Battle of Madagascar
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The Battle of Madagascar was the Allied campaign to capture Vichy French-controlled Madagascar during World War II. It began on 5 May 1942. Fighting did not cease until 6 November.
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[edit] Background
In early 1942, Allied leaders believed that ports on the island might be used by Japan, an idea shared by the German Navy. Following their conquest of South East Asia, east of Burma by the end of February 1942, the Japanese high command was able to contemplate moves westward. Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy were moving freely throughout the Indian Ocean. In March 1942, Japanese aircraft carriers conducted the Indian Ocean raid. This raid drove the British Eastern Fleet out of the north-east Indian Ocean. The British were forced to re-locate to a new base at Kilindini (at Mombasa), in Kenya.
The move laid the fleet open to a new angle of attack: the possibility of Japanese naval forces using forward bases in Madagascar had to be addressed. The potential use of these facilities threatened Allied merchant shipping, the supply route to the British Eighth Army and also the Eastern Fleet.
Japanese submarines had the longest ranges of any at the time — more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km) in some cases. Had these submarines been able to utilise bases on Madagascar, it would have affected Allied lines of communications in a region stretching from the Pacific and Australia, to the Middle East and South Atlantic.
[edit] Operation Ironclad
Allied commanders decided to launch an amphibious assault on Madagascar. The plan was known as Operation Ironclad and Allied forces, centred initially on the British Army and the Royal Navy were commanded by Major-General Robert Sturges of the Royal Marines. The Allied naval contingent consisted of over 50 vessels, drawn from Force H, the British Home Fleet and the British Eastern Fleet, commanded by Rear Admiral Edward Neville Syfret. The fleet included HMS Illustrious, her sister ship HMS Indomitable and the ageing battleship HMS Ramillies to cover the landings.
[edit] The landings
Following many reconnaissance missions by the South African Air Force, the British 5th Infantry Division's 17th Infantry Brigade Group and 13th Infantry Brigade, as well as the British 29th Infantry Brigade, and 5 Commando, Royal Marines were carried ashore by landing craft to Courrier Bay and Ambararata Bay, just west of the major port of Diego Suarez (later known as Antsiranana), at the northern tip of Madagascar. A diversionary attack was staged to the east. Air cover was provided mainly by Fairey Albacores, Grumman Martlets and Fairey Swordfish from the Fleet Air Arm, which attacked Vichy shipping. A small number of SAAF planes assisted.
The Vichy forces, led by Governor General Armand Léon Annet, included about 8,000 troops, of whom about 6,000 were Malagasy. A large proportion of the others were Senegalese. Between 1,500 and 3,000 Vichy troops were concentrated around Diego Suarez. However, naval and air defences were relatively light and/or obsolete: eight coastal batteries, two armed merchant cruisers, two sloops, five submarines, 17 Morane-Saulnier 406 fighters and 10 Potez 63 bombers.
Following fierce fighting, Diego Suarez was surrendered on 7 May, although substantial Vichy forces withdrew to the south.
The Japanese submarines I-10, I-16 and I-20 arrived on May 29. I-10's reconnaissance plane spotted the Ramillies at anchor in Diego Suarez harbour but, the plane was seen and Ramillies changed her berth. I-20 and I-16 launched two midget submarines, one of which managed to enter the harbour and fired two torpedoes, while under depth charge attack from two corvettes. One torpedo seriously damaged Ramillies, while the second sank an oil tanker (British Loyalty, later refloated). Ramillies was later repaired in Durban and Plymouth.
Lieutenant Saburo Akieda and Petty Officer Masami Takemoto beached their submarine (M-20b) at Nosy Antalikely and moved inland towards their pick-up point near Cape Amber. They were informed upon when they bought food at a village and both were killed in a firefight with Royal Marines three days later. The second midget submarine was lost at sea and the body of one its crew was washed ashore a day later.
[edit] The land campaign
Hostilities continued at a low level for several months. During the summer of 1942, the two brigades of the British 5th Infantry Division were transferred to India. On 22 June, the East African Brigade Group (King's African Rifles) arrived on Madagascar. The South African 7th Motorized Brigade and the Rhodesian 27th Infantry Brigade (including forces from East Africa) were landed in the weeks following the arrival of the East Africans.
The 29th Brigade and 22nd Brigade Group carried out an amphibious landing on 10 September at Majunga, in the north-west, to re-launch Allied offensive operations ahead of the rainy season. Progress was slow for the Allied forces; in addition to occasional small scale clashes with enemy forces, they also encountered scores of obstacles erected on the main roads by Vichy soldiers. The Allies eventually captured the capital, Tananarive without much opposition, and then the town of Ambalavao. The last major action was at Andriamanalina on 18 October. Annet surrendered near Ilhosy, in the south of the island on 8 November.[4]
The Allies suffered about 500 casualties in the landing at Diego Suarez, and 30 killed and 90 wounded in the operations which followed 10 September.
[edit] Naval order of battle
[edit] Allied
- Battleship HMS Ramillies
- Aircraft carriers HMS Illustrious and Indomitable
- Cruisers HMS Hermione and Devonshire
- Destroyers HMS Active, HMS Anthony, HMS Duncan, HMS Inconstant, HMS Javelin, HMS Laforey, HMS Lightning, HMS Lookout, HMAS Nizam, HMAS Norman, HMS Pakenham, HMS Paladin and HMS Panther.
- Frigates, corvettes and transports.
[edit] Vichy France
- Two armed merchant cruisers
- Two sloops
- Five submarines including Beveziers, Le Heroes, Monge
[edit] Japan
- Submarines I-10 (with reconnaissance aircraft), I-16, I-18 (damaged by heavy seas and arrived late), I-20
- Midget submarines M-16b, M-20b
[edit] Aftermath
Free French General Paul Legentilhomme was appointed High Commissioner for Madagascar. But French control of the island was not to last much longer. Like many colonies, after World War II, Madagascar sought its independence. In 1947, the island experienced the Malagasy Uprising. This costly revolution was crushed in 1948. On 14 October 1958, about ten years later, the Malagasy Republic successfully proclaimed its independence from France.
[edit] See also
- East African Campaign (World War II)
- West Africa Campaign (World War II)
- Battle of Dakar
- Battle of Gabon
- Syria-Lebanon campaign
- Invasion of French Indochina
- Operation Torch
[edit] External links
- Bill Stone, 1998, "Operation Ironclad: Invasion of Madagascar"
- exordio.com, ?, "Operación Ironclad" (Spanish language)
- Outline of Japanese involvement
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Andre Wessels, "South Africa and the War against Japan 1941–1945", in Military History Journal (South African Military History Society) v. 10, no. 3 (June 1996). Access date: 9 March , 2007.
- ^ Wessels, Ibid.
- ^ Wessels, Ibid.
- ^ Time Magazine, Madagascar Surrenders
[edit] References
E.D.R. Harrison, "British Subversion in French East Africa, 1941–42: SOE's Todd Mission." English Historical Review, April 1999.
