarakan in the early hours of May 1. Supported by a heavy air and naval bombardment, the 2/23rd Battalion and the 2/48th Battalion made an amphibious landing at about 08:00. No opposition was encountered on the beach, and the two battalions suffered only light casualties clearing the remaining coastal defences. By nightfall the Australian beachhead extended for 2,800 yards along the shore and up to 2,000 yards inland.^[28] Most of the 26th Brigade Group's remaining combat units, including the squadron of Matilda II tanks, were landed later on May 1.^[29] Allied casualties were lighter than expected, with 11 men killed and 35 wounded.^[30] The light Japanese resistance was due to the heavy pre-landing bombardment forcing Tarakan's defenders to abandon the formidable defences at Lingkas.^[31]

While the infantry were successful in securing a beachhead, the landing was hampered by the poor beach conditions. Many Australian vehicles became bogged in Lingkas Beach's soft mud, and seven LSTs were stranded after their commanders missjudged the ships' beachings. The small amount of solid ground within the beachhead resulted in severe congestion and resulted in none of 2/7th Field Regiment's guns being brought into action until the afternoon of the landing.^[32] The congestion was made worse by much of the RAAF ground force being landed on May 1 with large numbers of vehicles.^[33] The seven LSTs were not refloated until 13 May.^[34]

After securing the beachhead, the 26th Brigade Group advanced east into Tarakan Town and north towards the airstrip. The Australians encountered increasingly determined Japanese resistance as they moved inland.^[35] The task of capturing Tarakan's airstrip was assigned to the 2/24th Battalion. The Battalion's initial attack on the airstrip on the night of May 2 was delayed when the Japanese set off large explosive charges, and the airstrip was not secured until May 5.^[36] While the capture of the airfield achieved the 26th Brigade Group's main task, the Japanese still held Tarakan's rugged interior.^[37]

During the first week of the invasion, 7,000 Indonesian refugees passed into the advancing Australian lines. This was a larger number than had been expected, and the refugees, many of whom were in poor health, overwhelmed the Dutch civil affairs unit. Despite the devastation caused by the Allied bombardment and invasion, most of the civilians welcomed the Australians as liberators.^[38] Hundreds of Indonesian civilians later worked as labourers and porters for the Allied force.^[39]

[edit] Securing the interior

In order to secure the island and protect the airstrip from attack, the 26th Brigade Group was forced to clear the Japanese from Tarakan's heavily forested hills. Approximately 1,700 Japanese troops were dug into positions in the north and centre of the island. These positions were protected by booby traps and mines.^[40] While attacking these positions necessarily entailed costly infantry fighting, the Australian troops made heavy use of their available artillery and air support to minimise casualties.^[41] This was in line with General Thomas Blamey's order for the 26th Brigade Group to advance cautiously after the airfield was secured.^[42] The Australian tanks could only provide limited support to the infantry as Tarakan's heavy jungle, swamps and steep hills often confined their movement to tracks and roads. As a result, tanks generally could not be used to spearhead attacks, and their role was limited to providing supporting fire for infantry assaults, with artillery being the preferred source of dirrect support.^[43] The Japanese battery at Cape Djoeata on Tarakan's north coast was knocked out by USS Douglas A. Munro on May 23.^[44]

The 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion and the NEI company were assigned responsibility for securing the south-eastern portion of Tarakan.^[45] The Pioneers began advancing east of Tarakan Town on May 7 but encountered unexpectedly strong Japanese resistance. From May 10, the battalion was halted at the 'Helen' feature, which was defended by 200 Japanese troops. On May 12 Corporal John Mackey was killed after single-handedly capturing three Japanese machine gun posts. Mackey was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for this act of heroism. During the fighting at Helen B-24 Liberator heavy bombers were used for close air support for the first time, with P-38 Lightning fighters dropping napalm immediately after the bombing. This combination proved particularly effective and became the standard form of air support requested by the Australians. The Japanese force withdrew from Helen on May 14 after suffering 100 casualties, and the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion reached Tarakan's eastern shore on May 16. The Battalion suffered 20 killed and 46 wounded in this advance.^[46] During this period the NEI company secured the remainder of southern Tarakan, and encountered little resistance during its advance.^[47]

The Japanese garrison was gradually destroyed, with the survivors abandoning their remaining positions in the hills and withdrawing to the north of the island on June 14. On this day 112 Chinese and Indonesian labourers left the Japanese-held area with a note from a senior Japanese officer asking that they be well treated.^[48] While Radio Tokyo announced that Tarakan had fallen on June 15 the last organised Japanese resistance was encountered on June 19 and Whitehead did not declare the island secure until June 21.^[49][50]

[edit] Construction problems

While the infantry of the 26th Brigade Group fought the Japanese in the hills, the RAAF engineers of No. 61 Airfield Construction Wing were engaged in a desperate effort to bring Tarakan's airstrip into operation. As the airstrip had been heavily damaged by pre-invasion bombing and lay in marshy terrain it proved much more difficult to repair than had been expected,^[51] and it took eight weeks and not the expected single week to restore the strip to a usable state. Extensive use was made of interlocking steel plates laid down like matting. Remnants of the plates still exist in the car park at Tarakan airport.

While the airstrip was finally opened on June 28,^[52] this was too late for it to play any role in supporting the landings in Brunei or Labuan (June 10), or the landings at Balikpapan.^[53] However No. 78 Wing RAAF was based on Tarakan from June 28 and flew in support of the Balikpapan operation until the end of the war.^[54] The invasion of Tarakan also liberated the civilian population from a brutal occupying army.

