Talk:Aqua Detox

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Contents 1 Aqua Detox 2 References from Stephen Barrett's December 28, 2004 Article 3 FDA 4 IICT modality List 5 Aqua Detox 6 Website dead

[edit] Aqua Detox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_Detox The change of the color of the dielectricum, i.e. the aqueous solution surrounding the electrodes, is based on the electrochemical reaction mostly at the anode [[Sacrificial anode]], and only to a minor part based on the body fluids from the pores of the skin. If one takes an electrode made out of V2A steel (CrNi177) the anode will release cationics such as Cr-III, Cr-VI, Ni-II, and Fe-II/Fe-III into the dielectricum. Most sorts of V2A steel are composed of iron (up to 80 -90 %w/w,) chromium (up to 20% w/w), nickel (up to 6 % w/w) and always 1 % w/w of unknown material. Since we always have a scrifice electrode in galvanic electrochemical reactions, all that material will dissolve the longer the electrolytic procedure will last. The ions of the anode (positive) are reacting with the hydroxyl ions of the water resulting in the precipitation of colored material. The color of Cr(OH)3 (chrom-hydroxyde) , is light green, of Ni(OH)2 (nickel-hydroxyde) is green dark, of Fe(OH)3 (iron-hydroxyde) is brown, of Zn (OH)2 (zinc-hydroxyde) is white. Since iron is the major part of the material of the electrodes, the color of the bath will be dark. If one takes an electrode made out of titanium or platinium, no change of the color will be observed because both metals are hight positive in the electrochemical scale, and thus mostly stable to oxydation at the anode. In addition one should put a warning on the use of the V2A steel electrodes in medical products exposed to electrical current. Chromium and nickel are regarded as highly harmfull, they are the cause of allergic skin reactions. In addition both metalls are the cause of cancer, which is a well known fact from occupational health and work medicine. At the work place those ions such as chromium and nickel are banned from getting in contact with the skin (allergic skin reaction, like the latex reaction) of the workes. Workers must wear protective clothes (in galvanic industry), ventilation must be placed over the chromium / nickel bath, a yearly check on the concentration of nickel and chromium must be done (no more than 50 microgram Ni or Cr per cubicmeter of air is allowed, due to regulations of the european union). And now we are discussiong a medical / therapeutic procedure, releasing cancer compounds into a solution, where hands and feets of users are placed. In addition it has been shown that chromium and nickel are absorbed from the bath thru the skin. 6-10 hours after having used the V2A steel electrode one will find a tsunami of chromium and nickel in the urine, i.e. chromium up to 16 microgram per gram creatinine and nickel up to 25 microgram per gram creatinine, and copper was 100 microgram per gram creatinine. This was published by the swiss based company “Body Detox AG” in German language in the internet (www.file://localhost/C:/Dokumente%20und%20Einstellungen/Safetec%20GmbH/Eigene%20Dateien/Body-Detox/Margaretas%20Studie.pdf) , as a documention of “detoxification” of heavy metals. Surprising, if the same patients were using the platinium electrode, all of the sudden, no chromium and nickel was found in the urine. In contrast workers in galvanic industry having been exposed to chromium, nickel thru protective close over an 8 – hour - work – shift do not have more than 1 – 5 microgram of each of those elements in the urine. Robi123 09:23, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

[edit] References from Stephen Barrett's December 28, 2004 Article

1. Research for Aqua Detox. Aqua Detox International Web site, accessed Dec 27, 2004.
2. Miracle Beauty home page, accessed Dec 27, 2004.
3. American Cancer Society. Questionable methods of cancer management: Electronic devices. CA—A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 44:115-127, 1994.
4. Harris G. A detox to make your toes curl. Daily Telegraph, June 6, 2003.
5. Mary Staggs. Biographical information on Contact Reflex Analysis and Nutritional research Foundation Web site, accessed Dec 27, 2004.
6. Girvan R. Dodgy detox. Apothecary's Drawer Weblog, May 28, 2004.
7. Goldacre B. Rusty results. Guardian Unlimited, Sept 2, 2004.

- Retrieved from devicewatch on 2007-May-02. Could be mined to confirm Barrett's interpretation and further expand article. Jethero^Talk 03:52, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] FDA

As of may 2007, searching for 'aqua detox' or 'ioncleanse' at the FDA returns only 1 irrelevant document.

