Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Ergo is a next generation search, visualization, clustering and annotation tool for Microsoft Vista, written by UK based Invu Services Limited. It is gaining traction as a search federation engine and also as a very useful tool for quickly being able to visualize lots of information quickly. Ergo is currently in beta and will have it's world wide official release in January.

[edit] Sources

Ergo was demonstrated by Todd Landstad from Microsoft at the recent Microsoft Mix event. A video on YouTube can be seen here http://www.truveo.com/Ergo-demonstration-by-Todd-Landstad-Microsoft/id/81332771

86.152.85.56 (talk) 00:36, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide reputable, third-party sources with your suggestions. Third party sources are needed both to establish the verifiability of the submission as well as its notability. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 01:20, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Mechanized Death were a hardcore punk group from Montclair, NJ. Formed in 1982, disbanded in 1985. Like many NJHC groups, they recorded a self-titled cassette tape (1985), produced by R. Stevie Moore. The name “Mechanized Death” derives from the gory 1961 motor safety film shown in American drivers' education classes, but it also resonated with the anti-war message of punk bands like Discharge as well as the macabre teen idol cults around James Dean, etc. The Discharge/Cro-Mags/AOD influence resulted in a thick, bassy metal-punk sound: Doron Abrahami (drums), Jonathan Skolnik (guitar), Steve Stadtmauer (vocals), Kenichi Sugihara (bass).

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Hard Times Fanzine, Vol.3 (1985)

[www.rsteviemoore.com]

128.119.129.81 (talk) 00:38, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on musical artists. Please provide more information on why this musical artist is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 01:22, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Meerca chase is a popular game found on the website www.neopets.com. It features a yellow rat-like animal known as a "Meerca" which is controlled using the keyboard. The Meerca must catch various "Neggs" which are egg like entities, while avoiding both red colored Neggs and it's ever expanding tail. Depending on the speed, users can garner various increments of points per Negg. Following the original was Meerca Chase II, where new variations such as Maze and Freestyle (a gravity-less version) were introduced. On November 17, 2007 at 8:02 PM, this free game had nearly 900,000 plays thus far for the day; a testament to it's popularity.

71.88.42.77 (talk) 01:03, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide reputable, third-party sources with your suggestions. Third party sources are needed both to establish the verifiability of the submission as well as its notability. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 01:22, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Video Acceleration API (vaAPI) is a software interface specification which provides access to graphics hardware (GPU) acceleration for digital video. Accelerated processing includes video decoding, decompression, proc-amp, deinterlacing, motion compensation, scaling, blending, and compositing. A reference interface is provided by means of "libVA".

[edit] See also

• X-Video Motion Compensation (XvMC)

[edit] Sources

"This API is intended to provide an interface between a video decode application (client) and a hardware decode accelerator (server), to off-load video decode operations from the host to the hardware accelerator at various entry-points." http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/vaapi

"A new video acceleration API is being developed, in an effort lead by Intel. This new API supports more complete offload (VLD) as well as iDCT+MC, and can support acceleration of MPEG4, H.264, VC-1, as well as MPEG2." http://www.mythtv.org/wiki/index.php/XvMC

"Extending XvMC was considered, but due to its original design for MPEG-2 MoComp only, it made more sense to design an interface from scratch that can fully expose the video decode capabilities in today's GPUs." http://www.xboxmediacenter.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hardware_Accelerated_Video_Decoding

The "VA API" and "libVA" can also be read about here: "The end user impact is improved performance of H.264, VC-1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 video playback with media players that use the new API compared to playback using a pure software implementation." https://wiki.ubuntu.com/mobile-hw-decode

72.193.76.120 (talk) 01:13, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Article created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Graeme Bartlett (talk) 01:38, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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           Girls. Do you really know what they are thinking? How can you tell if they are thinking about you? Maybe they care....or not. A girl has a very sensitive nerve in her body. if you make her cave...oh no!

[edit] Sources

Me myslef and I

74.14.107.186 (talk) 01:46, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. The proposed article is not suitable for Wikipedia. 哦， 是吗？(User:O) 02:13, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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98.203.1.218 (talk) 03:25, 21 November 2007 (UTC) [[Category:Articles for creation templates|{{Re:Arrange}}]]

Declined. We cannot accept blank suggestions. Please consider submitting to Wikipedia:Requested articles instead. Ariel♥Gold 06:33, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Kappa Alpha Sigma is a sorority started November 15, 2007 by Kimberly, Ashlee, and Shalexis. These young ladies are the very best of friends, they accumulated a family and called each other "sister." During their junior year of high school questions of college and sororities appeared. They agreed to live in one home as 3 and to create their own sisterhood. Kappa is the from Kim's name and Alpha is from Ashlee then comes Sigma from Shalexis. They were first known as Omega Psi Lambda which is for Wise Young Ladies and has now became the active subchapter of Kappa Alpha Sigma.

    "As a Kappa Alpha Sigma girl I know and understand that we are a family first and sorority second. We love and trust one another and whenever there is a problem we confront one another. I understand that families have problems but love gets them through.I pledge Kappa Alpha Sigma becuase as women we are to true." 

Is the what the potential members of say to pledge allegiance to Kappa Alpha Sigma. As of now the sorority consists of five active leading members and is fast growing. The sorority is a high school to college family that is about more than stepping, dancing, and good looks. These five members include the CEO, Vice President, Chief Advisor, Adminstrator, and Secretary. They are currently recruiting for a recruiter. The Subchapter Omega Psi Lambda is the first and currently only chapter of Kappa Alpha Sigma. It resides in Memphis, Tennessee, the girls attend White Station High School. Four of the groups' members sing and will probably host community helping shows. Their motto is from the insurance company Allstate.

  "You're in good hands" 

the Kappa Alpha Sigma girls are on the rise and will soon become nationally known...to be continued...

[edit] Sources

The CEO of Kappa Alpha Sigma during an interview.

208.63.180.130 (talk) 03:51, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on organizations and companies. Please provide more information on why the organization is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. Hersfold ^(t/a/c) 04:10, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Steven Warshak v. United States was a U.S Supreme Court case. It ruled that private e-mail could not be accessed without a court order unless (1) the subscriber is given a chance to speak or (2) the subscriber never held an expectation of privacy in respect to the ISP.

"The district court correctly determined that e-mail users maintain a reasonable expectation of privacy in the content of their e-mails, and we agree that the injunctive relief it crafted was largely appropriate, although we find necessary one modification. On remand, the preliminary injunction should be modified to prohibit the United States from seizing the contents of a personal e-mail account maintained by an ISP in the name of any resident of the Southern District of Ohio, pursuant to a court order issued under 18 U.S.C. § 2703(d), without either (1) providing the relevant account holder or subscriber prior notice and an opportunity to be heard, or (2) making a fact-specific showing that the account holder maintained no expectation of privacy with respect to the ISP, in which case only the ISP need be provided prior notice and an opportunity to be heard.

[edit] Sources

http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/faculty/2007/06/regulating_the_.html http://w2.eff.org/legal/cases/warshak_v_usa/6th_circuit_decision_upholding_injunction.pdf

69.104.78.37 (talk) 04:16, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide reputable, third-party sources with your suggestions. Third party sources are needed both to establish the verifiability of the submission as well as its notability. Temperal^xy 02:43, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

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High Tension is a thrash/hardcore/crust band from lancaster, california.

[edit] Discography

High Tension/Warvictims(Sweden) Split 7". on Vinyl Eaters. Early 2007 Compilation Album - on Skinnydip Records(Japan) . 2007 High Tension/Pretty Little Flower(Texas) split. on F.D.A. REKOTZ. 2007

[edit] Band Links

myspace.com/highxtension
Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on musical artists. Please provide more information on why this musical artist is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 05:05, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Versy Miller is a child on facebook who likes barak obama and bad mouths Stephen Colbert

[edit] Sources

http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7406420086
Declined. This suggestion doesn't sufficiently explain the importance or significance of the subject. See the speedy deletion criteria A7 and/or guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia, and cite reliable, published third-party sources, so that the information in the article is verifiable. Thank you. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 05:06, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

1. REDIRECT Makeup school (ArielNote: Fixed link from Makeup School to proper title, Makeup school.) Ariel♥Gold

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! I also created a redirect at Makeup School since it was not a redirect for the alternate capitalization. Ariel♥Gold 06:37, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

1. REDIRECT Faches-Thumesnil

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80.78.0.137 (talk) 07:50, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Ariel♥Gold 08:09, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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[40 references]

Introduction

Thrust Vectoring, or Thrust Vectoring Flight Control [TVFC] is the most effective and safest way [1, 3, 26] to fly and gain super-agility and flight safety. Its proper design, testing and use [1-40] can lead to most effective designs of stealth, tailless, manned or [civil] un-manned air vehicles [UAV] or un-manned combat air vehicles [UCAV][1,3]

Effective TVFC is accomplished by rapid deflections of jet-engines exhaust jets in the yaw, pitch and roll coordinates of the air vehicle [3, 33]. Such complete yaw-pitch-roll TVFC allows the design of tailless, stealth, manned and unmanned air vehicles.

Revolutionary new technologies and revisited aero-design rules for flight testing of dynamically-scaled TVFC-models[11] of advanced Stealth, Tailless, Post-Stall, air vehicles, were developed and first-ever flight tested by professor Benjamin Gal-Or[1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 12-40]. Such flying models are equipped with on-board computer that records conventional and/or pure TVFC flight commands as well as the resulting motions and accelerations/g-loads of the flying model [3,33]. These results are later used in various computer simulations of dynamically-similar, full-scale, air-vehicle agility and safety levels[34-40].

The stealthy-tailless TVFC-designs are based on Gal-Or’s patent applications, patents [26], published papers, reports [5, 11] and his book “Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft”, Springer, 1990 [3].

CONTENTS · Introduction · Thrust Vectoring Flight Control [TVFC] · ADVANCED FIGHTER AIRCRAFT · STEALTH-TAILESS AIRCRAFT · AIR COMBAT · FLIGHT SAFETY · COMPLETE THRUST VECTORING FLIGHT CONTROL · Thrust Reversal and TVFC · Aero-Design Concepts Revisited · Thrust Vectoring in Land and Marine Uses · References

ADVANCED FIGHTER AIRCRAFT. Some advanced Russian and U.S. air vehicles are already based on such technologies. Their early design and testing are based on TVFC flight emulations, theories, simulations and inventions of stealth-tailless, unmanned and manned air vehicles technologies [1-40] . More details are provided below.

