108 (number)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

108 is the natural number following 107 and preceding 109.

← 107 109 → 108
← 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 → List of numbers — Integers ← 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 →
Cardinal	one hundred [and] eight
Ordinal	108th (one hundred [and] eighth)
Numeral system	108
Factorization
Divisors	2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54
Roman numeral	CVIII
Binary	1101100
Octal	154
Duodecimal	90
Hexadecimal	6C

Contents 1 In mathematics 2 Religion and the arts 2.1 In Eastern religions & traditions 3 Martial arts 4 In literature 5 In astronomy 6 In other fields 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

[edit] In mathematics

One hundred [and] eight (or nine dozen) is an abundant number and a semiperfect number. It is a tetranacci number.

It is the hyperfactorial of 3 since it is of the form .

108 is a number that is divisible by the value of its φ function, which is 36. 108 is also divisible by the total number of its divisors (12), hence it is a refactorable number.

In normal space, the interior angles of an equilateral pentagon measure 108 degrees each.

There are 108 free polyominoes of order 7.

In base 10, it is a Harshad number and a self number.

[edit] Religion and the arts

[edit] In Eastern religions & traditions

• Sacred within Hinduism, Buddhism and connected yoga and dharma based practices.
• A mala usually has beads for 108 repetitions of a mantra.
• Hindu deities have 108 names. Recital of these names, often accompanied by counting of 108-beaded Mala, is considered sacred and often done during religious ceremonies. The recital is called namajapa.
• It is described in the Srimad Bhagavatam that Krishna dances with 108 'Gopis' (cow-herd girls) in His Vrindavan pastimes, and later marries 16,108 wives in His city of Dwarka. Hare Krishna devotees thus hold 108 as a number of great significance.
• Siva Nataraja dances his cosmic dance in 108 poses.
• The total of all digits of 108 (1+0+8) is 9, which in Hinduism is said to represent the 9 tattvas^{[citation needed]}. If you divide 108 by 2 or multiply by 2 the total of all digits again equals 9.
• 2^2 * 3^3 = 108 ( (2 * 2) * (3 * 3 * 3) )
• The number of sins in Tibetan Buddhism.
• In the temple Angkor Wat area there are numerous references to the number 108, which plays a significant role in the symbolism of the structure.
• Ananda Coomaraswamy holds that the numerology of the decimal numeric system was key to its inception. 108 is therefore founded in Dharmic metaphysical numerology. One for bindu; zero for shunyata and eight for ananta.
• In Japan, at the end of the year, a bell is chimed 108 times to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations a person must overcome to achieve nirvana.
• Zen priests wear juzu (a ring of prayer beads) around their wrists, which consists of 108 beads.^[1]
• Many Buddhist temples have 108 steps.^[1]
• Hindu Kshatriya Dhangars have 108 clans. The lineage of these clans is from solar and lunar dynasties. It should be noted that the diameter of the Sun is 108 times the diameter of the Earth. The distance from the Sun to the Earth is 108 times the diameter of the Sun. The average distance of the Moon from the Earth is 108 times the diameter of the Moon.
• The Eklingji temple complex includes 108 temples within its walls.
• There are 108 holy temples of Vishnu.
• The Lankavatara Sutra repeatedly refers to the 108 steps.^[2]

[edit] Martial arts

• Marma Adi has 108 pressure points.^[3]
• The Chinese school of martial arts agrees with the South Indian school of martial arts on the principle of 108 pressure points.^[4][5]
• 108 number also figures prominently in the symbolism associated with Karate, particularly the Goju Ryu discipline. The ultimate Goju-ryu kata, Suparinpei, literally translates to 108. Suparinpei is the Chinese pronunciation of the number 108, while gojushi of gojushiho is the Japanese pronunciation of the number 54. The other Goju-ryu kata, Sanseru (meaning "36") and Seipai ("18") are factors of the number 108.^[1]
• The 108 of the Yang long form and Wing Chun, taught by Yip Man having 108 movements are noted in this regard.^[2]
• Several different Taijiquan long forms consist of 108 moves.
• Paek Pal Ki Hyung, the 7^th form taught in the art of Kuk Sool Won, translates literally to "108 technique" form. It is also frequently referred to as the "eliminate 108 torments" form. Each motion corresponds with one of the 108 Buddhist torments or defilements.