[edit] IICT modality List

• Australia's The International Institute for Complementary Therapists, or IICT, has this device ('Aqua Detox Medical Unit'

and 'Aqua Detox')on their 2007 list of "Current list of Modalities Welcomed for Membership with the IICT and approved by OAMPS Insurance Brokers on behalf of VERO (as from May 2007)" here Jethero^Talk 04:46, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

in addition there is "hydrotherapy", and "galvanism" (i.e. application of DC circuit), "faradism" would account for the same risk potential. Robi123 09:39, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

good research on literature; the wiki article is wrong, it says the electrode is of iron, the venders says it is surgical steel, as you described. surgixcal steel cannot rost, or corrode, we should use your infos for the article.did not no on the potential health hazards.Alljerry 20:59, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

good value, excellent research on the chemical literature, so far published, good references, very good addition to the wikipedia on chromium, and cancer, we should put this under a new headline such as spa bath, because it is dealing in general with spa bath and not omnly with aqua detox, put a link to aqua detox, and galvanotherapy. formulas should be more cleaqr, dont omit them, they are from the publications, Alphamay1 08:48, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Aqua Detox

Hi

this the new edition with certain references incorporated, if you need more, just mark it, where you would like to have them, we have tons of it, the internetlink works now, hope so. We think the artricle needs formation, in order to be quickly readable? The chemical reactions are of major importance in order to understand what s going on. Can somebody put them in a readable order? In addition a technical description should be given for spa bath, and where it is used by the public, so that the reader can find it easily in the wikipedia.

Spa bath See also Aqua detox, Body Detox, Foot Detox Spa, Bio Detox, Bio-Sync Detox, Platinum Detox, ionSpa, Mary Staggs Ionic Spa, Water Detox, Bionic HydroTherapy, Baby-D Foot Spa, IonCleanse, Hydra Detox, Energy Balancer Detox Footbath, Aqua-Chi, Emerald Detox, Bio-Cleanse, Q2 Energy Spa, Ionic Detox Box, Pure-Charge Energetic Spa, P.E.P. Body Purge, PediTox, is a procedure based on galvanic DC circuit, employed also in stangerbad (ref-8) , and iontophoresis thru an array of stainless steel, or another electrical conductor. The array is covered with water containing salts in order to perform the electrolysis while hands or arms of the user are placed around the array. On DC circuit the array releases oxygen, hydrogen and metallic ions in statu nascendi which are getting in contact with the skin of the user. Spa bath is used by “healing centers” and lay persons for treatment of dysfunctions of the body. It is partly advertised misleadingly for medical treatment of diseases without having presented any scientific proof up to date. For recent publications on spa baths see under aqua detox and ref-25, ref-26 of this article. In order to understand the impact of the spa bath on the human body it is necessary to understand the basic electrochemical and biochemical reactions emerging from the electrodes of the array. Those reactions can be taken from any book on electrochemistry. Most of the spa baths are empolying a stainless steel array, therefor we are concentrating on that array.

I.) Physico-Chemical Reactions at the Electrodes under DC Circuit (ref-25)'

Most spa baths are using arrays are composed of surgical steel (V2A, stainless steel, or CrNi177 steel). Stainless steel is a good conductor, has a low degree of electric resistance, is chemically inert material, i.e. free of auto-oxydation due to passivation, and is a well known material in medicine and household. Most sorts of V2A steel are composed of iron (up to 80 -90 %w/w,) chromium (up to 20% w/w), nickel (up to 6 % w/w), manganese (up to 2% w/w) and always 1 % w/w of elements, not determined by chemical analysis (ref-25). The stainless steel array of the spa bath is operated on low voltage DC circuit (12 volts, 2 ampere, concuctivity up to 1.1 mS, temperature of the spa bat : 30 - 35 degrees Celsius), resulting in a process of galvanatised electrolysis. In medical electrotheray “galvanic” means “direct current” circuit (DC). In electrochemical reactions we have a positively charged anode and a negatively charged kathode, wherein the anode is also known as sacrificial anode. Sacrificial anode means that during the operation of the spa bath the anodic loss of stainless steel material will account for chromium by approx. 200 mg and nickel by 60 mg (total weight of the array 100 gram, i.e. 1 m length, diameter of 3 mm, duration of operation of 30 min, 12 volt, up to 2 ampere). Under DC circuit operation of the spa bath, there are several physico-chemical reactions which have to be recognised in order to understand any effect of the spa bath on the human body, which are in brief:

