From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents 1 j 1.1 Scarecow 1.2 John Gratton 1.3 Biography 1.4 chief works 1.5 Sadler 1.6 John Coke 1.7 Biography 2 b 2.1 bingham 2.2 Major works 2.3 References 2.4 davys 2.5 Biography 2.6 Victoria 2.7 Return to the church 2.8 References 3 Anthony fitzherbert 3.1 Life 4 Family 4.1 Major works 4.2 Bish 4.3 References 4.4 References 4.5 References 4.6 Expernal sources 4.7 References 4.8 john bankyn 4.9 bateman 4.10 cross 4.11 John Radford 4.12 References 4.13 poet 4.14 poet son 4.15 References

[edit] j

[edit] Scarecow

[edit] John Gratton

John Gratton
Born	Chesterfield, Derbyshire
Died	1641
Occupation	Quaker

John Gratton (1641-1712), quaker, was probably born not far from Chesterfield in Derbyshire in 1641. Insert non-formatted text here

[edit] Biography

Gratton's father appears to have been a prosperous yeoman or farmer. As a boy Gratton kept his father's sheep. As a child he took great delight ' in playing cards, and shooting at bulls and ringing of bells,' until he was ' visited with the light/ He attended various preachers and read pious books without obtaining religious peace. He joined the presbyterians, but was unable to sing psalms truthfully. After the Restoration he frequented the church, but disliked set forms of prayer. He therefore attended various dissenting conventicles, and had a controversy with Lodowicke Muggleton in 1669. About the same time he married, and went to live at Monyash in Derbyshire. He next joined an anabaptist congregation till it was broken up by the Conventicle Act. Ultimately he joined the quaker society at Matlock, and after a short time ' convinced his wife.' As he states they lived together for thirty-five years afterwards, this must have taken place about 1672. Gratton now became a recognised preacher, and a letter dated 1673 shows that he made ministerial journeys. He had a number of narrow escapes from arrest under the Conventicle Act, and relates that, on the understanding that the meetings were silent, the Friends were protected by constables. In 1675 he was fined 20^. for preaching in the Vale of Belvoir, and several times was sentenced to similar fines, but, owing to the respect in which he was held, these fines were rarely enforced. About 1680 he was served with a writ of excommunication, and was subsequently lodged in Derby gaol, being leniently treated. He was moved to London by a writ of habeas corpus, but, his suit being unsuccessful, he returned to Derby, where he lay in prison, he says, ' quietly till King James set me at liberty.' During this period he was allowed to go home for several weeks at a time, and was fined at least once for illegal preaching during the time he was a prisoner.

He was also permitted to hold quaker meetings in the prison. He got leave to visit London again in 1685, and was there when Charles II died. He was set at liberty in March 1686, when, after spending a short time with his wife, he made a religious journey through the greater part of England and Wales, and until 1695 he was almost ceaselessly occupied in making ministerial visits in England and Scotland. During this year he spent five months in Ireland. After this his ill-health compelled him to give up regular journeys. Early in 1707 he disposed of his estate at Monyash, and went to reside with his son, Joseph Gratton, at or near Farnsfield in Nottinghamshire, where in December of that year his wife died at the age of sixty-eight. Another religious journey led to an illness, and he finally settled with his daughter, Phoebe Bateman, at Farnsfield, where, after much suffering, he died on 9 March 1711-12. He was buried by the side of his wife in the quaker burial-ground at Farnsfield. Gratton was a man of high character, pious, unassuming, and charitable. He once travelled to London to procure employment for the son of a rough gaoler. His Journal (published 1720) has been frequently reprinted ; it gives valuable descriptions of village life in a pleasing style.

[edit] chief works

1. John Baptist's Decreasing and Christ's Increasing witnessed (a treatise on baptism), 1674; reprinted in 1693 and 1695.
2. 'The Prisoner's Vindication, with a Sober Expostulation and Reprehension of Persecutors ' (written in Derby gaol in 1682), published 1683.
3. ' A Treatise concerning Baptism and the Lord's Supper/ &c., 1695.
4. 'The Clergy-Man's Pretence of Divine Right to Tythes examined and refuted, being a Full Answer to W. W.'s Fourth Letter in his Book intituled " The Clergy's Legal Right to Tithes asserted, &c.," '

1703.