[edit] Mopping up

Following the end of organised resistance the surviving Japanese on Tarakan split into small parties which headed to the north and east of the island. The 26th Brigade Group's main combat units were allocated sections of Tarakan which they swept for Japanese. Many Japanese attempted to cross the strait separating Tarakan from the mainland but were intercepted by Allied naval patrols.^[55]

From the first week of July the surviving Japanese became short of food and attempted to return to their old positions in the centre of the island and raid Australian positions in search of food. As their hunger increased more Japanese surrendered. The Australian units continued patrols in search of Japanese until the end of the war, with several Japanese being killed or surrendering each day.^[56] These patrols cost the 26th Brigade Group a further 36 casualties between June 21 and August 15.^[57] 300 Japanese evaded capture and surrendered after the end of the war.^[58]

[edit] Aftermath

The 26th Brigade Group remained on Tarakan as an occuption force until December 27, 1945, though most of its units were disbanded in October. The Brigade's headquarters returned to Australia in early 1946 and was formally disbanded at Brisbane in January 1946.^[59]

Tarakan's oilfields were swiftly repaired and brought back into production. Engineers and technicians arrived shortly after the Allied landing and the first oil pump was restored on 27 June. By October the Island's oilfields were producing 8,000 barrels per day and providing employment for many Tarakanese civilians.^[60]

The Allied units committed to the battle carried out their tasks with "skill and professionalism".^[61] In summing up the operation Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that "altogether this was a very well conducted amphibious operation which attained its objectives with minimum loss".^[62] The Battle of Tarakan emphasised the importance of combined arms warfare, and especially the need for infantry to cooperate with and be supported by tanks, artillery and engineers during jungle warfare.^[63]

Despite Morison's judgement, the 26th Brigade Group's casualties were high in comparison to the other landings in the Borneo campaign. The Brigade suffered more than twice the casualties the 9th Division's other two Brigades suffered during their operations in North Borneo and 23 more fatalities than the 7th Division incurred at Balikpapan.^[64] The 26th Brigade Group's higher losses may be attributable to Tarakan's garrison not being able to withdraw as the garrisons in North Borneo and Balikpapan did.^[65]

The landing force's achievements were nullified by the fact that the island's airfield could not be brought into action. The faulty intelligence assessment which lead the RAAF planners to believe that the airfield could be repaired represented a major failing.^[66] Moreover, the RAAF's performance at Tarakan was often poor. This performance may have resulted from the low morale prevalent in many units and the 'Morotai Mutiny' disrupting 1 TAF's leadership.^[67]

As with the rest of the Borneo campaign, the Australian operations on Tarakan remain controversial.^[68] Debate continues over whether the campaign was a meaningless "sideshow", or whether it was justified in the context of the planned operations to both invade Japan and liberate the rest of the Netherlands East Indies, which were both scheduled to begin in 1946. The Australian official historian Gavin Long's judgement that "the results achieved did not justify the cost of the Tarakan operation"^[69] is in accordance with the generally held view on the battle.^[70]

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• I Australian Corps [1945?] (1980). "Report on Operations. Borneo Campaign (Appendix to Japanese Monograph No. 26: Borneo Operations (1941—1945))", in Foreign Histories Division, Office of the Military History Officer, Headquarters, United States Army Japan: War in Asia and the Pacific. Volume 6. The Southern Area (Part I). New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN 082403290X. 
• Coates, John (2001). An Atlas of Australia's Wars. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195541197. 
• Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 10987654321. 
• Wesley Craven and James Cate (1953), The Army Air Forces in World War Two. Volume V: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
• Gill, G Herman (1968). Royal Australian Navy, 1942—1945, Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 
• Hopkins, R.N.L. (1978). Australian Armour. A History of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps 1927—1972. Canberra: Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0642994072. 
• Johnston, Mark (2002). That Magnificent 9th. An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division 1940—46. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1865086541. 
• Long, Gavin (1963). The Final Campaigns, Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 
• Long, Gavin (1973). The Six Years War. Australia in the 1939—45 War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0642993750. 
• Samuel Eliot Morison (1959), The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas 1944—1945. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.
• Odgers, George [1957] (1968). Air War Against Japan, 1943—1945, Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 
• Ogawa, Itsu [1957] (1980). "Japanese Monograph No. 26: Borneo Operations (1941—1945)", in Foreign Histories Division, Office of the Military History Officer, Headquarters, United States Army Japan: War in Asia and the Pacific. Volume 6. The Southern Area (Part I). New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN 082403290X. 
• Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide. A Geo-Military Study. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313313954. 
• Royal Navy (1959), Naval Staff History Second World War: War with Japan, Volume VI; The Advance to Japan. British Admiralty, London.
• Stanley, Peter (1994). "An Oboe Concerto: Reflections on the Borneo Landings, 1945". Lieutenant Colonel Glenn Wahlert Australian Army Amphibious Operations in the South-West Pacific: 1942-45, Canberra: Army Doctrine Centre. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 
• Stanley, Peter (1997). Tarakan. An Australian Tragedy. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1864482788. 
• Stevens, Alan (1994). "The Royal Australian Air Force and Amphibious Operations in the South-West Pacific Area". Lieutenant Colonel Glenn Wahlert Australian Army Amphibious Operations in the South-West Pacific: 1942-45, Canberra: Army Doctrine Centre. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 
• Wilson, David (1998). Always First: The RAAF Airfield Construction Squadrons 1942-1974. Sydney: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 0642265259. 

[edit] External links

• Operations instructions no 99, Tarakan Island, March 1945

Coordinates: 3°21′0″N, 117°34′0″E