(1) diffusion of ions of the spa bath (e.g. sodium and chloride) to the counter charged electrode, e.g. negatively charged ions of the solution will diffuse to the positively charged anode;

(2) liberation of positively charged metallic ions from the sacrificial anode into the solution of the spa bath, such as chromium-III, nickel-II, manganese-II, iron-III;

(3) reaction of ions of the solution (in general water, and sodium chloride) with the surface of the sacrificial anode and kathode; the anode is generating positively charged protons and partly negatively charged hydroxy ions, which are released into the solution; electrons left behind in the metallic structure of the stainless steel electrode are transported to the kathode via the connecting wire; negatively charged chlorine ions of the solution are migrating to the anode and are oxydised to chlorine (gas), which is evaporating, as the users of the spa bath can smell, another part of the chlorine gas is reacting with the metallic surface of the anode of the stainless steel electrode resulting in the destruction of the metallic surface structure, i.e. precipitation of salts such as chromium-chloride, nickel-cloride, or iron-chloride. The following chemical reactions are taking place at the positively charged anode and negative kathode of the preferred array made of stainless steel; similar reactions tale place with arrays made of platinum, palladium, or titanium:

Kathode (negative pole, in general we observe an reduction reaction, i.e. coloring the indicator paper phenolphtalein in blue)

i) 2 H30+ + 2e ↔ H2 (hydrogen gas) + H2O (water)

ii) ½ O2 + H2O + 2 e ↔ 2 OH- (hydroxy ion)

2 OH- + Me2+ ↔ Me(OH)2

Me is the abbreviation for metall ions from the array; e.g. chromium, nickel, iron, zinc, manganese, platinum, titanium, or palladium, depending on the alloy of the electrode; Me(OH)2 is the colored metallic-hydroxyd-cover on the surface of the electrode, consisting of the metallic ion and hydroxy ions, protecting the electrode against quick degradation;

Anode (positive pole, in general we observe an oxydation reaction, i.e. generation of oxygen which is big bubbles surfacing)

i) 2 OH- ↔H2O + ½ O2 (oxygen) + 2e

ii) Me ↔ Me2+ + 2e

iii) Me2+ migration to the epidermis of the skin, entry to the body thru the sweat glands.

(4) reaction of the ions of the solution with metallic ions of the stainless steel anode resulting in the precipitation of metallic oxydes and hydroxydes, e.g. chromium-hydroxyde, nickel-hydroxyde, iron-hydroxyde; those ions, complexes and precipitates are colored, e.g. chromium-III-hydroxyde is light green, iron-III-hydroxyde is reddish-brown, manganese-IV-oxyde is dark brown. This combination of colors, slowly developing while operating the foot bath, is generated by the metallic ions from the stainless steel electrode. If one takes an electrode made by platinium, or titanium no change of the color will occure, since both elements are positively charged, not generating colored complexes in solution (ref-25);

(5) reduction-oxydation-reactions among the metallic ions of the solution, released from the anode, e.g. oxydation of the positively charged chromium-III to the negatively charged chromium-VI thru reaction with iron-III ions; this are highly active ions, i.e. ions in statu nascendi being capable of reacting with other structures e.g. skin of the human body;

(6) kathodic reduction and precipitation of metallic ions, and generation of negatively charged hydroxy ions, the latter ones reacting with positively charged metallic ions such as chromium-III.

II.) Bio-physical Reactions on the human Body under DC Circuit (ref-26)