STEALTH-TAILESS AIRCRAFT. Modern stealth-tailless air vehicle designs [e.g., that of the X-45 UCAV] are partially based on advanced TVFC concepts that integrate thrust-vectored jet engine[s] with unorthodox, wing-type, tailless airframes. More details are provided below.

AIR COMBAT: Within Visual Range [WVR] engagements TVFC-based designs may become the key issue to win. [Cf., e.g., the X-45 UCAV and the F-22 Raptor Fighter as well as the 64 to 1 average kill-ratio advantage demonstrated by the X-31 designed by Wolfgang Herbst[3] vs the Conventional F-18, etc.] However, for Beyond Visual Range [BVR] engagements, the terminal super-agility becomes largely a non-issue, while the stealthy design remains a key factor to win. More details are provided below.

FLIGHT SAFETY. To enhance flight safety in both civil and military transport jets, one needs jet engines equipped with emergency-deployed thrust-vectoring/thrust-reversing means[5, 26]. These means have not yet been manufactured and used, except in Gal-Or’s flying scaled models and computer simulations[5, 26, 36-40] .

The road to reach such goals has been historically rough and professionally loaded with endless misconceptions [1, 40]. More details are provided below.

About $3M USD were provided for this research from 1989 to 2000 as “Personal Research Contracts”. The funding was provided by the U.S. Air Force, Pratt and Whitney, Teledyne CAE, General Electric, Lockheed-Martin, General Dynamics and the U.S. Dept. of Transportation-FAA. On August 25, 1986, a co-signed Proprietary Agreement with Boeing allowed it to get proprietary stealthy-tailless-TVFC designs, which it had delivered to the U.S. government as its own so as to gain entry to the F-22 [ATF] $64 billion program, which had been first awarded only to Lockheed and its partners.

COMPLETE THRUST VECTORING FLIGHT CONTROL

The 100-years old, Conventional, Aerodynamic-Only, Flight Control [CAOFC] technology is spin-stall sensitive and limited by maximum-lift Angle of Attack [AoA] . In COMPLETE TVFC CAOFC is entirely replaced by rapidly-deflecting engine-exhaust jet(s). I.e., "pure" vectored-aircraft can deliver top performance, especially in the 'impossible-to-fly' post-stall [PST] domain, without recourse to ailerons, flaps, elevators and rudders, and even the vertical tail-stabilizer may become redundant. The result is a significant reduction in radar, optical, and thermal signatures, and also in aerodynamic drag, airframe weight and fuel consumption. These new systems are also much safer in both the military and civil domains [26, 32, 33].

In 1968 the first yaw-thrust-vectoring-induced emulations have been conducted by using motor boats in agility competitions with sail boats [1] . Compressed-air tests of TVFC nozzles & inlets followed until 1982. Full-fledged hot jet-engine TVFC-nozzles and cold inlet lab-tests for TVFC-Stealthy-UCAV started in 1982. 8 such scaled-down prototypes were tested in wind-tunnels in 1985, including cable-arrested cold-jet-flying tests of models [3] .

The first-ever flight test of a TVFC-Stealthy-Tailless-UCAV model “gal 3” [3] succeeded in May 1987 [1-3] .

Proposals in the mid 80’s to design the aft-section of the Lavie fighter[1, 40] for later uses with TVFC jet engines were rejected – an act that was one of the reasons to cancel that program.

First Patent Application for yaw-pitch-roll TVFC-based stealth-tailless UCAV or CRUISE Missile were filed on April 2, 1986 [1,5, 26].

In 1986 the president of Boeing's Military Branch in Kansas had invited Gal-Or 'to execute proprietary data agreements'. Such Proprietary Agreement involving Boeing and the U.S. Government were then signed in Wichita, Kansas on August 25, 1986 and 22 classified drawings of some of the 19 TVFC-UCAVs[1, 3, 40] were delivered to Boeing and the U.S. Government for testing and evaluations. Production of the F-22 has been formally announced since 2006 and flight tests of the various X-45 UCAVs are still in process.

Complete TVFC-Stealth designs, which proceed much beyond the Harrier-AV-8 the pitch-only thrust vectoring for Short Take-Off and Landing [STOL] F-15 [3], and the F-22, have been rejected in the U.S. but were adopted in Russia. In 1996, the non-stealthy TVFC Russian SU-30MKI has demonstrated unprecedented performance. Its designers disclosed to Gal-Or, in 1996, in Warsaw, Poland, and in 1999, in Moscow, during international conferences [28, 30], that they have followed and used his TVFC principles, fundamentals and mathematical methods, most of which are available in references 2-30.

Minimum-time in TVFC-induced super-agility studies have led in the late 80’s to the development of Standard Agility Comparison Maneuvers [SACOM] of TVFC air vehicles [20] .

Similar opposition has been directed against Gal-Or's concepts of complete TVFC-Stealth-tailless designs and against maximizing flight safety levels of Tailless TVFC-based civil and military transport jets [14, 20-22, 24, 26, 28-30, 32, 35-5, 40] .

The debate on replacing the 100-years-old, Aerodynamic-Only Flight Control as dangerous, spin-stall sensitive and useless in close engagements has not yet subsided. Major opposition disappeared after 1994, when the X-31 vs a CAOFC fighters has demonstrated an average of 64:1 kill-ratio advantage in WVR.

Changing minds is not easy, especially with 'CAOFC-experts', traditional pilots and some DOT, FAA, NASA and traditional aircraft designers.

In the late 80's, during a series of classified lectures in the U.S., Gal-Or demanded to stop flight testing with the 1976, sluggish, expensive and useless, pitch-only, thrust vectoring/reversing [TV/TR] PWA nozzle, aimed mainly to decrease runway distance for take-off and landing, but not to increase air-combat agility.

By flying his cold-jet prototypes with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force, Gal-Or proved the need to reject the canards and thrust reversing means from the F-15 STOL Demonstrator and PWA-Pitch-Only-Vectoring jet engine-nozzle[1, 4, 5, 26, 32, 5] . As a result, the F-15 STOL Demonstration Program was cancelled, saving billions of USD to the U.S. Government and much idling time. That famous cancellation has, however, demonstrated the need to teach the new way to fly with complete TVFC-based air vehicles and the unprecedented combat-super-agility and flight safety levels that can be reached by these emerging new technologies.

The cancelled F-15 STOL Demonstrator Program was then replaced by MDD’s X-6 program, the COMPLETE TVFC F-15 ACTIVE Program [see picture below], and the TVFC F-16 VISTA Program. Similar changes were tested via the F-18. The Pitch-Only, stealth, TVFC F-22 program was then inaugurated. Yet, the debate for and against TVFC-induced super-agility and TVFC-based-stealth design and flight safety, has not yet subsided, even in the year 2007.

(left) The 1987-Flight-Tested, TVS, Complete TVFC, UCAV 'Gal-3' (middle) TVFC F-15, X-31 and the TVS-X-36 in front of the stealthy SR-71 (Right) The 2003-Flight-Tested TVS X-45A UCAV

Thrust Reversal and TVFC

From the first-ever, 1987-flight-tested, Tailless-Vectored-Stealthy prototypes, to the 1994-95 flight-tested TVFC-based Boeing 727, TVFC-based fighter and UCAV technologies have been converted to TVFC-based civil transport jets [26]. The newly proposed designs not only maximize flight safety but may minimize take-off/landing distances, airframe weight and fuel consumption. During emergency, the TVFC designs become operative to save a doomed transport jet whose Conventional-Only Flight Control has failed, or when it encounters a spin-stall situation, say, in avoiding a mountain or to safely emerge from dangerous wind-shear situations [5, 26, 35-40].

New TVFC-induced aero-design rules now introduce the jet engine as a prime flight effector, with TVFC-jet-deflection rates at least as rapid as those of elevators, ailerons and rudders. The new rules are briefly described next.

Aero-Design Concepts Revisited

Forthcoming UCAVs, stealth, TVFC fighters, helmet-sight-aiming systems, all-aspect Air-to-Air missiles and the new generation of Electronic Warfare systems, dictate reassessment of the optimal balance between agility and survival effectiveness. The main issues are: 1. How to maximize low-observability and airframe agility -- mainly beyond the stall "limit" -- and how to best integrate the resulting design with helmet-sight-aiming systems, all-aspect Air-to-Air missiles and the new generation of Electronic Warfare systems. 2. How to compare the highest extractable effectiveness of such Totally Integrated Systems [TIS], with that of Current Systems [CS], which do not focus on airframe Nose-Pointing-To-Target [NPTT] combat agility [1-40] and extra safety [16, 26, 35,36] .

Higher-level innovations to maximize flight safety in civil and military transport jets, say, by integrating Thrust Reversal with Thrust-Vectoring [26], are also currently generating debates [5, 14, 21, 22, 24, 28-30, 32, 35-36].

Maximized TVFC-Induced TIS-NPTT capabilities, must be measured in terms of seven Standard Agility and Safety Comparison Maneuvers [SASCOM][16], designed to allow comparisons of TVFC with CAOFC-based CS. Subscale flight tests using SASCOM-comparisons are aimed to provide flight-testing results in terms of kill ratios for multiple kills during close-range encounters.

The First TVFC Aero Design Rule

Whenever 'mixed' flight control is used, the jet-rotation rates should not lag behind the maximum rotation rates extractable from advanced conventional elevators, rudders and ailerons. This rule first forces the selection of the most-effective TVFC-nozzles, inlets, structures and flight modes for proposed new, or upgraded fighter aircraft and UCAV.

To quantify and gauge this rule -- for 'pure' or 'mixed' flight control -- one must examine the time derivatives and solutions of the new mathematical phenomenology. This is done in the references listed below, and must first be used via SASCOMs [16, 5] .

The Second Aero-Design Rule

Use of super-agility in close-range air combat depends on the availability of rapid, COMPLETE TVFC means that help to point the nose/weapon at the enemy first, taking into account all-systems delay times, while also using helmet-sight aiming systems for first and multiple kills [16]. This means maximizing the capability to exploit inherent computer/system/missile-release delay-times, i.e., from pilot's decision-time to shoot, till secure-locking/missile's-release-time, for simultaneous rapid nose-pointing-to-target, so as to MINIMIZE missile's flight PATH/TIME to target [16] .

The Third Aero-Design Rule: Minimum Missile-Path/Time to Target

This minimum-time rule increases kill-ratio probabilities to destroy the target, prior to the target launching its own weapon, for otherwise the probabilities of mutual destruction increase dramatically. Consequently, aircraft super-agility must be well-integrated with missile's agility[16] .