[G-ratton's Journal ; Phoebe Bateman's, Whiting's, and other Testimonies ; Muggleton, Verse Fidei Gloria est Corona Vitae; Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books.] A. C. B.

[edit] Sadler

{{Infobox Person | name = Michael Thomas Sadler | image = Michael_Thomas_Sadler_mw05563_clip.jpg | image_size = | caption = 1830 portrait detail - by William Robinson | birth_date = 1780 | birth_place = Snelston in Derbyshire | death_date = 1835 | death_place = | education = Mr. Harrison of Doveridge | occupation = social reformer and political economist [[| spouse = | parents = James Sadler of the Old Hall, Doveridge | children = }}

Michael Thomas Sadler (1780-1835), social reformer and political economist, born at Snelston, Derbyshire, on 3 January. 1780, was the youngest son of James Sadler of the Old Hall, Doveridge. According to tradition his family came from Warwickshire, and was descended from Sir Ralph Sadler His mother was the daughter of Michael Ferrebee (student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1722, and afterwards rector of Rolleston, Staffordshire), whose father was a Huguenot. Sadler received his early training from Mr. Harrison of Doveridge, and while at school showed a special aptitude for mathematics, but from his fifteenth year he was practically self-taught, acquiring in his father's library a wide but desultory knowledge of classical and modern literature.

His family, though members of the church of England, were in sympathy with the methodist movement, and suffered obloquy in consequence. Mary Howitt, who lived at Uttoxeter, wrote in her autobiography (vol. i.) that the Sadlers, who were the first to bring the methodists into that district, 1 were most earnest in the new faith, and a ! so named Michael Thomas, not then twenty, a youth of great eloquence and talent, preached sermons and was stoned for it.' ' The boy preacher (Mrs. Howitt continues) wrote a stinging pamphlet (' An Apology for the Methodists,' 1797) that was widely circulated. It shamed his persecutors and almost wrung an apology from them .... His gentlemanly bearing, handsome dress, intelligent face, and pleasant voice, we thought most unlike the usual Uttoxeter type.' In 1800 Sadler was established by his father in the firm of his elder brother, Benjamin, at Leeds, and in 1810 the two brothers entered into partnership with the widow of Samuel Fenton, an importer of Irish linens in that town. In 1816 he married Ann Fenton, the daughter of his Partner and the representative of an old eeds family.

Sadler, who had no liking for business, soon took an active part in public life, especially in the administration of the poor law, serving as honorary treasurer of the poor rates. An enthusiastic tory, he expressed his political convictions in a speech, widely circulated at the time, which he delivered against catholic emancipation at a town's meeting in Leeds in 1813. In 1817 he published his ' First Letter to a Reformer,' in reply to a pamphlet in which Walter Fawkes of Farnley had advocated a scheme of political reform. But Sadler concentrated his chief attention on economic questions, and read papers on such subjects to the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society, of which he was one of the founders. The general distress and his personal experience of poor law administration led him to examine the principles which should govern the relief of destitution from public funds. Growing anxiety about Irish affairs and the proceedings of the emigration committee in 1827 next drew his attention to the condition of the poor in Ireland, with which country his business brought him into close connection; but as early as 1823 his friend, the Rev. G. S. Bull (afterwards a leader of the agitation for the Ten-hour Bill), found him deeply moved by the condition of the children employed in factories ^[1] His reputation in the West Riding rapidly spread. Charlotte Bronte, writing at Haworth in 1829, says that in December 1827, when she and her sisters played their game of the 'Islanders/ each choosing who should be the great men of their islands, one of the three selected by Ann Bronte was Michael Sadler ^[2] In 1828 he published the best-written of his books, * Ireland : its Evils and their Remedies,' which is in effect a protest against the application of individualistic political economy to the problems of Irish distress. His chief proposal was the establishment of a poor law for Ireland on the principle that in proportion to its means ' wealth should be compelled to assist destitute poverty, but that, dissimilar to English practice, assistance should in all cases, except in those of actual incapacity from age or disease, be connected with labour' (p. 193). He closely followed the argument of Dr. Woodward, bishop of Cloyiie ('An Argument in support of the Right of the Poor in the Kingdom of Ireland to a National Provision,' 1768). Sadler's book was well received. Bishop Copleston of Llandaff wrote of it to him in terms of warm approval.