Both the released and activated metallic ions and the electromagnetic field of the array are acting in concert on the human body. In general three basic bio-physical effects will be recognised, i.e. as (1) electrothermal, (2) electrophysical and (3) electrochemical. Depending on the resistance and conductivity of the array, the temperature of the spa bath will slightly increase during current operation. Since stainless steel is a good electrical conductor one observes only small temperature increases up to 2 degrees Celsius in a volume of 5 liter of water over a period of 30 min of operation. This might have the same effect on feet as seen with an ordenary foot bath as known from hydrotherapy. The electromagnetic field of the array might also contribute to the improved circulation in the periphery of the body due to interference with paramagnetic ions of tissue and blood stream, which is known as “galvanic hyperthemia”. It has to be recognised that a spa bath operating under 12 volts / 2 ampere will produce an electrical-body-thru-current of approx. 120 micro ampere similar to the stangerbad (ref-23), or iontophoresis. However the electromagnetic field is only indirectly involved in this electrophysical effect, since the array is placed between feet or hands, not going directly thru body parts. This can easily be shown by taking an amperemeter between both hands while standing in an operating spa bath. Due to the Bayliss reflex , a vasomotor reflex, blood flow will increase by improving circulation and oxygen supply to the local tissue. Carbondioxyd and other metabolic products are taken away from local tissue by the increased blood flow. Wound healing has been reported – under DC circuit – in medical literature ( ref 1, 2), however not yet under the use of the spa bath. This might also be accompanied by forced diuresis liberating metabolic products thru the kidney and skin (sweat gands), as it is known from thermal mineral bath or from occupational and environmental health studies in hot work places such as at a smelter or geographical hot regions (ref 3). In addition urinary diuresis, local blood perfusion at the lower limbs, and lymphatic drainage might also be due to the well known cutaneous-visceral reflex of L5 / S1 (if the feet are placed in the bath). Users of the spa bath are reporting on an increased urinary output after several applications, similarily as seen after foot massage. All those effects together can be termed as “regulation” of homoeostasis or “detoxification”. However the major differerence between the array of the spa bath and other – traditional – procedures for improving circulation and detoxification is the stainlees steel electrode used by producers around the world. Stainless steel is a robust alloy, good conductor with little resistance and capacity of chemical passivation, which makes it resistant against oxydation. And it is an inexpensive material. However under the influence of DC circuit the stainless steel array will act like a sacrificial anode, degrading and releasing ions into the spa bath which are regarded as highly toxic. Under electrical current, chromium-, nickel-, manganese-, and iron-ions are released from the anode, as explained under I.3.) of this article. Those ions are charged positively, complexed by molecules of water, then being counter-charged (as seen for hexavalent chromium) and can migrate under the influence of the electromagnetic field of the array to the negatively charged skin (ref-18) of the feet of the user of the spa bath. The skin of feet and hand has more than 2000 sweat glands per square centimeter, which not only are liberating metabolic products from the body but also can pick up ions from the spa bath. This is a well known effect from iontophoresis. In addition it has been shown by Griesz-Brisson (ref-6) that chromium and nickel ions are absorbed from the bath thru the skin. 6-10 hours after having used the V2A stainless steel electrode one will find a tsunami of chromium and nickel in the urine, i.e. chromium up to 16 microgram per gram creatinine and nickel up to 25 microgram per gram creatinine, and copper was 100 microgram per gram creatinine. This has been published by the swiss based company “Body Detox AG” from Winterthur, as a documention of “detoxification” of heavy metals. Surprisingly, if the same patients were using the platinum electrode, all of the sudden, no chromium and nickel was found in the urine, but platinum, which was not present under the use of the stainless steel array (un- published results of the authors). In contrast workers in galvanic industry having been exposed to chromium, nickel thru protective cloths over an 8 – hour - work – shift do not have more than 1 – 5 microgram per 1 gram of creatinine of each of those elements in the urine, as we know from occupational and environmental health studies (ref-16). Again, from many studies in work medicine (ref -9 thru ref-13) it is a well known fact that chromium-ions can penetrate the skin of hands and feet, whereas hexavalent chromium is better absorbed than the trivalent chromium. The same is valid for nickel-ions. Baranowska-Dutkiewicz (ref-10) observed a chromium-hexavalent penetration rate of 10 microgram / square centimeter skin / hour in a 0.2 molar solution of hexavalent chromium. Considering that the spa bath is operated with an electrical-body-thru-current similar to the stangerbad, i.e. approx. 120 micro ampere, it would not be surprising to find chromium in the urine after the application, as has been reported (ref-6). Workers in galvanic industry exposed to chromium or nickel must wear protective clothes, ventilation must be placed over the chromium / nickel bath, a yearly check on the concentration of nickel and chromium must be done (no more than 50 microgram Ni or Cr per cubicmeter of air is allowed, due to regulations of the European Union).