The Fourth Aero-Design Rule: Effectiveness Yardsticks

Newly published yardsticks are now available to compare the performance of different TVFC-based flying prototypes. These are termed SACOMs, for Standard Agility Comparison Maneuvers. 7 SACOMs have been introduced to compare CAOFC with TVFC kill-ratio capabilities[16] . These SACOMS involve mathematical-computer simulations and a complete set of elaborate differential equations [35-40]. Using videotapes of dynamically-scaled, flight emulations combined with the results extracted from such flying-models onboard computers, air combat tactics are currently re-assessed in many Pilot School educational systems as an integral part of the standard curriculum.

Since 1996, there is also an attempt in Poland, with Gal-Or's consulting, to develop TVFC-based jet engine for TVFC trainer.

Thrust Vectoring in Land and Marine Uses

MILITARY and CIVIL TVFC-based safety technologies [26] have been proposed to save lives and reduce damage in racing cars, trucks, school-buses, cars, tractors and for jet-boats and speed boats [4] . The new designs include Anti-Roll-Over, Anti-Skidding and Anti-Spinning, TVFC-based technologies.

References

1. Gal-Or, B., Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2003. 2. AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY, May 18, p. 21, 1987; May 30, 1987 ; Aug. 28, 1995 ; May 11, 1998 3. Gal-Or, B., "Vectored Propulsion, Super-maneuverability and Robot Aircraft", Springer Verlag, N.Y. and Heidelberg, 1990 [still the sole book in this domain. currently available only as a used-book] . 4. Gal-Or, B., "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control", AEROSPACE AMERICA, April, 1996. 5 Ibid., "CONFLICT-AREA SURVIVABILITY & MISSION BENEFITS BY RETRACTABLE THRUST-VECTORING KITS” [FOR C-17] . Confidential-Classified Report Submitted to MDD’s Chief Engineer-Designer and Erwin Ulbrich on June 16, 1995. It was filed on Aug. 18, 1995 as USPTO Application # 516870. MDD [beyond Aug. 1, 1997, "Boeing"] has filed the so-provided author's proprietary designs as USPTO Application 650583 on May 20, 1996. 6. Ibid., "Vectored Aircraft For the 90's", Int'l J. Turbo and Jet-Engines, 4, 1, 1987 7. Ibid., "The Fundamental Concepts of Vectored Propulsion", [AIAA] J. Propulsion and Power, 6, 747-757, 1990. 8. Ibid., "Maximizing Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectoring Agility and Control Power",

  [AIAA] J. Aircraft, 29, 647-651, 1992                                                                                                  

9. Ibid.,"Thrust Vectoring: Theory, Laboratory, and Flight Tests", [AIAA] J. Propulsion & Power, 9, 51 - 58, 1993. 10. Ibid., "Complete thrust vectoring flight control for future civil jets", Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 10, 1, 1993, pp. 1-18 (with V. Sherbaum and M. Lichtsinder) 1993 11. Ibid., "Fundamentals and similarity transformations of vectored aircraft", AIAA J. of Aircraft, 31, 1, pp. 181-187, 1994 12. Ibid., "Western vs. Eastern fighter technologies beyond 2000", Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 11, 1, pp. 113-118, 1994 13. Ibid., "Thrust vectoring for flight control and safety: A review", Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 11, 2/3, pp. 119-139, 1994 14. Ibid., "Catastrophic Failure Prevention by Thrust Vectoring", [AIAA] J. Aircraft, 32, No. 3, June, 1995 15. Ibid., "Thrust Vectoring: A New Time Clock", Int´l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 12, 1995 16. Ibid., "Thrust Vectoring, Engine-Airframe-Weapon-System Agility", Int´l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 12, 237- 268, 1995; 17. Ibid. w M. Lichtsinder and V. Sherbaum, ‘‘Thrust Vectoring: Fundamentals for Civil and Military Use", Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 14, 1, 29-44, 1997. 18. Ibid., “Editorial: New Trends in Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines , 14, 2, 1997 19. Ibid., Editorial, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1997. 20. Ibid. with A Lichtsinder and E Kreindler "Minimum-Time Standard Agility Comparison Maneuvers of Thrust-Vectored Aircraft", [AIAA] J of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, March-April 1998 21. Ibid. w V. Sherbaum, M. Lichtsinder, "Dynamics of Aircraft and Jet-Engine Prototypes for Military, Civil and RPV Thrust Vectoring Flight Control", Int'l J. Turbo and jet Engines, Vol. 15, 1998 22. Ibid., w Qian L, and E Kreindler, “Can Thrust Vectoring Save a Doomed Transport Jet?”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 15, 89-90, 1998 23. Ibid., "Review of the Debate and the Development of Thrust Vectoring Technology", Int'l. J. of Thermal and Fluid Sciences, Vol. 7, pp.1-6, 1998 24. Ibid., “A New Era of Jet Transport Safety By Advanced Legislation?”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 17, 319-333, 2000 25. Ibid., w E. Wilson, et al, “Optimizing Sub-Critical-Flow Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles", AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, #2, 202-206, 2000 26. Ibid., with V. Sherbaum and M. Lichtsinder, “Thrust Vectoring Reversing Systems”, U.S. Patent 5,782,431, 1998 27. Ibid., w Shaul Lermann and Nahum Kemda "Performance Investigation of the [Roll-Yaw-Pitch Thrust Vectoring] SU-37 Russian Fighter Aircraft [as well as the SU-30MKI Fighter Aircraft Sold to India]", Confidential Report, 1996-1998. 28. Ibid, "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety”, Opening Keynote Lecture; 1997 Proceedings of the 2nd Int’l Seminar on Aeronautics & Education, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 25, 1996 29. Ibid., "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety", Keynote Lecture; Proceedings of the 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Sept. 2, 1996 30. Ibid., "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety", 5th Int´l Symp. Aero Sci., Moscow, Plenary Lecture, Proceeding, TsAGI, Vol. 1, Aug. 18, 1999 31. Ibid. (with V. Sherbaum) “Thrust Vectoring, Panel”, ASME Annual Int’l Conf. Gas Turbines, Stockholm, June 4, 1998. 32. Ibid., “Multiaxis Thrust Vectoring Flight Control Vs Catastrophic Failure Prevention”, Reports to U.S. Dept. of Transportation/FAA, Technical Center, ACD-210, FAA X88/0/6FA/921000/4104/T1706D, FAA Res. Grant-Award No: 94-G-24, CFDA, No. 20.108, Dec. 26, 1994 33. Ibid., “Tailless Vectored Fighters”, “Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, United States Air Force, WPAFB, Ohio, USA, AFOSR FY 1456-8905052, 196 pages Report + videotape, July 15, 1991. Now available from Storm Media. 34. Ibid., "An Old-New European Debate on Thrust Vectoring", Polskiej Nauki, PRACE Instytutu Lotnictwa, Poland, 152, pp. 3-8, 1998 35. Ibid. "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety", Plenary keynote lecture, Proceedings of the 4th Conf., Int’l ISIAF conf., Dresden [1999] 36. Ibid., w Qian, L., and E. Kreindler , “Thrust Vectoring Control Applied to Catastrophic Failure Prevention in Jet Transport", IEEE Conf. in Beijing, "Control and Sensor Fusion for Transportation Systems" (IFAC-8d-002), July 6, 1999 37. Ibid., “A New Era of Jet Transport Safety By Advanced Legislation?”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 17, 319-333, 2000 38. Ibid., w E. Wilson, “Optimizing Sub-Critical-Flow Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles”, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-206, 2000 39. Ibid., “Advanced Aero-thermodynamics Associated with Clean Technologies for Upgrading Gas Turbines in Simple and Combined-Cycle Power Stations”, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2001 40. Ibid. “Jet-Engine Integration with Stealthy Tailless Airframes to Maximize Super-Agility and Flight Safety”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines. In press.

Submitted with respect to the Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia by Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Turbo & Jet Engines and former professor of engineering and Philosophy at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, the Johns Hopkins and Pittsburgh Universities. · However, existing, previous entries may first be properly linked by the Editorial staff. · Subdivisions and proper distributions may be conducted by the Editorial staff. · Permission to be used in Wikipedia is hereby given. · Besides the published References, one may also google me as“Benjamin Gal-Or”, “Gal-Or, B.”, “Benjamin Galor” or “Unified Thermodynamics”
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Flight Safety and Thrust-Vectoring [40 references]

Introduction

Thrust Vectoring or Thrust Vectoring Flight Control [TVFC] is the most effective and safest way [1, 3, 26] to fly and gain super-agility and flight safety. Its proper design, testing and use [1-40] can lead to most effective designs of stealth, tailless, manned or [civil] un-manned air vehicles [UAV] or un-manned combat air vehicles [UCAV][1,3]

Effective TVFC is accomplished by rapid deflections of jet-engines exhaust jets in the yaw, pitch and roll coordinates of the air vehicle [3, 33]. Such complete yaw-pitch-roll TVFC allows the design of tailless, stealth, manned and unmanned air vehicles.

Revolutionary new technologies and revisited aero-design rules for flight testing of dynamically-scaled TVFC-models[11] of advanced Stealth, Tailless, Post-Stall, air vehicles, were developed and first-ever flight tested by professor Benjamin Gal-Or[1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 12-40]. Such flying models are equipped with on-board computer that records conventional and/or pure TVFC flight commands as well as the resulting motions and accelerations/g-loads of the flying model [3,33]. These results are later used in various computer simulations of dynamically-similar, full-scale, air-vehicle agility and safety levels[34-40].

The stealthy-tailless TVFC-designs are based on Gal-Or’s patent applications, patents [26], published papers, reports [5, 11] and his book “Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability and Robot Aircraft”, Springer, 1990 [3].

CONTENTS · Introduction · Thrust Vectoring Flight Control [TVFC] · ADVANCED FIGHTER AIRCRAFT · STEALTH-TAILESS AIRCRAFT · AIR COMBAT · FLIGHT SAFETY · COMPLETE THRUST VECTORING FLIGHT CONTROL · Thrust Reversal and TVFC · Aero-Design Concepts Revisited · Thrust Vectoring in Land and Marine Uses · References

ADVANCED FIGHTER AIRCRAFT. Some advanced Russian and U.S. air vehicles are already based on such technologies. Their early design and testing are based on TVFC flight emulations, theories, simulations and inventions of stealth-tailless, unmanned and manned air vehicles technologies [1-40] . More details are provided below.

STEALTH-TAILESS AIRCRAFT. Modern stealth-tailless air vehicle designs [e.g., that of the X-45 UCAV] are partially based on advanced TVFC concepts that integrate thrust-vectored jet engine[s] with unorthodox, wing-type, tailless airframes. More details are provided below.

