Battle of Artemisium
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| Battle of Artemisium | |||||||||
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| Part of the Persian Wars | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Greek city-states | Achaemenid Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders | |||||||||
| Eurybiades, Themistocles, Adeimantus |
Artemisia I, Achaemenes |
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| Strength | |||||||||
| 333 ships | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Over 95 ships (Herodotus) | Unknown | ||||||||
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The naval Battle of Artemisium took place, according to tradition, on the same day as the Battle of Thermopylae on August 11, 480 BC, though its exact date may be a few days prior or after (Prentice, 13). It was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states and the Persians in 480 BC.
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[edit] Background
The Greek force, according to Herodotus (the ancient Greek historian, and the main source of information about the Persian battles), consisted of 127 triremes from Athens and Plataea, 20 from Athens and Chalcis, 40 from Corinth, 20 from Megara, 18 from Aegina, 12 from Sicyon, 10 from Sparta, 8 from Epidaurus, 7 from Eretria, 5 from Troezen, 2 from Styra, and 2 from Ceos. There were also 9 other ships (penteconters, fifty-oared ships). In order to preserve the unity of the force, the Athenians, the most skilled of the Greeks in naval matters, allowed the fleet to be led by Eurybiades of Sparta. The Greek fleet planned to meet the Persians off of Artemisium on Euboea, and had probably been planning a battle for approximately the same date as Thermopylae.
[edit] Battle
The Persians at first met the Greeks off the coast of Thessaly, at Aphetae, close to Thermopylae, as the Athenian commander Themistocles attempted to delay the Persians while the island of Euboea was being evacuated. The Persians sent 200 ships around the south of Euboea, hoping to trap the Greeks in the channel, but a Persian defector warned the Greeks of this plan. A Greek squadron set out to meet them, so the Persians sent out some ships of their own to capture them. The Greek triremes surrounded these ships, and although they were outnumbered, were able to defeat them with the rams on their bows, and captured thirty Persian ships. The Persian fleet retreated for the night, and all 200 Persian ships still sailing around Euboea were destroyed in a sudden violent storm that same night. The next day 53 more Athenian ships arrived, and a Greek raid destroyed some Persian scout ships.
The following day (August 11 if the tradition of the simultaneous battles is to be believed), the Persians sailed towards the Greek fleet, forming a semi-circle in an attempt to trap them off Artemisium. Here the size of the Persian fleet worked against them, as they could not maneuver in the strait, and a disproportionate amount of the fleet was destroyed by the Greeks. Five Greek ships were captured by the Egyptian contingent, while the Athenian Cleinias, the father of Alcibiades, single-handedly sank a large number of Persian ships. However, the Greek fleet also suffered heavy casualties; according to Herodotus' records, roughly half of the Athenian fleet was destroyed or damaged beyond repair in the last engagement with the Persian navy.
[edit] Aftermath
The two sides withdrew once more, and the Greeks learned of the defeat of Leonidas at Thermopylae. Discouraged by their own losses in the battle and the retreat of the land armies, the Greeks began to retreat from Artemisium, heading south along the coast of Euboea. During the retreat, Themistocles left messages for the Ionian contingents of the Persian fleet, urging them to defect to their fellow Greeks. Meanwhile, the Persians sacked Artemisium. The Athenians under Themistocles went to Salamis Island, where their fellow citizens had fled after Xerxes I of Persia captured their city following his victory at Thermopylae. Themistocles would lead the fleet at the Battle of Salamis the next month.
[edit] References
- Prentice, William. "Thermopylae and Artemisium." Transactions of the American Philological Society 51 (1920), 5-18
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Artemisium, Battle of"