III.) Toxicity of Electrodes made of Stainless Steel, Platinum, Titanium (ref-26, ref-30, ref-31)

Stainless steel is releasing chromium-, nickel-, manganese and iron ions from a stationary matrix. Chromiumions, i.e. chromium-hexavalent which is generated under the electrolytic process of the spa bath equipped with a stainless steel electrode is the cause of occupational cancer of the lung and nose. (ref 4). The same is observed with nickel-II-ions. Every dermatologist knows the allergic reactions due to ear rings made of chromium, nickel, or cobald. Again from occupational medicine we know the effect on the skin of construction workers in building industry of chromium-III-salts, being present in cement or cement concrete. They are causing eczema, are capable of penetrating the skin and getting absorbed by the subepidermal tissue. Alloys made of chromium and nickel have been banned from orthopedic implants due to the fact that more than 10% of the patients with hip replacement have shown allergic reactions to the stainless steel alloy (ref-14, ref-28). In this medical field other, non toxic alloys made of tantalum, or niobium are now used again. Those metals have been first used 1944 (ref-27) for covering defects in the skull resultung from war injuries. Arrays covered with platinium (10 micrometer thickness, core metall is titanium) and used in the spa bath are also degraded in terms of the sacrificial anode. They are releasing platinium ions into the spa bath from where they are absorbed by the body. The electrodes are quicker degrading if the pH is well above 7 and chloride is present due to the electrochemical scale. The same can be observed with arrays made of titanium. Both metals are the cause of allergic skin (ref-19) and lung reactions, as we – again – know from work medicine. Dental workers, e.g. exposed to metal dust of platinum, palladium (ref-19), or nickel (which is used in dental medicine as NiTi-alloy, ref-15) are very often suffering from generalised allergic reactions (ref-17, ref-21). In some countries of the European Union, such allergies are regarded as occupational diseases and recognised by workman`s compensation system, if attracted at the work place.

III.a.) Public Discussion on Galvanotherapy and Cancer in 2007

From the medical point of view one cannot follow the ads of some producers, traders and “health centers” that solid tumors, i.e. cancer can be treated, prevented or counter acted by the application of electrodes of the spa bath, releasing carcinogenic metallic ions such as nickel-II or chromium-VI. Certainly, platinum-chloro-complexes such as carboplatin (ref-29), cisplatin, oxyplatin are used for systemic treatment of e.g. metastatic ovary cancer, but it is highly questionable whether an array of a spa bath made of platinum can have the same effect. In addition spa bath treatment or alongside treatment of people suffering from cancer might negatively interfer with the well established pharmacological treatment due to induction on metallothionein which is known to neutralise the platinum derivatives of cancer therapy (ref-20). Finally due to the possible induction of metallothionein from the authors of this article it is not recommended to use the spa bath, iontophoresis, stangerbad or any other means of electrotherapy before or along the cancer chemotherapy without appoval of the responsible doctor or treatment center. To date no data are available on the positive effect of such metioned means of galvanotherapy. In order not to disregard the spa bath – as a possible future part of alternative medicine - such ads must be prevented by the responsible industry, manufacturer, producer, trader, or “health center”. At this site it has to be noted that certain medical centers, appoved by the National Health Centers of the European Union are using hyperthermia, an other art of galvanotherapy, for treatment of cancer.

III.b.) Conclusion:

Taking all the scientific data together on the spa bath, the user should be very carefull operating on the V2A-stainless steel electrode. Due to toxic reactions on the human body one should recommend not to use electrodes made of stainless steel, platinium, palladium or titanium in medical electrotherapy operating on DC circuit.

IV.) Is there harmless Material for Arrays operating under DC Circuit?

New electrode materials for medical electrochemical application , i.e. spa bath, iontophoresis or stangerbad, focus on material free of toxic reactions to users, should have chemically stable surfaces under DC circuit similar to stainless steel, low electrochemical overpotentials, i.e. highly positive electrochemical potential; in addition the electrodes must be ready available, inexpensive and provide a high grade of conductivity. There are different alloys empolyed for the use as cardio-vascular implant. They are non toxic to the human body, i.e. no allergic reaction, or the cause of cancer is known. Those alloys are exellent conducters, have low electrical resistance, enough stability to form arrays for application in a spa bath, and are also degrading under DC circuit. However those materials are protected by patent law and are not yet available by the free state of the art. Other material such as gold, silver, molybdenium, or vanadium, is highly conductive, non toxic but not recommended for use in spa bath due to the stiffness of the material and its high costs and partly allergic reactions (vanadium, ref-19, ref-21). Elements being present in the human body such as sodium, potassium, magnesium or zinc are not useable as electrodes of the spa bath due to their heighly negative electrochemical potential, resulting in quick degradation of the material of the array under DC circuit. In addition those elements are well known for increase of the pH of the electrolytic solution, e.g. metallic sodium is reacting aggressively with water under generation of explosive concentrations of hydrogen. Magnesium and zinc are melting away under the influence of DC circuit of 2 ampere (12 volts, conductivity of the electrolytic bath of 1.1 mS, 34 degrees Celsius) and are also dissociating the solution of the spa bath.