Sadler now found himself a leader in the reaction against the individualistic principles which underlay the Ricardian doctrines, and he essayed the discussion of the more abstract points of political economy, a task for which he was indifferently equipped. He protested that in a society in which persons enjoyed unequal measures of economic freedom, it was not true that the individual pursuit of self-interest would necessarily lead to collective well-being. His point of view was that of the Christian socialist (cf. Ireland, pp. 207-17). He held that individual effort needed to be restrained and guided by the conscience of the community acting through the organisation of the state ; and that economic well-being could be secured by moralising the existing order of society without greatly altering the basis of political power. He first addressed himself to an attempted refutation of Malthus, issuing his Law of Population : a Treatise in Disproof of the Super-fecundity of Human Beings and developing the Real Principle of their Increase (published 1830). Here Sadler advanced the theory that ' the prolificness of human beings, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers.' In the ' Edinburgh Review ' for July 1830 Macaulay triumphantly reduced the new law to an absurdity. In replying to his critic (Refutation of an Article in the ( Edinburgh Review} No. cii.), Sadler denied that he had used the fatal word ' inversely ' in a strictly mathematical sense, and admitted that the problem of population was too complex to admit at present of the establishment of an undeviating law. Party feeling ran too high for dispassionate criticism, and Macaulay's rejoinder (< Sadler's Refutation Refuted/ in Edinburgh Review January 1831) vituperatively renewed the controversy on the old ground.

In March 1829 Sadler offered himself as tory candidate for Newark at the suggestion of the Duke of Newcastle. He was elected by a majority of 214 votes over Serjeant Wilde (afterwards Lord-chancellor Truro). Soon after taking his seat he delivered a speech against the Roman catholic relief bill, which gave him high rank among the parliamentary speakers of the day. Of this and a second speech on the same subject half a million copies were circulated. Sir James Mackintosh told Zachary Macaulay at the time that Sadler was a great man, but he appears to me to have been used to a favourable auditory. At the general election in 1830 Sadler w r as again returned for Newark. On 18 April 1831 he seconded General Gascoyne's motion for retaining the existing number of members for England and Wales, and the carrying of this amendment against Lord Grey's ministry] led to the dissolution of parliament. Newark having become an uncertain seat, Sadler, at the suggestion of the Duke of Newcastle, stood and was returned for Aldborough in Yorkshire. He now devoted himself in the house to questions of social reform. In June 1830 he had moved a resolution in favour of the establishment of a poor law for Ireland on the principle of the 43rd of Queen Elizabeth, with such alterations and improvements as the needs of Ireland required. A second resolution of his to a similar effect, moved on 29 August 1831, was lost by only twelve votes, a division which ministers acknowledged to be equivalent to defeat. The Irish Poor Law Act, however, was not passed till 1838.

