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Battle of Harlem Heights Part of the American Revolutionary War George Washington at the Battle of Harlem Heights. Date September 16, 1776 Location Manhattan, New York Result American Victory[1] Belligerents Continental Army British Army Commanders George Washington, Nathanael Greene, Israel Putnam, Thomas Knowlton  † Alexander Leslie Strength 2,000 5,000 Casualties and losses 30 killed, 100 wounded [2] 90 killed, 300 wounded [3]

v • d • e New York and New Jersey 1776–1777 Long Island – Kip's Bay – Harlem Heights – Pell's Point – White Plains – Fort Washington – Trenton – Assunpink Creek – Princeton – Forage War – Bound Brook

The Battle of Harlem Heights was fought in the New York Campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The action took place in what is now the Morningside Heights and west Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City on September 16, 1776.

The Americans—under Generals George Washington, Nathanael Greene, and Israel Putnam, totaling around 2,000 men—held a series of high ground positions in upper Manhattan against an attacking British division totaling around 5,000 men under the command of General Alexander Leslie. British troops made what became a tactical error by sounding a fox hunt bugle call while in pursuit, meant to insult the Continentals, who were in orderly retreat. This instead infuriated the Americans who galvanized to hold their ground. The battle, however, ended indecisively. Despite the inconclusive result of the battle, the fact that the rebel troops did not retreat immediately in the face of the British regulars went a long way to restore the confidence of the Continental Army.

Contents 1 Battle 1.1 Fox hunt 2 Aftermath 3 Notes 3.1 References

[edit] Battle

The British moved further onto the northern plateau as the Americans fell back before them. As they moved south, the American flanking party encountered some British troops and firing broke out, warning the light infantry that they were in a perilous position. The fighting ranged north before Washington decided to send the 3rd Virginia Regiment under Major Leitch and Knowlton's Rangers forward in two flanking maneuvers. Three brigades from the division of Nathanael Greene made a feint to attack the British in their front.

[edit] Fox hunt

The 42nd Regiment of Foot (the Black Watch) came up, reinforced by the 33rd Regiment of Foot and the Hessian Musketeer Regiment von Donop. The Rangers were forced to retreat in some haste, with the British in pursuit. Washington ordered a force forward to lure the party of British further onto the plateau, while a second force moved around the British right flank and cut them off from the southern plateau and further reinforcement.

One of Howe's subordinates made a critical tactical mistake during the fight. A fox horn was sounded as an insult, to imply the Rangers' retreat signaled another rout, and that they were now to be chased down like mere foxes. The American forces heard the horn and this motivated the Continentals to more vigorously engage the British. Although the Americans attacked before the British were surrounded, and Leitch and Knowlton were both mortally wounded, the British found themselves attacked on 3 sides and began their own retreat. Under persistent attack, the British retreated to a field in the Hollow Way. The fighting continued for an hour until the imminent arrival of more British forces, under Cornwallis, caused Washington to call his troops back. Washington considered that after Kip's Bay, the Americans were not ready for a general engagement with the full British army.

[edit] Aftermath

The British and Hessians suffered nearly 400 casualties—about 90 killed and 300 wounded. The Americans had only about 100 wounded and 30 killed, including among the dead Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton and Major Andrew Leitch.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Alderman, Clifford Linsdey. The War We Could Have Lost: The American Revolution. New York: Four Winds Press, 1974.
• Bailey, Ralph. An American Colossus - The Singular Career Of Alexander Hamilton. Boston: Read Books, 2007.
• Bruce Bliven, Jr. Battle for Manhattan, [1955].
• Brooks, Elbridge Streeter. In Blue and White: The Adventures and Misadventures of Humphrey Vandyne, Trooper in Washington's Life-Guard.Boston: Lothrop, Lee, Shepard & Co, 1899.
• Churchill, Allen. The Roosevelts: American aristocrats. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
• Clement, Justin & Walsh, Stephen. Philadelphia 1777: Taking the Capital. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2007.
• Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004.
• Ferling, John E. Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence. London: Oxford University Press, 2007.
• Hayes, Bob. The Black American Travel Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1971.
• Hopper, Striker Mott, The New York of Yesterday: A Descriptive Narrative of Old Bloomingdale, 1908.
• Jenson, Eva. Merging History and Genealogy in the Ancestry of Major John Burnham. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1992.
• McCollough, David. 1776 [2005], ISBN 978-0-7432-2671-4
• Rider, Fremont, Cooper, Frederic Taber and Hopkins, Mary Alden. Rider's New York City and Vicinity, Including Newark, Yonkers and Jersey. New York: H. Holt and co., 1916.
• Salwen, Peter. Upper West Side Story 1989, ISBN 0-89659-894-2.
• Schecter, Barnet. The Battle for New York, [2002], ISBN 0-8027-1374-2.
• Shreve, L.G. Tench Tilghman, the Life and Times of Washington's Aide-de-camp. Lansing: University of Michigan, 1982.

v • d • e New York in the American Revolutionary War Pre-war Sons of Liberty 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga – Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign – Battle of Long Island – New York Prison Ships Begin – Landing at Kip's Bay – Battle of Harlem Heights – Great Fire of New York – Execution of Nathan Hale – Battle of Valcour Island – Battle of Pell's Point – Battle of White Plains – Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid – Saratoga campaign – Battle of Ticonderoga – Battle of Hubbardton – Battle of Fort Ann – Battle of Oriskany – Battle of Saratoga – Battle of Freeman's Farm – Battle of Bemis Heights 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched – Battle of Cobleskill – West Point established – Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point – Sullivan Expedition – Battle of Newtown 1780 First Purple Heart – André Capture Reveals Traitor Benedict Arnold 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk – Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York to Support Yorktown 1782 Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh – Newburgh letter – British Evacuate New York – Washington's Farewell to His Officers