AIR COMBAT: Within Visual Range [WVR] engagements TVFC-based designs may become the key issue to win. [Cf., e.g., the X-45 UCAV and the F-22 Raptor Fighter as well as the 64 to 1 average kill-ratio advantage demonstrated by the X-31 designed by Wolfgang Herbst[3] vs the Conventional F-18, etc.] However, for Beyond Visual Range [BVR] engagements, the terminal super-agility becomes largely a non-issue, while the stealthy design remains a key factor to win. More details are provided below.

FLIGHT SAFETY. To enhance flight safety in both civil and military transport jets, one needs jet engines equipped with emergency-deployed thrust-vectoring/thrust-reversing means[5, 26]. These means have not yet been manufactured and used, except in Gal-Or’s flying scaled models and computer simulations[5, 26, 36-40] .

The road to reach such goals has been historically rough and professionally loaded with endless misconceptions [1, 40]. More details are provided below.

About $3M USD were provided for this research from 1989 to 2000 as “Personal Research Contracts”. The funding was provided by the U.S. Air Force, Pratt and Whitney, Teledyne CAE, General Electric, Lockheed-Martin, General Dynamics and the U.S. Dept. of Transportation-FAA. On August 25, 1986, a co-signed Proprietary Agreement with Boeing allowed it to get proprietary stealthy-tailless-TVFC designs, which it had delivered to the U.S. government as its own so as to gain entry to the F-22 [ATF] $64 billion program, which had been first awarded only to Lockheed and its partners.

COMPLETE THRUST VECTORING FLIGHT CONTROL

The 100-years old, Conventional, Aerodynamic-Only, Flight Control [CAOFC] technology is spin-stall sensitive and limited by maximum-lift Angle of Attack [AoA] . In COMPLETE TVFC CAOFC is entirely replaced by rapidly-deflecting engine-exhaust jet(s). I.e., "pure" vectored-aircraft can deliver top performance, especially in the 'impossible-to-fly' post-stall [PST] domain, without recourse to ailerons, flaps, elevators and rudders, and even the vertical tail-stabilizer may become redundant. The result is a significant reduction in radar, optical, and thermal signatures, and also in aerodynamic drag, airframe weight and fuel consumption. These new systems are also much safer in both the military and civil domains [26, 32, 33].

In 1968 the first yaw-thrust-vectoring-induced emulations have been conducted by using motor boats in agility competitions with sail boats [1] . Compressed-air tests of TVFC nozzles & inlets followed until 1982. Full-fledged hot jet-engine TVFC-nozzles and cold inlet lab-tests for TVFC-Stealthy-UCAV started in 1982. 8 such scaled-down prototypes were tested in wind-tunnels in 1985, including cable-arrested cold-jet-flying tests of models [3] .

The first-ever flight test of a TVFC-Stealthy-Tailless-UCAV model “gal 3” [3] succeeded in May 1987 [1-3] .

Proposals in the mid 80’s to design the aft-section of the Lavie fighter[1, 40] for later uses with TVFC jet engines were rejected – an act that was one of the reasons to cancel that program.

First Patent Application for yaw-pitch-roll TVFC-based stealth-tailless UCAV or CRUISE Missile were filed on April 2, 1986 [1,5, 26].

In 1986 the president of Boeing's Military Branch in Kansas had invited Gal-Or 'to execute proprietary data agreements'. Such Proprietary Agreement involving Boeing and the U.S. Government were then signed in Wichita, Kansas on August 25, 1986 and 22 classified drawings of some of the 19 TVFC-UCAVs[1, 3, 40] were delivered to Boeing and the U.S. Government for testing and evaluations. Production of the F-22 has been formally announced since 2006 and flight tests of the various X-45 UCAVs are still in process.

Complete TVFC-Stealth designs, which proceed much beyond the Harrier-AV-8 the pitch-only thrust vectoring for Short Take-Off and Landing [STOL] F-15 [3], and the F-22, have been rejected in the U.S. but were adopted in Russia. In 1996, the non-stealthy TVFC Russian SU-30MKI has demonstrated unprecedented performance. Its designers disclosed to Gal-Or, in 1996, in Warsaw, Poland, and in 1999, in Moscow, during international conferences [28, 30], that they have followed and used his TVFC principles, fundamentals and mathematical methods, most of which are available in references 2-30.

Minimum-time in TVFC-induced super-agility studies have led in the late 80’s to the development of Standard Agility Comparison Maneuvers [SACOM] of TVFC air vehicles [20] .

Similar opposition has been directed against Gal-Or's concepts of complete TVFC-Stealth-tailless designs and against maximizing flight safety levels of Tailless TVFC-based civil and military transport jets [14, 20-22, 24, 26, 28-30, 32, 35-5, 40] .

The debate on replacing the 100-years-old, Aerodynamic-Only Flight Control as dangerous, spin-stall sensitive and useless in close engagements has not yet subsided. Major opposition disappeared after 1994, when the X-31 vs a CAOFC fighters has demonstrated an average of 64:1 kill-ratio advantage in WVR.

Changing minds is not easy, especially with 'CAOFC-experts', traditional pilots and some DOT, FAA, NASA and traditional aircraft designers.

In the late 80's, during a series of classified lectures in the U.S., Gal-Or demanded to stop flight testing with the 1976, sluggish, expensive and useless, pitch-only, thrust vectoring/reversing [TV/TR] PWA nozzle, aimed mainly to decrease runway distance for take-off and landing, but not to increase air-combat agility.

By flying his cold-jet prototypes with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force, Gal-Or proved the need to reject the canards and thrust reversing means from the F-15 STOL Demonstrator and PWA-Pitch-Only-Vectoring jet engine-nozzle[1, 4, 5, 26, 32, 5] . As a result, the F-15 STOL Demonstration Program was cancelled, saving billions of USD to the U.S. Government and much idling time. That famous cancellation has, however, demonstrated the need to teach the new way to fly with complete TVFC-based air vehicles and the unprecedented combat-super-agility and flight safety levels that can be reached by these emerging new technologies.

The cancelled F-15 STOL Demonstrator Program was then replaced by MDD’s X-6 program, the COMPLETE TVFC F-15 ACTIVE Program [see picture below], and the TVFC F-16 VISTA Program. Similar changes were tested via the F-18. The Pitch-Only, stealth, TVFC F-22 program was then inaugurated. Yet, the debate for and against TVFC-induced super-agility and TVFC-based-stealth design and flight safety, has not yet subsided, even in the year 2007.

Thrust Reversal and TVFC

From the first-ever, 1987-flight-tested, Tailless-Vectored-Stealthy prototypes, to the 1994-95 flight-tested TVFC-based Boeing 727, TVFC-based fighter and UCAV technologies have been converted to TVFC-based civil transport jets [26]. The newly proposed designs not only maximize flight safety but may minimize take-off/landing distances, airframe weight and fuel consumption. During emergency, the TVFC designs become operative to save a doomed transport jet whose Conventional-Only Flight Control has failed, or when it encounters a spin-stall situation, say, in avoiding a mountain or to safely emerge from dangerous wind-shear situations [5, 26, 35-40].

New TVFC-induced aero-design rules now introduce the jet engine as a prime flight effector, with TVFC-jet-deflection rates at least as rapid as those of elevators, ailerons and rudders. The new rules are briefly described next.

Aero-Design Concepts Revisited

Forthcoming UCAVs, stealth, TVFC fighters, helmet-sight-aiming systems, all-aspect Air-to-Air missiles and the new generation of Electronic Warfare systems, dictate reassessment of the optimal balance between agility and survival effectiveness. The main issues are: 1. How to maximize low-observability and airframe agility -- mainly beyond the stall "limit" -- and how to best integrate the resulting design with helmet-sight-aiming systems, all-aspect Air-to-Air missiles and the new generation of Electronic Warfare systems. 2. How to compare the highest extractable effectiveness of such Totally Integrated Systems [TIS], with that of Current Systems [CS], which do not focus on airframe Nose-Pointing-To-Target [NPTT] combat agility [1-40] and extra safety [16, 26, 35,36] .

Higher-level innovations to maximize flight safety in civil and military transport jets, say, by integrating Thrust Reversal with Thrust-Vectoring [26], are also currently generating debates [5, 14, 21, 22, 24, 28-30, 32, 35-36].

Maximized TVFC-Induced TIS-NPTT capabilities, must be measured in terms of seven Standard Agility and Safety Comparison Maneuvers [SASCOM][16], designed to allow comparisons of TVFC with CAOFC-based CS. Subscale flight tests using SASCOM-comparisons are aimed to provide flight-testing results in terms of kill ratios for multiple kills during close-range encounters.

The First TVFC Aero Design Rule

Whenever 'mixed' flight control is used, the jet-rotation rates should not lag behind the maximum rotation rates extractable from advanced conventional elevators, rudders and ailerons. This rule first forces the selection of the most-effective TVFC-nozzles, inlets, structures and flight modes for proposed new, or upgraded fighter aircraft and UCAV.

To quantify and gauge this rule -- for 'pure' or 'mixed' flight control -- one must examine the time derivatives and solutions of the new mathematical phenomenology. This is done in the references listed below, and must first be used via SASCOMs [16, 5] .

The Second Aero-Design Rule

Use of super-agility in close-range air combat depends on the availability of rapid, COMPLETE TVFC means that help to point the nose/weapon at the enemy first, taking into account all-systems delay times, while also using helmet-sight aiming systems for first and multiple kills [16]. This means maximizing the capability to exploit inherent computer/system/missile-release delay-times, i.e., from pilot's decision-time to shoot, till secure-locking/missile's-release-time, for simultaneous rapid nose-pointing-to-target, so as to MINIMIZE missile's flight PATH/TIME to target [16] .

The Third Aero-Design Rule: Minimum Missile-Path/Time to Target

This minimum-time rule increases kill-ratio probabilities to destroy the target, prior to the target launching its own weapon, for otherwise the probabilities of mutual destruction increase dramatically. Consequently, aircraft super-agility must be well-integrated with missile's agility[16] .

The Fourth Aero-Design Rule: Effectiveness Yardsticks

Newly published yardsticks are now available to compare the performance of different TVFC-based flying prototypes. These are termed SACOMs, for Standard Agility Comparison Maneuvers. 7 SACOMs have been introduced to compare CAOFC with TVFC kill-ratio capabilities[16] . These SACOMS involve mathematical-computer simulations and a complete set of elaborate differential equations [35-40]. Using videotapes of dynamically-scaled, flight emulations combined with the results extracted from such flying-models onboard computers, air combat tactics are currently re-assessed in many Pilot School educational systems as an integral part of the standard curriculum.

Since 1996, there is also an attempt in Poland, with Gal-Or's consulting, to develop TVFC-based jet engine for TVFC trainer.