In October 1831 Sadler moved a resolution for bettering the condition of the agricultural poor in England. He ascribed the degradation of the labourers to the growth of large farms which had caused the eviction of small holders, and to flagrant injustice committed in the enclosure of commons. He proposed (1) the erection of suitable cottages by the parish authorities, the latter to be allowed to borrow from government to meet the capital outlay ; (2) the provision of allotments large enough to feed a cow, to be let, at the rents currently charged for such land in the locality, to deserving labourers who had endeavoured to bring up their families without parochial relief; (3) the offer of sufficient garden ground at fair rents to encourage horticulture among, the labourers; and (4) the provision of parish allotments for spade cultivation by unemployed labourers. In September 1830 Sadler's friend Richard Oastler [q. v.] had called public attention to the overwork of children in the worsted mills of the West Riding. The agitation for legislative interference quickly spread, and in 1831 Sir J. 0. Hobhouse (afterwards Baron Broughton) and Lord Morpeth introduced a bill for restricting the working hours of persons under eighteen years of age, employed in factories, to a maximum (excluding allowance for meals) of ten hours a day, with the added condition that no child under nine years should be employed. Sadler supported the bill, though he was prepared to go far beyond it (ALFRED, History of the Factory Movement, i. 127). In the meantime alarm spread among many of the manufacturers, and, yielding to their pressure, Hobhouse consented to seriously modify his bill. But Oastler pursued his agitation for ' ten hours a day and a time-book/ and agreed with the radical working-men's committees to allow no political or sectarian differences to interfere with efforts for factory reform. Sadler was chosen as the parliamentary leader of the cause. He especially resented Hobhouse's attitude, and wrote on 20 Nov. 1831 that the latter had f not only conceded his bill but his very views and judgment' to the economists, ' the pests of society and the persecutors of the poor.' The economists were not all opposed to legislative control of child labour in factories. Both Malthus and, later, McCulloch approved it in principle (cf. Essay on Population, 6th ed. 1826, bk. iii. ch. 3 ; HODDER, Life of Lord Shaftesbury, i. 157). Hobhouse, however, regarded it as hopeless to make an effort at that time for a Ten-hour Bill, and deprecated immediate action. Nevertheless Sadler, on 15 Dec. 1831 , obtained leave to bring in a bill { for regulating the labour of children and young persons in the mills and factories of this country.' He moved the second reading on 16 March 1832, and his speech was published. He argued that ' the employer and employed do not meet on equal terms in the market of labour/ and described in detail the sufferings endured by children in the factories. His speech deeply moved the House of Commons and the nation. The main features of Sadler's bill were ( to prohibit the labour of infants under nine years ; to limit the actual work, from nine to eighteen years of age, to ten hours daily, exclusive of time allowed for meals, with an abatement of two hours on Saturday, and to forbid all night work under the age of twenty-one/ He had intended to insert clauses (1) ' subjecting the millowners or occupiers to a heavy fine when any serious accident occurred in consequence of any negligence in not properly sheathing or defending the machinery/ and (2) proposing l a remission of an hour from each day's labour for children under fourteen, or otherwise of six hours on one day in each week, for the purpose of affording them some opportunity of receiving the rudiments of instruction.' He had also contemplated a further clause putting down night work altogether. But, not to endanger the principal object which he had in view, and ' regarding the present attempt as the commencement only of a series of measures in behalf of the industrious classes/ he had confined his measure within narrower limits. The reply to Sadler was that his statements were exaggerated, and that a committee should investigate his facts. Sadler consented to an inquiry, and the bill, after being read a second time, was referred to a committee of thirty members, to whom seven more were after wards added. The committee included Sadler as chairman, Lord Morpeth, Sir J. C. Hobhouse, Sir Robert Peel, Sir Robert Inglis, and Messrs. Poulet Thomson and Fowell Buxton. It held its first sitting on 12 April 1832, met forty-three times, and examined eighty-nine witnesses.

About half the witnesses were workpeople. The appearance of these working-class witnesses was much resented by some of the employers, and on 30 July 1832 Sadler addressed the House of Commons on behalf of two of them who had been dismissed from their employment for giving evidence, and prayed for compensation. Among the physicians summoned before the committee were Sir Anthony Carlisle, Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, Dr. P. M. Roget, Sir W. Blizard, and Sir Charles Bell, who all condemned the existing arrangements. The committee reported the minutes of evidence on 8 Aug. 1832. The report impressed the public with the gravity of the question. Even Lord Ashley had heard nothing of the matter until extracts from the evidence appeared in the news- papers (ib. i. 148). J. R. McCulloch, the economist, writing to Lord Ashley on 28 March 1833, said : ' I look upon the facts disclosed in the late report (i.e. of Sadler's committee) as most disgraceful to the nation, and I confess that until I read it I could not have conceived it possible that such enormities were committed ' (ib. p. 157). The chief burden of the work and of the collection of evidence fell on Sadler, and his health never recovered from the strain.