[edit] In literature

• In Homer's Odyssey, the number of suitors coveting Penelope, wife of Odysseus.
• There are 108 outlaws in the Chinese classic Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh.
• The number of surat al-Kawthar in the Qur'an, the smallest one of the Book.
• There are 108 love sonnets in Astrophil and Stella, the first English sonnet sequence by Sir Philip Sidney.
• Sonnet 108 by William Shakespeare

[edit] In astronomy

• 108 Aquarii is a star in the constellation Aquarius
• 108 Hecuba is a large and bright main belt asteroid. Hecuba orbits within the Hygiea family of asteroids
• Messier 108 is an edge-on spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major, discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 or 1782

[edit] In other fields

• The year AD 108 or 108 BC
• 108 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 726 – 727 CE
• 108 is the emergency number in India; and the Coast Guard emergency intervention number in Greece
• Traditionally the Angelus Bell is rung 108 times.
• The atomic number of hassium.
• Ben Turpin's schtick for taking a fall (similar to Chevy Chase's) was known as a “one-oh-eight" or a "hundred and eight".
• Chinese astrology and Tao philosophy holds that there are 108 sacred stars.
• There are 540 (108 * 5) doors to the Great Hall of Valhalla in Nordic mythology.
• 108 Stars is also the name of a group of space pirates who use Tao magic in the anime Outlaw Star.
• The number of stitches on a baseball and also the name of a popular baseball magazine.
• The number of minutes that cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbited the earth during the first manned space flight.
• Squaresoft's Final Fantasy Tactics has an accessory called 108 Gems, which cancels various status effects and enhances elemental magic spells.
• The number of Mbit/s of a non-standard extension of IEEE 802.11g wireless network using channel bonding.
• 108 is the name of a community of and for open source developers, created by Red Hat.^[6]
• The Pokémon Spiritomb seems to be intricately linked to the number 108.
• The sum of "The Numbers" in the American TV show Lost (4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42). It is also the number of minutes within which these numbers must be entered into the computer and the button must be pushed.
• The TV series Cheyenne aired for 108 episodes on ABC from 1955 to 1962
• It is part of the Mythology in the videogame The Legend of Dragoon
• Konami's Suikoden series always has 108 characters to recruit, called "Stars of Destiny".
• 108 is the ten code for officer down or officer in danger.
• 108 (b. 1978) is an Italian artist who uses numbers instead of letters for his name
• In Tokko (manga) 108 demons had to be killed in order obtain 108 fragments which could be used to close the demon's portal.
• The Stinson 108 was a popular general aviation aircraft
• The 108 Mile Ranch Airport or South Cariboo Regional Airport located in British Columbia, Canada
• STS-108 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle Endeavour on December 5, 2001
• 108 is a band formed in 1991, notable for playing hardcore music infused with the beliefs of the Hare Krishna religion
• Radio stations such as Kiss 108 WXKS-FM, Boston, and Rock 108 KEYJ-FM, Abilene, Texas
• The 108 Hospital is a hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam
• The 108th Division was a formation of the United States Army Reserve following the conclusion of World War II
• The meridian 108° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole
• The 108th United States Congress met from January 3, 2003 to January 3, 2005, during the last two years of the first administration of U.S. President George W. Bush
• The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles
• The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108 (FMVSS 108) regulates all automotive lighting, signalling and reflective devices in the United States
• The London Buses Route 108 is a Transport for London contracted London bus route
• The Lotus 108 was specially engineered superbike by Lotus engineering for the British cyclist Chris Boardman for the 1992 Summer Olympics
• There are 108 cards in an Uno deck.
• The numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42 appear in the "Impossible Quiz." The sum of these numbers is 108. In the test, they serve as a distraction. Test-takers do not need these numbers in order to pass the "Impossible Quiz."

[edit] See also

• List of highways numbered 108

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 134

[edit] External links

• The Significance of the number 108
• Meaning of 108 beads on a mala
• Article on the symbolism of the number 108