Thrust Vectoring in Land and Marine Uses

MILITARY and CIVIL TVFC-based safety technologies [26] have been proposed to save lives and reduce damage in racing cars, trucks, school-buses, cars, tractors and for jet-boats and speed boats [4] . The new designs include Anti-Roll-Over, Anti-Skidding and Anti-Spinning, TVFC-based technologies.

References

1. Gal-Or, B., Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2003. 2. AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY, May 18, p. 21, 1987; May 30, 1987 ; Aug. 28, 1995 ; May 11, 1998 3. Gal-Or, B., "Vectored Propulsion, Super-maneuverability and Robot Aircraft", Springer Verlag, N.Y. and Heidelberg, 1990 [still the sole book in this domain. currently available only as a used-book] . 4. Gal-Or, B., "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control", AEROSPACE AMERICA, April, 1996. 5 Ibid., "CONFLICT-AREA SURVIVABILITY & MISSION BENEFITS BY RETRACTABLE THRUST-VECTORING KITS” [FOR C-17] . Confidential-Classified Report Submitted to MDD’s Chief Engineer-Designer and Erwin Ulbrich on June 16, 1995. It was filed on Aug. 18, 1995 as USPTO Application # 516870. MDD [beyond Aug. 1, 1997, "Boeing"] has filed the so-provided author's proprietary designs as USPTO Application 650583 on May 20, 1996. 6. Ibid., "Vectored Aircraft For the 90's", Int'l J. Turbo and Jet-Engines, 4, 1, 1987 7. Ibid., "The Fundamental Concepts of Vectored Propulsion", [AIAA] J. Propulsion and Power, 6, 747-757, 1990. 8. Ibid., "Maximizing Post-Stall, Thrust-Vectoring Agility and Control Power", [AIAA] J. Aircraft, 29, 647-651 1992 9. Ibid.,"Thrust Vectoring: Theory, Laboratory, and Flight Tests", [AIAA] J. Propulsion & Power, 9, 51 - 58, 1993. 10. Ibid., "Complete thrust vectoring flight control for future civil jets", Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 10, 1, 1993, pp. 1-18 (with V. Sherbaum and M. Lichtsinder) 1993 11. Ibid., "Fundamentals and similarity transformations of vectored aircraft", AIAA J. of Aircraft, 31, 1, pp. 181-187, 1994 12. Ibid., "Western vs. Eastern fighter technologies beyond 2000", Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 11, 1, pp. 113-118, 1994 13. Ibid., "Thrust vectoring for flight control and safety: A review", Int'l. J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 11, 2/3, pp. 119-139, 1994 14. Ibid., "Catastrophic Failure Prevention by Thrust Vectoring", [AIAA] J. Aircraft, 32, No. 3, June, 1995 15. Ibid., "Thrust Vectoring: A New Time Clock", Int´l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 12, 1995 16. Ibid., "Thrust Vectoring, Engine-Airframe-Weapon-System Agility", Int´l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 12, 237- 268, 1995; 17. Ibid. w M. Lichtsinder and V. Sherbaum, ‘‘Thrust Vectoring: Fundamentals for Civil and Military Use", Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 14, 1, 29-44, 1997. 18. Ibid., “Editorial: New Trends in Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines , 14, 2, 1997 19. Ibid., Editorial, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1997. 20. Ibid. with A Lichtsinder and E Kreindler "Minimum-Time Standard Agility Comparison Maneuvers of Thrust-Vectored Aircraft", [AIAA] J of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, March-April 1998 21. Ibid. w V. Sherbaum, M. Lichtsinder, "Dynamics of Aircraft and Jet-Engine Prototypes for Military, Civil and RPV Thrust Vectoring Flight Control", Int'l J. Turbo and jet Engines, Vol. 15, 1998 22. Ibid., w Qian L, and E Kreindler, “Can Thrust Vectoring Save a Doomed Transport Jet?”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 15, 89-90, 1998 23. Ibid., "Review of the Debate and the Development of Thrust Vectoring Technology", Int'l. J. of Thermal and Fluid Sciences, Vol. 7, pp.1-6, 1998 24. Ibid., “A New Era of Jet Transport Safety By Advanced Legislation?”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 17, 319-333, 2000 25. Ibid., w E. Wilson, et al, “Optimizing Sub-Critical-Flow Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles", AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, #2, 202-206, 2000 26. Ibid., with V. Sherbaum and M. Lichtsinder, “Thrust Vectoring Reversing Systems”, U.S. Patent 5,782,431, 1998 27. Ibid., w Shaul Lermann and Nahum Kemda "Performance Investigation of the [Roll-Yaw-Pitch Thrust Vectoring] SU-37 Russian Fighter Aircraft [as well as the SU-30MKI Fighter Aircraft Sold to India]", Confidential Report, 1996-1998. 28. Ibid, "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety”, Opening Keynote Lecture; 1997 Proceedings of the 2nd Int’l Seminar on Aeronautics & Education, Warsaw, Poland, Nov. 25, 1996 29. Ibid., "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Air Safety", Keynote Lecture; Proceedings of the 3rd Int’l Conf. ISIAF, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Sept. 2, 1996 30. Ibid., "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety", 5th Int´l Symp. Aero Sci., Moscow, Plenary Lecture, Proceeding, TsAGI, Vol. 1, Aug. 18, 1999 31. Ibid. (with V. Sherbaum) “Thrust Vectoring, Panel”, ASME Annual Int’l Conf. Gas Turbines, Stockholm, June 4, 1998. 32. Ibid., “Multiaxis Thrust Vectoring Flight Control Vs Catastrophic Failure Prevention”, Reports to U.S. Dept. of Transportation/FAA, Technical Center, ACD-210, FAA X88/0/6FA/921000/4104/T1706D, FAA Res. Grant-Award No: 94-G-24, CFDA, No. 20.108, Dec. 26, 1994 33. Ibid., “Tailless Vectored Fighters”, “Theory, Laboratory and Flight Tests”, United States Air Force, WPAFB, Ohio, USA, AFOSR FY 1456-8905052, 196 pages Report + videotape, July 15, 1991. Now available from Storm Media. 34. Ibid., "An Old-New European Debate on Thrust Vectoring", Polskiej Nauki, PRACE Instytutu Lotnictwa, Poland, 152, pp. 3-8, 1998 35. Ibid. "Civilizing Military Thrust Vectoring Flight Control to Maximize Civil Transport safety", Plenary keynote lecture, Proceedings of the 4th Conf., Int’l ISIAF conf., Dresden [1999] 36. Ibid., w Qian, L., and E. Kreindler , “Thrust Vectoring Control Applied to Catastrophic Failure Prevention in Jet Transport", IEEE Conf. in Beijing, "Control and Sensor Fusion for Transportation Systems" (IFAC-8d-002), July 6, 1999 37. Ibid., “A New Era of Jet Transport Safety By Advanced Legislation?”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, 17, 319-333, 2000 38. Ibid., w E. Wilson, “Optimizing Sub-Critical-Flow Thrust-Vectoring of Converging-Diverging Nozzles”, AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, 16, 202-206, 2000 39. Ibid., “Advanced Aero-thermodynamics Associated with Clean Technologies for Upgrading Gas Turbines in Simple and Combined-Cycle Power Stations”, Int'l J. Turbo & Jet Engines, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2001 40. Ibid. “Jet-Engine Integration with Stealthy Tailless Airframes to Maximize Super-Agility and Flight Safety”, Int’l J. Turbo & Jet Engines. In press.

Submitted with respect to the Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia by Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Turbo & Jet Engines and former professor of engineering and Philosophy at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, the Johns Hopkins and Pittsburgh Universities.

[edit] Sources

203.177.91.252 (talk) 09:35, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Sir Patrick Kearns MP is the greater Linlithgowshire MP. He is widely acknowledged as being well hard. His minions bruce and Dan are mindless thugs who terrorise old ladies in the shire and steal young childrens lunch money. Patrick's notable achievements include the creation of life and the movement of the entire town of elgin west about 40Km. He is also reputed to have completely changed the geographical whereabouts of St. Andrews to make it more convenient. Has also read the entire lord of the rings trilogy in half an hour, taking a small nap after the fellowship of the ring. Can also do a one handed, freestanding handstand pressup and can bench press 8X his body weight. He has 20000 children each with a different mother as he believes strongly that you should never make the same mistake twice.

[edit] Sources

1- Tuberculosis 2007 From basic science to patient care Juan Carlos Palomino, Sylvia Leão, Viviana Ritacco, et al. 2007 687

2- Free Medical Information 1st edition Bernd Sebastian Kamps Flying Publisher 2005 100 pp

3-The Amedeo Challenge The Free Medical Book Project Attilio Baghino Flying Publisher 2007 66pp

4- The life and times of Patrick Kearns Author: Bruce McLintock Editor: Daniel Pugh Flying Publisher 2008 pp89

5-My hero - Patrick Kearns Author: Manreek Base Editor: Ian Young Penguin Books & Bloomsbury 2007 pp76

129.215.179.176 (talk) 10:32, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO), is an Amsterdam and Brussels-based research and campaign group targeting the threats to democracy, equity, social justice and the environment posed by the economic and political power of corporations and their lobby groups.

CEO is registered as not for profit foundation under Dutch law at the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce.

Its advisory board consists of: Pratap Chatterjee (India/US), Ann Doherty (The Netherlands/US), Ramon Fernandez Duran (Spain), Susan George (France), Adam Ma'anit (UK/US), America Vera-Zavala (Sweden) and Thomas Wallgren (Finland).

In 2007, financial support for CEO activities has been confirmed from the Isvara Foundation, the Sigrid Rausing Trust, Christian Aid, the Humanitarian Group For Social Development, the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, the Polden Puckham Charitable Foundation, and the Humane Earth Foundation.