Sadler had been one of the chief speakers at the great county meeting which Oastler organised at York on 24 April 1832 to demonstrate to parliament the strength of public opinion in favour of a ten-hour bill. Later in the year, sixteen thousand persons assembled in Fixby Park, near Huddersfield, to thank him for his efforts in the committee.

At Manchester, on 23 Aug., over one hundred thousand persons are said to have been present at a demonstration held in honour of him and Oastler, and in support of the agitation for the bill (ALFRED, History of the Factory Movement, i. 235-57). His parliamentary career, however, had drawn to a close. Aldborough, for which he sat, was deprived of its member by the Reform Bill of 1832, and, at the dissolution in December, he declined other offers in order to stand for Leeds. His chief opponent was Macaulay, who defeated him by 388 votes. The fight was a bitter one (cf. TREVELYAN, Life and Letters of Macaulay, p. 209). In 1834 Sadler stood unsuccessfully for Huddersfield, but failing health compelled him to decline all later invitations. After his rejection for Leeds, his place as parliamentary leader of the ten-hour movement was taken, in February 1833, by Lord Ashley [see. COOPER, ANTONY ASHLEY, seventh EARL OP SHAFTESBTJRY], who never failed to recall the services previously rendered by Sadler to the cause (HODDER, Life of Lord Shaftesbury, i. 153 ; ALFRED, History of the Factory Movement, ii. 17, 19-20).

The manufacturers complained that, when the session of 1832 ended, they had not had time to open their case before Sadler's committee. Accordingly in 1833 the govern- ment appointed a royal commission to collect information in the manufacturing districts with respect to the employment of children in factories. In May Sadler published a ' Protest against the Secret Proceedings of the Factory Commission in Leeds/ urging that the inquiry should be open and public ; and in June renewed his protest in a ' Reply to the Two Letters of J. E. Drinkwater and Alfred Power, Esqs., Factory Commissioners.' After this, his health failed, and he took no further part m public affairs.

Retiring in 1834 to Belfast, where his firm had linen works, he died at New Lodge on 29 July 1835, aged 55. He was buried in the churchyard of Ballylesson. Sadler's eldest son was Michael Ferrebee Sadler [q. v.] His nephew, Michael Thomas Sadler (1801-1872), a surgeon at Barnsley, was the anthor of * The Bible the People's Charter/ 1869.

A statue of Sadler, by Park, was erected by public subscription in Leeds parish church. There are two portraits of him one sitting on the benches of the House of Commons ; the other, engraved by T. Lupton from a painting by W. Robinson. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in June 1832.

Sadler's brief public life deeply impressed his contemporaries. He was one of those philanthropic statesmen whose inspiration may be traced to the evangelical movement and the necessities of the industrial revolution. He did not believe in any purely political remedy for the discontent caused by the unregulated growth of the factory system, but underrated the need for political reform, and was too sanguine in his belief that the territorial aristocracy would realise the necessity of social readjustments, and force the needed changes on the manufacturing element of the middle class. He met with as much opposition from his own side as from his opponents. Lloyd Jones, who knew him well, bore testimony to his eloquence, marked ability, and ' modest honesty of purpose plain to the eye of the most careless observer in every look and action of the man.' And Southey, writing to Lord Ashley on 13 Jan. 1833, said : ' Sadler is a loss ; he might not be popular in the house, or in London society, but his speeches did much good in the country, and he is a singularly able, right-minded, and religious man. Who is there that will take up the question of our white slave-trade with equal feeling ? '

Besides the works mentioned above, Sadler published in pamphlet form :

1. ' Speech on the State and Prospects of the Country, delivered at Whitby 15 Sept. 1829.'
2. < The Factory Girl's Last Day,' 1830.
3. 'On Poor Laws for Ireland, 3 June 1830, and 29 Aug. 1831.'
4. 'On Ministerial Plan of Reform, 1831.'
5. On the Distress of the Agricultural Labourers, 11 Oct. 1831.'

