Weather testing of polymers
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Weather testing of polymers is the controlled polymer degradation and polymer coating degradation under lab or natural conditions.
Just like errosion of rocks, natural phenomena can cause degratation in polymer systems. The elements of most concern to polymers are Ultraviolet radiation, moisture and humidity, high temperatures and temperature fluctuations. Polymers are used in every day life, so it is important for scientists and polymer produces to understand durability and expected lifespan of polymer products. Paint, a common polymer coating, is used to change the colour, change the reflectance (gloss), as well as forming a protective coating. The structure of paint consists of pigments in a matrix of resin. A typical example is painted steel roofing and walling products, which are constantly exposed to harmful weathering conditions.
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[edit] Typical result of polymer surface after weathering
 Figure 1.1: Weathered and unweathered samples of painted steel. Note the colour change. |
 Figure 1.2: Diagram showing paint pigments in a resin matrix. It can be seen that weathering only removes the smaller pigments, resulting in the colour change |
Figure 1.1 shows typical weathering results of a sample of painted steel; the paint on the steel is an example of a common polymer system. The sample on the left had been placed in an outdoor exposure rack, and weathered for a total of 6 years. It can be seen that the sample has a chalky appearance and has undergone a colour change in comparison to the unweathered sample on the right.
Colour is determined by light-reflecting chemical particles, pigments, in the paint. These particles can have very different physical sizes, as shown in the diagram in figure 1.2. In this example, the black pigments are the small black dots; red pigments are larger spheres, while the yellow pigments are acicular. This combination of pigments produces the original brown colour. The upper diagram has had no weathering, and the surface is still smooth and undamaged. The lower diagram shows the painted surface after weathering has occurred. The surface has eroded with significant loss of the black and red pigments from the surface layer. The pitted surface scatters light, therefore reducing the gloss and creating the chalky affect. The larger acicular yellow pigments are more difficult to remove, resulting in a colour change towards a more yellowy appearance. Weather testing was paramount is discovering this mechanism. Pigment composition has recently been modified to help minimise this effect.
[edit] Types of weather testing
There are 3 main testing techniques; Natural Weathering, Accelerated Natural Weathering and Artificial Weathering. Because natural weathering can be a slow process, each of the techniques is a tradeoff between realistic weathering results and the duration of testing before results are collated.
[edit] Natural Weathering
Natural Weathering involves placing samples on inclined racks orientated at the sun. In Northern hemisphere these racks are at an angle of 45 degrees in a southerly direction. In Southern hemisphere these racks are at an angle of 45 degrees in a northerly direction. This angle ensures exposure to the full spectrum of solar radiation, from infrared to Ultra violet. Sites used for this type of testing are usually in tropical areas as high temperature, UV intensity and humidity are needed for maximum degradation. Florida, for example is the world standard as it possesses all three characteristics. Despite the harsh conditions, testing takes several years before significant results are achieved.
[edit] Accelerated Natural Weathering
To speed up the weathering process while still using natural weather conditions, accelerated natural testing can be applied. One method called Emma uses mirrors to amplify available UV radiation.
This is usually used in dry condition\s, for example the Arizona desert, which has 180 kiloLangley per year. Sometimes this can be used with watersprays, which is referred Emmaqua to simulate a more humid climate. Sometimes the water contains up to 5% sodium chloride, putting the sample in a permanent salt fog. It is typical for this to accelerate weathering by a factor 5, in comparison to weathering in Florida.
An Atrac in Townsville Australia, uses follow the sun technology in which the samples are rotated so that they always face the sun. In 17 months this produced the equivalent of 2 years of weathering.
[edit] Artificial Weathering
The weather testing process can be greatly accelerated through the use of specially designed weathering chambers. While this speeds up the time needed to get results, the conditions are not always representative of real world conditions.
[edit] QUV
The QUV accelerated weather testing is a laboratory simulation of the damaging forces of weather for the purposes of predicting the relative durability of materials exposed to outdoor environments. Racks of samples are placed in the QUV chamber. Rain and dew systems are simulated by condensations systems while damaging effects of sunlight are simulated by fluorescent UV lamps. The exposure temperature is automatically controlled. Cyclical weather conditions can also be stimulated.
Three types of fluorescent lamps are commonly used for QUV. Two of these are of the type UVB (medium wavelength UV), while the third is UVA (longer wavelength UV similar to black light). All these lamps produce mostly UV as opposed to visible or infrared light. The lamp used, and therefore the wavelength of UV light produced will affect how realistic the final degradation results will be. In reality, natural sunlight contains radiation from many areas of the spectrum. This includes both UVA and UVB, however the UVB radiation is at the lowest end of natural light and is less predominant than UVA. Since it has a shorter wavelength, it also has a higher energy. This makes UVB more damaging not only because it increase chemical reaction kinetics, but also because it can initiate chemical reactions to occur which would not normally be possible under natural condition. For this reason, testing using only UVB lamps have been shown to have poor correlation relative to natural weather testing of the same samples.
[edit] See Also
[edit] References
- ASTM STANDARDS B117: Standard Method of Salt Spray (fog) Testing,
- D1014 (45° North): Test method for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints on Steel
- G154: Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Non-metallic Materials
- Q.U.V Accelerated Weather tester operation manual, the Q-Panle company, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- UV Weathering and Related Test Methods, Cabot corporation, www.cabot-corp.com