[edit] Sources

Corporate Europe Observatory

ALTER-EU

Worst EU Lobbying Awards

83.182.240.191 (talk) 10:37, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Article created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:28, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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it means a little boat with oars used at the aran islands

[edit] Sources

book : The aran islands, by Synge 151.94.134.82 (talk) 11:44, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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78.91.38.191 (talk) 12:17, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Håvard Vegge. Born 3. february 1984, Flekkefjord, Norway.
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T.R. Miller (Tim R. Miller) born July 2, 1957 in Michigan City, Indiana is a highly succesful bass guitarist currently living in Kobe, Japan. In the early 80's Tim achieved moderate local success in the northwest Indiana based band Lazer. Aspiring to play on a national level and further develop his craft, Tim uprooted and moved to Los Angeles, CA to and enrolled in a musician program. It was in southern California where Tim formed the band Original Sin. Original Sin proved to be a highly succesful act which garnered many positive music reviews, and millions of fans. As Tim accomplished his goals in the United States, he recognized his need for a further challenge. Tim once again moved on to Kobe, Japan in the 90's. Only this time Tim would share his craft with the rest of the world. Tim became a music teacher, and to this day the spirit 80's/90's hard rock/metal lives on in Japan with his gift of knowledge and talent with the bass guitar. Tim still ocassionally plays live with Japanese acts such as Kelly Simonz and First Crime. However Tim feels that sharing the music with the next generation of musicians is far more important than achieving success within the music industry in the standard form. Having done both (success and teaching), Tim finds the latter much more gratifying. In a recent Japanese interview Tim was quoted saying "With only my own past success in the States, my music would only live on with a recording. However, as a teacher my music will live on forever in my students hearts and souls. I'm sure many of them will eventually pass on my gift to their students, and so on. Thats forever, thats deep, and thats the greatest success I could ever imagine to achieve!

[edit] Sources

http://www.mi.edu/SucessDetail/316.aspx

216.26.209.98 (talk) 12:19, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Fragile is an upcoming game for the Nintendo Wii. Revealed in Famitsu, the game is being developed by Tri Crescendo, the same team behind Baten Kaitos and published by Namco Bandai.

Fragile is set inthe future and has been described as a Ruin Exploration RPG.

[edit] Sources

http://au.wii.ign.com/articles/836/836728p1.html 124.185.37.73 (talk) 12:30, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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{{[[Template:Infobox Website

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Beyza Cases is the first producer of iPhone case .

Beyza Cases is one of the leading manufacturer of Genuine Leather anf offers a wide range of leather Cases & Sleeves for many brands.

Beyza Cases is located in Istanbul - TURKEY and sells cases to all over the world.

[edit] Sources

http://www.cases.com/beyza-cases.htm http://www.alibaba.com/company/10813384.html

85.103.79.159 (talk) 12:35, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Born September 20, 1987 in the western suburbs of Sydney, Australia, young director Kane Christopher spent his teen years working on films, music videos, television and documentaries. He also worked on advertisements for Microsoft, BMW and Renault. His work has won him worldwide recognition and a number of award nominations.

In 2006, Christopher was honored by the University of Melbourne as the youngest certified Steadicam operator in the world, he was just 18 years of age. In 2007, Christopher was recognized by the Australian Film Institute as an accredited Director, Producer and Actor for his impressive credits. Following that success, Christopher went on to win Best Comedy at the New York International Film Festival for his short film "Useless", and later was awarded Bronze by the Australian Cinematographers Society for a music video he directed and shot, making him the youngest non-student member to receive the honor in Australian history to date.

He is recognized as a pioneer and prodigy in the entertainment business and a successful entrepreneur.

[edit] Sources

http://www.kanechristopher.com/biography.html - Note: Personal websites are not reliable, third-party sources.

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2287669/bio Note: IMDB is not a reliable source

http://www.cinematographer.org.au 121.216.225.152 (talk) 12:57, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Vigilante Carlstroem is the guitarrist of the rock group The Hives.

[edit] Sources

85.225.105.40 (talk) 14:11, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Dr. Matt Destruction is the bass guitar player in the rock group The Hives.

[edit] Sources

85.225.105.40 (talk) 14:16, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Chris Dangerous is the drummer in the rockband The Hives.

[edit] Sources

85.225.105.40 (talk) 14:17, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Known as a Name of a person. Director of FixIt.

[edit] Sources

202.124.67.226 (talk) 14:38, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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151.188.105.230 (talk) 14:50, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Dawn Crosson awoke one morning in her small Iowa town to the realization that she had always wanted to be an english teacher. So, with hard work and a little luck, she worked her way through Harvard State to become the greatest english teacher ever. She now teaches celebrity children such as Jack Paver, Cameron Lopez and Charlie Smoak (to name a few). Dawn also donates forty hours a week to the charity organization Thumbs for the Thumbless, collecting thumbs for children without any.

[edit] Sources

Sam Crosson - Father Donald Crosson- 3rd cousin

151.188.105.230 (talk) 14:53, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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The term forward premium, as used in currency trading, refers to the premium (or discount) resulting from a forward contract to be executed in the future at a forward rate. The premium is calculated as follows: ((forwardrate − spotrate) / spotrate) * (12 / numberofmonthsforward) * 100 The resulting value is a percentage and termed a premium if it is positive. If the resulting percentage is negative, it is a forward discount.

[edit] Sources

Carbaugh, Robert (2007) International Economics. Eleventh edition. South-Western Publishing. ISBN: 0324-42194-X

136.165.194.20 (talk) 15:07, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Article created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:03, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Is a Great Guy.
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The North Carolina State Capitol Police is a division of the North Carolina Department of Administration. Its mission is to provide a safe and secure environment for public officials, state employees and visitors within the North Carolina State Government Complex and at state-owned properties throughout jurisdictional boundaries.

The men and women of the State Capitol Police conform to federal, state, and local laws.

In addition, they offer services to governement that range from safety escorts to explosives detection.

[edit] Sources

http://www.nccapitolpolice.com

149.168.169.8 (talk) 16:03, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Tinicumians were first discovered by the red bearded Brigtonites in 1813 along the banks of the mighty Deleware attempting to survive off of the dead catfish that wash up on shore. Since their humble beginnings as hunter gatherers they have risen to amazing heights. Tinicum is the only township in the Palisades School District that can boast 100% douchiness for each and every one of its residence. Aside from this feat, Tinicumians are known for little else save their ability to boast about themselves.

The Tinicumians are the mortal enemies of the Durhamians to the north. The Durhamians have defeated the Tinicumians in every aspect of life save douchiness which Tinicum holds onto with great ardor. In their last scuffle Lord Sean of Tinicum was bested by the Dukes of Durham in a Guitar Hero III Battle adding yet another reason why Durham is better than Tinicum.
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a record producer based in Washington, D.C. attempting to break into the Hip-Hop industry with his creative styles of beats that improves ever couple of months. Its rumored that he now attends East Tennessee State University and is currently making beats out of a dorm room.

[edit] Sources

www.myspace.com/mathughopata Blackdc2 (talk) 16:56, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Mathugh Opata - a record producer based in Washington, D.C. attempting to break into the Hip-Hop industry with his creative styles of beats that improves ever couple of months. Its rumored that he now attends East Tennessee State University and is currently making beats out of a dorm room.

[edit] Sources

http://[1] Blackdc2 (talk) 17:00, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

[edit] Sources

62.163.15.208 (talk) 17:18, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Ciall Kennett was Born in Luton on 18th February 1993.

He is world renowned for his lip sync to the Ebay Song by Weird Al Yankovic, it is widly known as the best song ever to come out of Luton or by someone from Luton. Recently he has been in a movie called "Romeo and Juliet where he played the part of Tybalt.

He is working on nothing currently and wishes to be killed because of his problem called a common cold. There are video's of Ciall, but they are very disturbing and if you have children in the room then remove them at once. (Picture of Ciall singing his song, "I luv it when you make that noise")
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Ciall Kennett was Born in Luton on 18th February 1993.

He is world renowned for his lip sync to the Ebay Song by Weird Al Yankovic, it is widly known as the best song ever to come out of Luton or by someone from Luton. Recently he has been in a movie called "Romeo and Juliet where he played the part of Tybalt.

He is working on nothing currently and wishes to be killed because of his problem called a common cold. There are video's of Ciall, but they are very disturbing and if you have children in the room then remove them at once. (Picture of Ciall singing his song, "I luv it when you make that noise")

www.labourparty.com
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Redirect to Zune 4, 8

[edit] Sources

The Zune 4 is one of the two Zunes discussed in the article.In addition, Zune 8 redirects there.

208.138.31.76 (talk) 18:21, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Ariel♥Gold 18:29, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Hantum, in het Oud-Fries Hontum of Honthem, is een dorp in het kwartier Oostergo, in de grietenij West-Dongeradeel, een uur gaans van Holwerd.

Dit dorp is gelegen op een hoge terp en wordt omringd door geboomte en akkerland. Hantum telt 65 huizen, waarvan 50 in de dorpskom. Er zijn 380 inwoners die veelal leven van akkerbouw en veeteelt.

Op 13 na zijn alle inwoners hervormd. Zij behoren tot de gemeente Hantum-en-Hantumhuizen die hier een kerk heeft. De zeven doopsgezinden behoren tot de gemeente Holwerd-Blya-Visbuurt. De zes katholieken kerken in Dokkum.

De dorpsschool wordt gemiddeld door 35 leerlingen bezocht.

Dit dorp is de geboorteplaats van de natuurkundige Antonius Brugmans. Hij werd hier geboren op 22 oktober 1732. Hij was werkzaam als hoogleraar in de wijsbegeerte te Groningen en overleed in 1789.
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Organic is a digital advertising agency [2] based in San Francisco [3], CA [4]. It was founded in 1993 with the primary focus of building commercial web sites. The company’s web site, www.organic.com, was one the first 100 websites that were launched.

Organic expanded into the areas of digital advertising [5], banner ads [6] and marketing [7], along with building transactional web sites. It went public in 2000. Like all companies in this space, it was also affected when the Internet bubble [8] burst. It transformed itself into a digital advertising agency that brought the innovative persona based approach for empathy based design. This was featured by Forrester [9] (see recognition). It was re-privatized in 2001. Mark Kingdon, current Organic’s CEO, joined in 2001. In 2003, Organic became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Omnicom [10] Group; this status continues today.

Recognition
- The Forrester Wave™: Interactive Marketing Agencies — Web Design Capabilities, Q2 2007 [11]
- “Best of Web 2.0” AdWeek [12]
- Adweek ranked Organic as the number one interactive agency in their 2007 interactive agency report card [13]

External Links
- Official Website [14]
- ThreeMinds blog [15]
- AllHands culture [16]

[edit] Sources

Play the Game, February 2007 [17]
Adweek IQ Media Report Card [18]
Questions For…Mark Kingdon. Wall Street Journal, November 8, 2006 [19]
Industry Big Wigs Still Struggling to Define Agency Model of the Future [20]

Afreccero (talk) 18:37, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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{{MMAstatsbox}} Andrew Todd Thomas known as Andy "Sweet-N-Low Thomas (born December 07, 1976 in Humble, Texas) is an American mixed martial artist, currently competing in the featherweight and lightweight divisions. He trains at the Miami Fight Club academy in Miami, Florida with Lance Thomas and Jeremiah Cutter. Thomas recently made his featherweight debut in Miami Open, defeating three mixed martial artists en route to the lightweight open championship.