[The Memoir of Michael Thomas Sadler, by Seeley, 1842, is unsatisfactory. Southey offered to write a biography of Sadler, but the family made other arrangements. There is a short life in Taylor's Leeds Worthies, or Eiographia Leodiensis. Of. .also History of the Factory Movement by 'Alfred' (i.e. Samuel Ivy del ); Cunningham's Growth of English History and Commerce in Modern Times, pp. 584 and 628 ; Toynbee's Lectures on the Industrial Revolution,' p. 207 ; Bonar's Malthus and his Work, pp. 377 and 395 ; Macaulay's Miscellaneous Writings (articles on Sadler's Law of Population, and Sadler's Refutation Refuted) ; Hodder's Life of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, pp. 143-58 ; and the Report from the Committee of the House of Commons on the Bill to regulate the Labour of Children in the Mills and Factories of the United Kingdom, with minutes of evidence (8 Aug. 1832). The writer has also had access to family letters and papers.] M. E. S.

[edit] John Coke

Sir John Coke
Born	1563 in Derbyshire
Died	1644
Education	Westminster School & Trinity College, Cambridge
Occupation	Sch

Sir John Coke (1563-1644), secretary of state, second son of Richard Coke of Trusley, Derbyshire, and Mary Sacheverell, was born on 5 March 1562-3.^[3]

[edit] Biography

Coke was one of eleven children, and his father dying in 1582, John Coke began life with nothing but an annuity of 40/., payable by his elder brother, Francis Coke. It has been supposed that he was educated at Westminster School. It is certain that he was admitted scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1580, and became a fellow in October 1583.^[4] According to Lloyd, he was chosen rhetoric lecturer in the university, where he grew eminent for his ingenious and critical reading in that school (State Worthies, 945). He seems from his correspondence to have entered the service of Lord Burghley, and in March 1591 appears to have been deputy- treasurer of the navy. The year 1594 and the two following years were spent in travelling, and on his return in 1597 Coke attached himself to the service of Fulke Greville, then treasurer of the navy, under whom he was deputy-treasurer, supervising also his patron's household, and watching his interests at court.

In 1604 Coke was rich enough to buy Hall Court in Herefordshire, and in the following year he married Mary, daughter of Mr. John Powell of Preston in that county. The years which followed this marriage were spent in farming in the country, varied by periodical journeys to Warwickshire and elsewhere to audit the accounts of Sir Fulke Greville's estates (Melbourne Papers') . Owing probably to Greville's influence, Coke was appointed in June 1618 one of a special commission for the examination of the state of the navy, and was continued in that service when the commission became a permanent board, February 1619 (GARDINER, History of England, iii. 203) . According to Bishop Goodman, the reform of the naval administration (and also of the Tower establishment) was mainly Coke's work (Court of James I, 308). The king rewarded' his industry by a grant of 300/. a year, charged on the funds of the navy, expressly stated to be given ' for his service in several marine causes, and for the office of ordnance which he had long attended far remote from his family, and to his great charge' (November 1621, Melbourne Papers). In November 1622 Coke was also appointed one of the masters of requests, but still continued to act as one of the commissioners of the navy. ' The rest of the commissioners,' says Eliot, writing of 1625, 'were but cyphers unto him' (Negotium Posterorum, ii. 8).

In the parliament of 1621 Coke sat for the borough of Warwick ; in the parliaments of 1624 and 1625 he was returned for the borough of St. Germains by the interest of [[Valentine Gary]] [q. v.], bishop of Exeter, the husband of his sister, Dorothy Coke. In the parliaments of 1626 and 1628 he represented the university of Cambridge. Coke lost his wife in February 1624, but married a second time in the November of the same year. His second wife was Joan, widow of Sir John Gore, late alderman of London, and daughter of Sir [[John Lee]], another alderman (Melbourne Papers). On 9 September 1624 Coke was knighted, and about the same time rumours began to designate him as the successor of Calvert or Conway in one of the secretaryships of state (Court and Times of James I, ii. 484, 506).