V.) Therapeutic Application of the Spa Bath?

Taking all to gether the bio-physico-chemical effects of the spa bath one might arrive at the conclusion that the use of the spa bath might be of advantage for the human body – in a range of other procedures known from alternative medicine, such as thermal bath, iontophoresis, foot massage, or just doing exercise on a regular base. From WW-II experiments (ref-27) on navy soldiers it is known that salt water can dry out the human body if in contact with the skin, which is the same with the thermal bath containing high concentrations of salt and is possible with the electrochemical spa bath (because the electrolyts added to the spa bath and the release of elements from the electrode are generating a hypertosmolar solution separated from the human body fluid by the semipermeable membrane, i.e. skin). It is part of the medical treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases, such as gout or fibromyalgia to use alternative medicine, even if it is just nordic walking (in order to incerase the oxygen supply to the body). The electrochemical spa bath should also allowed to be used by the people in the same way as other means of hydrotherapy in order to comfort oneself. Howevewer unless the spa bath has not shown that it can provide medical treatment in the same way as the stangerbad or iontophoresis it must not advertise any relief or allivation as a medical treatment. There is a hugh body of old literature from the 19th century when the procedures of galvanotherpy were born. In Europe Golding Bird from London, UK and Robert Remak, M.D. from Charite Hospital, Berlin (ref-22) and Duchenne from Paris (ref-23) have done a broad application and evaluation of galvanotherapy on patients. Golding Bird operated the first department of physical therapy using galvanotherpy at the Guy`hospital (now Kings College) in London, UK, around 1840. In russian medical literature one can find reports on the application of galvanic current (DC) for the detoxification if chromium salts from the body of workers (ref 5). Therefore producers, traders, “health centers”, and supporters of the spa bath should at first provide patients and users with documentations on the biological safety of their system on the human body. The user has a right on information about the spa bath regarding the change of immunolocial parameters (MELISA (ref-7)or lymphocyte – transformation –test (LTT), blood picture, blood pressure, and urinary excretion of heavy metals. Since the spa bath is operating on DC circuit the sacrificial anode must not release toxic compounds. Further they should provide studies on the positive effect of the spa bath on medical indications where they would like to support the medical state of the art. To date this has not yet been done. Producers and traders of the spa bath have to recognise that they have to reinvest part of their revenue into serious studies, if they want to claim any – even hidden - medical effect from the use of their spa bath.

VI.) References

(1) Wolcott, LE, Wheeler, PC, and Hardwicke, HM et al. (1969) Accelerated healing of skin ulcers by electrotherapy: preliminary clinical results. South Med. J., Vol 62, p. 795

(2) Gault, WR, and Gates, PF (1976) Use of low intensity direct current in management of ischemic ulcers, Phys Ther, p. 56

(3) Stauber, JL, Florence, TM (1988) A comparative study of copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc in human sweat and blood, CSIRO Division of Energy Chemistry, NSW, Australia, Sci Total Environ, Augist 1, Vol 74, p 235-247 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed

(4) Langard S., (1990) One hundred years of chromium and cancer: a review of epidemiological evidence and selected case reports. Department of Occupational Medicine, Telemark Central Hospital, Porsgrunn, Norway. Am J Ind Med. ;17(2):189-215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=2405656&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_DocSum

(5) Yokovl, NA, Slyusar, TA, Zalevshy, LK (1985) Endonasal electrophoresis of unitol in the treatment of patients with early symptoms of cheomium poisening. Tr Prof Zabel, (2) 13-16 (russian)

(6) Griesz-Brisson, M (2005) Effective detoxification: physico-chemical provocation of detoxification of heavy metals with the spa bath of Body Detox ® AG, Switzerland” CO`MED, an internet jounal (german). http://www.hkmed.de/Body/BD-Studie.pdf