Thomas was a standout wrestler before giving it up to train for MMA full time. He was a member of Team Texasbefore moving on to Miami Fight Club. Andy's older brother, Lance Thomas, is his full-time trainer and mentor with numerous wrestling state championships under his belt.

[edit] Sources

66.166.243.58 (talk) 19:21, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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A superconnection is a supermatrix whose even part contains the gauge-potential one-forms of a local gauge group, while the odd parts contain the (0-form) Higgs fields.

[edit] Sources

[21] 170.29.1.10 (talk) 19:51, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. We cannot accept unsourced suggestions or sources that are not reliable per the verifiability policy. Please provide reputable, third-party sources with your suggestions. Third party sources are needed both to establish the verifiability of the submission as well as its notability. Chebbs (talk) 19:55, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

A halogen bond is the noncovalent interaction between a halogen atom (iodine, bromine, chlorine) and an electron rich environment like a lone pair of oxygen or nitrogen.

Applications include liquid crystals, crystal engineering and many biological processes, like the binding of the thyroid hormone thyroxine at its transport proteins.

[edit] Sources

http://nfmlab.chem.polimi.it/halogen_bonding.php

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/101/48/16789

82.174.28.13 (talk) 20:29, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Article created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:19, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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This is a speech by daniel webster.

The Seventh of March Speech March 7, 1850 Source: Shewmaker, 121-130

Mr. President, - I wish to speak to-day, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American, and a member of the Senate of the United States. It is fortunate that there is a Senate of the United States; a body not yet moved from its propriety, not lost to a just sense of its own dignity and its own high responsibilities, and a body to which the country looks, with confidence, for wise, moderate, patriotic, and healing counsels. It is not to be denied that we live in the midst of strong agitations, and are surrounded by very considerable dangers to our institutions and our government. The imprisoned winds are let loose. The East, the North, and the stormy South combine to throw the whole sea into commotion, to toss its billows to the skies, and disclose its profoundest depths. I do not affect to regard myself, Mr. President, as holding, or as fit to hold, the helm in this combat with the political elements; but I have a duty to perform, and I mean to perform it with fidelity, not without a sense of existing dangers, but not without hope. I have a part to act, not for my own security or safety, for I am looking out for no fragment upon which to float away from the wreck, if wreck there must be, but for the good of the whole, and the preservation of all; and there is that which will keep me to my duty during this struggle, whether the sun and the stars shall appear, or shall not appear for many days. I speak to-day for the preservation of the Union. "Hear me for my cause." I speak to-day, out of a solicitous and anxious heart for the restoration to the country of that quiet and harmonious harmony which make the blessings of this Union so rich, and so dear to us all. These are the topics I propose to myself to discuss; these are the motives, and the sole motives, that influence me in the wish to communicate my opinions to the Senate and the country; and if I can do any thing, however little, for the promotion of thse ends, I shall have accomplished all that I expect... Now, Sir, upon the general nature and influence of slavery there exists a wide difference of opinion between the northern portion of this country and the southern. It is said on the one side, that, although not the subject of any injunction or direct prohibition in the New Testament, slavery is a wrong; that it is founded merely in the right of the strongest; and that is an oppression, like unjust wars, like all those conflicts by which a powerful nation subjects a weaker to its will; and that, in its nature, whatever may be said of it in the modifications which have taken place, it is not accofding to the meek spirit of the Gospel. It is not "kindly affectioned"; it does not "seek another's, and not its own"; it does not "let the oppressed go free". These are the sentiments that are cherished, and of late with greatly augmented force, among the people of the Northern States. They have taken hold of the religious sentiment of that part of the country, as they have, more or less, taken hold of the religious feeling of a considerable portion of mankind. The South, upon the other side, having been accustomed to this relation between two races all their lives, from their birth, having been taught, in general, to treat the subjects of this bondage with care and kindness, and I believe, in general, feeling great kindness for them, have not taken the view of the subject which I have mentioned. There are thousands of religious men, with consciences as tender as any of their brethren at the North, who do not see the unlawfulness of slavery; and there are more thousands, perhaps, that whatsoever they may think of it in its origin, and as a matter depending upon natural right, yet take things as they are, and, finding slavery to be an established relation of the society in which they live, can see no way in which, let their opinions on the abstract question be what they may, it is in the power of the present generation to relieve themselves from this relation. And candor obliiges me to say, that I believe they are just as conscientious, many of them, and the religious people, all of them, as they are at the North who hold different opinions.

The honorable Senator from South Carolina [John C. Calhoun] the other day alluded to the seperation of that great religious community, the Methodist Episcopal Church. That separation was brought about by differences of opinion upon this particular subject of slavery. I felt great concern, as that dispute went on, about the result. I was in hopes that the difference of opinion might be adjusted, because I looked upon that religious denomination as one of the great props of religion and morals throughou;t the whole country, from Maine to Georgia, and westward to our utmost boundary. The result was against my wishes and against my hopes. I have read all their proceedings and all their arguments; but I have never yet been able to come to the conclusion that there was any real ground for that separation; in other words, that any good could be produced by that separation. I must say I think there was some want of candor or charity. Sir, when a question of this kind seizes on the religious sentiments of mankind, and comes to be discussed in religious assemblies of the clergy and laity, there is always to be expected, or always to be feared, a great degree of excitement. It is in the nature of man, manifested in his whole history, that religious disputes are apt to become warm in proportion to the strength of the convictions which men entertain of the magnitude of the questions at issue. In all such disputes, there will sometimes be found men with whome every thing is absolute; absolutey wrong, or absolutely right. They see the right clearly; they think others ought so to see it, and they are disposed to establish a broad line of distinction between what is right and what is wrong. They are not seldom willing to establish that line upon their own convictions of truth or justice; and are ready to mark and guard it by placing along it a series of dogmas, as lines of boundary on the earth's surface are marked by posts and stones. There are men who, with clear perception, as they think, of their own duty, do not see how too eager a pursuit of one duty may involve them in the violation of others, or how too warm an embracement of one truth may lead to a disregard of other truths equally important. As I heard it stated strongly, not many days ago, these persons are disposed to mount upon some particular duty, as upon a war-horse, and to drive furiously on and upon and over all other duties that may stand in the way. There are men who, in reference to disputes of that sort, are of the opinion that human duties may be ascertained with the exactness of mathematics. They deal with morals as with mathematics; and they think what is right may be distinguished from what is wrong with the precision of an algebraic equation. They have, therefore, none too much charity towards others who differ from them. They are apt, too, to think that nothing is good but what is perfect, and that there are no compromises or modifiations to be made in consideration of difference of opinion or in deference to other men's judgment. If their perspicacious vision enables them to detect a spot on the face of the sun, they think that a good reason why the sun should be struck down fro heaven. They prefer the chance of running into utter darkness to living in heavenly light, if that heavenly light be not absolutely without any imperfection. There are impatient men; too impatient always to give heed to the admonition of St. Paul, that we are not to "do evil that good may come"; too impatient to wait for the slow progress of moral causes in the improvement of mankind...

Mr. President, in the excited times in which we live, there is found to exist a state of crimination and recrimination between the North and South. There are lists of grievances produced by each; and those grievances, real or supposed, alienate the minds of one portion of the country from the other, exasperate the feelings, and subdue the sense of fraternal affection, patriotic love, and mutual regard. I shall bestow a little attention, Sir, upon these various grievances existing on the one side and on the other. I begin with complaints of the South. I will not answer, further than I have, the general statements of the honorable Senator from South Carolina [Calhoun], that the North has prospered at the expense of the South in consequence of the manner of administering this government, in the collecting of its revenues, and so forth. These are disputed topics, and I have no inclination to enter into them. But I will allude to the other complaints of the South, and especially to one which has in my opinion just foundation; and that is, that there has been found at the North, among individuals and among legislators, a disinclination to perform fully their constitutional duties in regard to the return of persons bound to service who have escaped into the free States. In that respect, the South, in my judgment, is right, and the North is wrong. Every member of every Northern legislature is bound by oath, like every other officer in the country, to support the Constitution of the United States; and the article of the Constitution which says to these States that they shall deliver up fugitives from service is as binding in honor and conscience as any other article. No man fulfills his duty in any legislature who sets himself to find excuses, evasions, escapes from this constitutional obligation. I have always thought that the Constitution addressed itself to the legislatures of the States or to the States themselves. It says that those persons escaping to other States "shall be delivered up," and I confess I have always been of the opinion that it was an injunction upon the States themselves. When it is said that a person escaping into another State, and coming thereofre within the jurisdiction of that State, shall be delivered up, it seems to me the import of the clause is, that the State itself, in obedience to the Constitution, shall cause him to be delivered up. That is my judgment. I have always entertained that opinion, and I entertain it now. But when the subject, some years ago, was before the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority of the judges held that the power to cause fugitives from service to be delivered up was a power to be exercised under the authority of this government. I do not know, on the whole, that it may not have been a fortunate decision. My habit is to respect the result of judicial deliberations and the solemnity of judicial decisions. As it now stands, the business of seeing that these fugitives are delivered up resides in the power of Congress and the national judicature, and my friend at the head of the Judiciary Committee [James M. Mason] has a bill on the subject now before the Senate, which, with some amendments tot, I propose to support, with all its provisions, to the fullest extent. And I desire to call the attention of all sober-minded men at the North, of all conscientious men, of all men who are not carried away by some fanatical idea or some false impression, to their constitutional obligations. I put it to all the sober and sound minds at the North as a question of morals and a question of conscience. What right have they, in their legislative capacity or any other capacity, to endeavor to get round this Constitution, or to embarass the free exercise of the rights secured by the Constitution tohe persons whose slaves escape from them? None at all; none at all. Neither in the forum of conscience, nor before the face of the Constitution, are they, in my opinino, justified in such an attempt. Of course it is a matter for their consideration. They probably, in the excitement of the times, have not stopped to consider of this. They have followed what seemed to be the current of thought and of motives, as the occasion arose, and they have neglected to investigate fully the real question, and to consider their constitutional obligations; which, I am sure, if they did consider, they would fulfil with alacrity. I repeat, therefore, Sir, that here is a well-founded ground of complaint against the North, which ought to be removed, which it is now in the power of the different departments of this government to remove; which calls for the enactment of proper laws authorizing the judicature of this government, in the several States, to do all that is necessary for the recapture of fugitie slaves and for their restoration to those who claim them. Wherever I go, and whenever I speak on the subject, and when I speak here I desire to speak to the whole North, I say that the South has been injured in this respect, and has a right to complain; and the North has been too careless of what I think the Constitution peremptorily and emphaticually enjoins upon her as a duty...