(7) MELISA is a registered trade mark in the European Union for the use of tests of the respond of white blood cells. 21:11, 4 May 2007 (UTC)Robi123 21:11, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

(8) Eksioglu, E. Yazar, D., Bal, A.,Usan, HD, Cakci, A. (2007), Effects of Stanger bath therapy on fibromyalgia, Clin Rheumatol.May;26(5):691-4. Epub 2006 Jul 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16897112

(9) ATSDR, Agancy for Toxic Substances and Diesease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services, Chromium, 2.3. Toxicokinetics, 2.3.1.3. Dermal Exposure, page 130-131: chromium-hexavalent is better absorbed from the skin than tri-valent chromium. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7-c2.pdf

(10) Baranowska-Dutkiewicz B. (1981) Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man. Arch Toxicol. Mar;47(1):47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=7283739&query_hl=7&itool=pubmed_docsum

(11) Kerger BD, Paustenbach DJ, Corbett GE, Finley BL, (1996) Absorption and elimination of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in humans following ingestion of a bolus dose in drinking water. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Nov;141(1):145-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=8917687

(12) Dutkiewicz T, Baranowska-Dutkiewicz B, Konczalik J. (2000) Percutaneous absorption studies after forty years. Int J Occup Environ Health. Apr-Jun;6(2):111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10828139&query_hl=7&itool=pubmed_docsum

(13) Drexler H. (1998) Assignment of skin notation for MAK values and its legal consequences in Germany. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Oct;71(7):503-5. Department of Occupational Medicine of the Technical University of Aachen, Germany.

(14) Melissa G. Shettlemore, Kirk J. Bundy (1999) Toxicity measurement of orthopedic implant alloy degradation products using a bioluminescent bacterial assay Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages 395 - 403 Published Online: 18 May 1999, Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Correspondence to Kirk J. Bundy, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Boggs Center, Suite 500, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/61006807/ABSTRACT

(15) Li X, Wang J, Han EH, Ke W. (2007) Influence of fluoride and chloride on corrosion behavior of NiTi orthodontic wires. Acta Biomater. 2007 Apr 26; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17467350&query_hl=13&itool=pubmed_docsum

(16) Drexler, H., Greim, H. (eds) (2005) Essential BAT Value Documentations from the MAK-Collection for Occupational Health and Safety, Alkali Chromates, Cr-VI, WILEY-VCH-Verlag GmbH, page 49-65.

(17) MIZOGUCHI S , SETOYAMA M, KANZAKI T (1998) Linear lichen planus in the region of the mandibular nerve caused by an allergy to palladium in dental metals. DERMATOLOGY (BASEL); 196 (2). 1998. 268-270. Author Address: Dep. Dermatol. Fac. Med., Kagoshima Univ., 8-31-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890, Japan. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9568424&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_docsum

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excellent article, good literature research, no article of THE SUN, formulars need be more clear, put it under a new headline, like spa bath with link to aqua detox, Alphamay1 08:52, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

I think a very deep literature research on eletrochemical spa bath, better than just saying, I don`t like it, as we know from newspaper, without any links to any scientific literature on that issue; however you should put at the beginning a short description of electrochemical spa bath, the history, how it works, and what the user might expect from, no more than 3 sentences; and put it under a new page, such as "spa bath" with a link to the aqua detox page. Mikoyoxa 18:13, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

I am not that comfortable with the new headline „spa bath“ ,neither with „aqua detox“, because „spa bath” is a well known and established device from hydrotherapy and physical medicine, known for more than 150 years for treatment of circulation disturbances of the lower leg. Using spa bath one would either put the aqua detox in the corner of well established medical procedures, or discredite the spa bath. Actually “aqua detox” is no spa bath but an electrochemical spa bath. Has anybody any idea under which expression we could put that article?Robi123 08:44, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

understandable with the "spa bath" headline, then why not explain in general what a spa bath is and make a sub section of "electrochemical spa bath"?Mikoyoxa 12:37, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

put the entire story under a page with "spa bath" and create a subsection with "electrochemical spa bath", put in links to "aqua detox", "hydrotherapy" or "physiotherapy". Alljerry 12:44, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Website dead

I can't access the aquadetoxinternational website provided in the article. WLU 18:38, 8 August 2007 (UTC)