Then, Sir, there are the Abolition societies, of which I am unwilling to speak, but in regard to which I have very clear notions and opinions. I do not think them useful. I think their operations for the last twenty years have produced nothing good or valuable. At the same time, I believe thousands of their members to be honest and good men, perfectly well-meaning men. They have excited feelings; they think they must do something for the cause of liberty; and, in their sphere of action, they do not see what else they can do than to contribute to an Abolition press, or an Abolition society, or to pay an Abolition lecturer. I do not mean to impute gross motives even to the leaders of these societies, but I am not blind to the consequences of their proceedings. I cannot but see what mischiefs their interference with the South has produced. And its it not plain to every man? Let any gentleman who entertains doubts on this point recur to the debates in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1832, and he will see with what freedom a proposition made by Mr. [Thomas] Jefferson Randolph for the gradual abolition of slavery was discussed in that body. Every one spoke of slavery as he thought; very ignominious and disparaging names and epithets were applied to it. The debates in the House of Delegates on that occasion, I believe, were all published. They were read by every colored man who could read, and to those who could not read, those debates were read by others. At that time Virginia was not unwilling or unafraid to discuss this question, and to let that part of her population know as much of � discussion as they could learn. That was in 1832. As has been said by the honorable member from South Carolina [Calhoun], these Abolition societies commenced their course of action in 1835. It is said, I do not know how true it may be, that they sent incendiary publications into the slave States; at any rate, they attempted to arouse, and did arouse, a very strong feeling; in other words, they created great agitation in the North against Southern slavery. Well, what was the result? The bonds of the slave were bound more firmly than before, their rivets were more strongly fastened. Public opinion, which in Virginia had begun to be exhibited against slavery, and was opening out for the discussion of the question, drew back and shut itself up in its castle. I wish tooknow whether any body in Virginia can now talk openly as Mr. Randoph, Governor [James] McDowell, and others talked in 1832 and sent their remarks to the press? We all know the fact, and we all know the cause; and every thing that these agitating people have done has been, not to enlarge, but to restrain, not to set free, but to bind faster the slave population of the South...

Mr. President, I should much prefer to have heard from every member on this floor declarations of opinion that this Union could never be dissolved, than the declaration of opinion by any body, that, in any case, under the pressure of any circumstances, such a dissolution was possible. I hear with distress and anguish the word "secession," especially when it falls from the lips of those who are patriotic, and known to the country, and known all over the world, for their political services. Secession! Peac��eable secession! Sir, your eyes and mine are never destined to see that miracle. The dismemberment of this vast country without convulsion! The breaking up of the fountains of the great deep without ruffing the surface! Who is so foolish, I beg every body's pardon, as to expect to see any such thing? Sir, he who sees these States, now revolving in harmony around a common centre, and expects to see them quit their places and fly off without convulsion, may look the next hour to see heavenly bodies rush from their spheres, and jostle against each other in the realms of space, without causing the wreck of the universe. There can be no such thing as peaceable secession. Peaceable secession is an utter impossibility. Is the great Constitution under which we live, covering this whole country, is it to be thawed and melted away by secession, as the snows on the mountain melt under the influence of a vernal sun, disappear almost unobserved, and run off? No, Sir! No, Sir! I will not state what might produce the disruption of the Union; but, Sir, I see as plainly as I see the sun in heaven what that disruption itself must produce; I see that it must produce war, and such a war as I will not describe, in its twofold character.

Peaceable secession! Peaceable secession! The concurrent agreement of all the members of this great republic to seperate! A voluntary separation, with alimony on one side and on the other. Why, what would be the result? Where is the line to be drawn? What States are to seceded? What is to remain American? What am I toe? An American no longer? Am I to become a sectional man, a local man, a separatist, with no country in common with the gentlemen who sit around me here, or who fill the other house of Congress? Heaven forbid! Where is the flag of the republic to remain? Where is the eagle still to tower? or ishe to cower, and shrink, and fall to the ground? Why, Sir, our ancestors, our fathers and our grandfathers, those of them that are yet living amongst us with prolonged lives, would rebuke and reproach us; and our children and our grandchildren would cry out shame upon us, if we of this generation should dishonor these ensigns of the power of the government and the harmony of that Union which is every day felt among us with so much joy and gratitude. What is to become of the army? What is to become of the navy? What is to become of the public lands? How is each of the thirty States to defend itself? I know, although the idea has not been stated distinctly, there is to be, or it is supposed possible that there will be, a Southern Confederacy. I do not mean, when I allude to this statement, that any one seriously contemplates such a state of things. I do not mean to say that it is true, but I have heard it suggested elsewhere, that the idea has been entertained, that, after the dissolution of this Union, a Southern Confederacy might be formed. I am sorry, Sir, that it has ever been thought of, talked of, or dreamed of, in the wildest flights of human imagination. But the idea, so far as it exists, must be of a separation, assigning the slave States to one side and the free States to the other. Sir, I may express myself too strongly, perhaps, but there are impossibilities in the natural as well as in the physical world, and I hold the idea of a separation of these States, those that are free to form one govenrment, and those that are slave-holding to form another, as such an impossibility. We could not separate the States by any such line, if we were to draw it. We could not sit down here to-day and draw a line of seperation that would satisfy any five men in the country. There are natural cuases that would keep and tie us together, and there are social and domestic relations which we could not break if we would, and which we should not if we could.

Sir, nobody can look over the face of this country at the present moment, nobody can see where its population is the most dense and growing, without being ready to admit, and compelled to admit, that ere long the strength of America will be in the Valley of the Mississippi. Well, now, Sir, I beg to inquire what the wildest enthusiast has to say about the possibility of cutting that river in two, and leaving free States at its source and on its branches, and slave States down near its mouth, each forming a separate government? Pray, Sir, let me say to the people of this country, that these things are worthy of their pondering and of their consideration. Here, Sir, are five millions of freemen in the free States north of the river of Ohio. Can any body suppose that this population can be severed, by a line that divides them fro the territory of a foreign and alien government, down somewhere, the Lord knows where, upon the lower banks of the Mississippi? What would become of Missouri? Will she join the arrondissement of the slave States? Shall the man from the Yellow Stone and the Platte be conncected, in the new republic, with the man who lives on the southern extremity of the Cape of Florida? Sir, I am ashamed to pursue this line of remark. I dislike it, I have an utter disgust for it. I would rather hear of natural blasts and mildews, war, pestilence, and famine, than to hear gentlemen talk of secession. To break up this great government! to dismember this glorious country! to astonish Europe with an act of folly such as Europe for two centures has never beheld in any government or any people! No, Sir! no, Sir! There will be no secession! Gentlemen are not serious when they talk of secession...

And now, Mr. President, I draw these observations to a close. I have spoken freely, and I meant to do so. I have sought to make no display. I have sought to enliven the occasion by no animated discussion, nor have I attempted any train of elaborate argument. I have wished only to speak my sentiments, fully and at length, being desirous, once and for all, to let the Senate know, and to let the country know ,the opinions and sentiments which I entertain on all these subjects. These opinions are not likely to be suddenly changed. If there be any future service that I can render to the country, consistently with these sentiments and opinions, I shall cheerfully render it. If there be not, I shall still be glad to have had an opportunity to disburden myself from the bottom of my heart, and to make known every political sentiment that therein exists.

And now, Mr. President, instead of speaking of the possibility or utility of secession, instead of dwelling in those caverns of darkness, instead of groping with those ideas so full of all that is horrid and horrible, let us com�e out into the light of day; let us enjoy the fresh air of Liberty and Union; let us cherish those hopes whichÊbel¿ng to us; let us devote ourselves to those great objects that are fit for our consideration and action; let us raise our conceptions to the magnitude and the importance of the duties that devolve upon us; let our comprehension be as broad as the country for which we act, our asperations as high as its certain destiny; let us not be pigmies in a case that calls for men. Never did there devolve on any generation of men higher trusts than now devolve upon us, for the preservation of this Constitution and the harmony and peace of all who are destined to live under it. Let us make our generation one of the strongest and brightest links in that golden chain which is destined, I fondly believe, to grapple the people of all the States to this Constitution for ages to come. We have a great, popular, constitutional government, guarded by law and by judicature, and defended by the affections of the whole people. No monarchical throne presses these States together, no iron chain of military power encircles them; they live and stand under a government popular in its form, representative in its character, founded upon principles of equality, and so constructed, we hope, as to last for ever. In all its history it has been beneficent; it has trodden down no man's liberty; it has crushed no State. Its daily respiration is liberty and patriotism; its yet youthful veins are full of enterprise, courage, and honorable love of glory and renown. Large before, the country has noe, by recent events, become vastly larger. This republic now extends, with a vast breadth, across the whole continent. The two great seas of teh world wash the one and the other shore. We realize, on a mighty scale, the beautiful description of the ornamental border of the buckler of Achilles: -

"Now, the broad shield completed, the artist crowned With his last hand, and poured the ocean round; In living silver seemed the waes to roll, And beat the bucklers verge, and bound the whole."

[edit] Sources

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dwebster/speeches/seventh-march.html

68.93.64.137 (talk) 20:31, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

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Graduate of Hawaii University. Cum Laude. Wrestler. --> TOP GUNNNNSSS

66.32.4.53 (talk) 21:34, 21 November 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-11-21

Declined. This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. Please see tips on how to better format your article. 哦， 是吗？(User:O) 22:52, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

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Mathugh Opata - a record producer based in Washington, D.C. attempting to break into the Hip-Hop industry with his creative styles of beats that improves ever couple of months. Its rumored that he now attends East Tennessee State University and is currently making beats out of a dorm room.

[edit] Sources

Mathugh Opata's Official Myspace Page
About Mathugh Opata

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[edit] Figure 09

...is a song by Linking Park

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[edit] Poits of Authority

...is a song by Linkin Park -> Also see Pts.OF.Athrty

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A Lorena Stove is a type of stove that is simple to construct, but provides several advantages over conventional stoves. Lorena comes from the Spanish words "lodo" and "arena," which mean "mud" and "sand." Lorena stoves are designed to enclose the heat produced by burning wood. Their main innovation is a curved passage inside the stove, which causes heat to be trapped in a circular motion beneath the cooking holes. By enclosing the stove, smoke is drawn into the chimney pipes and then expelled from the house. From an environmental perspective, Lorena stoves are fuel-efficient and use about half as much wood as the regular type of stoves used in rural areas. Lorena stoves are used in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Different designs exist using different locally available materials, such as clay, sand or bricks.

[edit] Sources

Reed College, Oregon

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