Although this promotion was deferred, Buckingham selected Coke to act as the mouthpiece of the government in the parliament of 1625. Dr. Gardiner, in criticising this selection, describes Coke as an experienced official, a man without any particular political views, except a fixed dislike of anything which savoured of the papacy ; in general a mere tool, ready to do or say anything he was bidden by Buckingham and the king (History of England, v. 370). In this first parliament of Charles I, Coke's duties were confined to explaining the plan of the war, begging supply for the king's necessities, and defending the administration of the navy against the attacks of Eliot (Debate of the Commons in 1625, Camden Society, 56, 74, 90, 138). He was also actively engaged in preparing the fleet for the Cadiz expedition, was concerned in the complicated intrigues relating to the loan of English ships to France for the reduction of Rochelle, and eagerly pressed the severe measures against French ships carrying contraband of war, which were the chief cause of the breach with France. In 1625, on the death of Sir Albert Morton, Coke was appointed one of the principal secretaries of state, and received the seals at Plymouth in September (Nicholas Papers, i. 14). The appointment was unfortunate, for Coke was, according to Dr. Gardiner, the only man amongst the government officials who had incurred the positive dislike of the opposition leaders of the commons (op. cit. 311), and this statement is confirmed by the terms in which he is referred to by Eliot (Negotium Posterorum, ed. Grosart, i. 113).

In the parliament of 1628 Coke's unpopularity and want of tact helped to produce the rupture between king and commons. He was obliged to begin the session by confessing that the King had broken the law, and urging the law of necessity as his excuse (Parliamentary Ifistoi-y,vu.372). Vainly he endeavoured to turn the rising excitement of the commons against ' the intended parliament of Jesuits at Clerkenwell' (ib. 373). On 7 April, when he reported to the house the king's thanks for the subsidies they had granted, he foolishly spoilt their effect by representing Buckingham as mediating with the king to grant the desires of parliament (ib. 431). On 12 April he gave fresh offence by accusing the house of attacking not merely the abuses of power, but power itself, and on 1 May, during the discussions on the question of imprisonment, he announced that, whatever laws they might make on the point, he should consider it his duty as a privy councillor to commit persons without showing cause to any but to the king himself (ib. vii. 437, viii. 95). He is also credited with a speech in which he urged the commons to comply with the king, because the wrath of a king was like a roaring lion, and all laws with his wrath were of no effect (ib. viii. 79). In the second session of the same parliament he had to apologise to the commons for words used when introducing the bill for tonnage and poundage (ib. viii. 277-9). In the administration of the kingdom during the period of the king's personal government Coke found a more suitable sphere. Straffbrd praised his carefulness, and the ' full, clear, and reasonable answers ' which he gave to the questions which the lord deputy laid before him for decision (Straffbrd Letters, i. 346). He praised also the fidelity with which Coke guarded the interests of the revenue (Strafford to the King, Letters, i. 492). For these reasons he pressed the king in 1635 to reward the secretary by a grant of Irish lands, and advised him two years later to put the charge of all Irish business into his hands (Straffbrd Letters, ii. 83). Coke was employed in 1633 in the intrigues carried on by the king to induce the discontented Netherlanders to set up an independent Belgian state (HAKDWICKE, State Papers, ii. 54-92), but he was not in the secrets of the king's foreign policy. On 15 March 1635 Coke was appointed one of the five commissioners of the treasury, which office he held till the appointment of Juxon as lord treasurer. On 22 June in the following year he delivered Laud's new statutes to the university of Oxford. In a remarkable speech, printed in Laud's history of his chancellorship, he set forth the theory of the king's absolute power in the strongest terms, and compared the prosperity enjoyed by England under it with the troubles and miseries of foreign countries. This is the most complete exposition of Coke's S)litical creed (LAUD, Works, v. 126-32). ut although a favourer of absolute monarchy, Coke enjoyed a certain popularity as being a sound protestant. In Prynne's tract, entitled ' Rome's Masterpiece ' (1643), it is stated that ' Secretary Coke was a most bitter hater of the j esuits, from whom he intercepted access to the king ; he entertained many according to their deserts, he diligently inquired into their factions. . . Hereupon being made odious to the patrons of the conspiracy, he was endangered to be discharged from his office ; it was laboured for three years, and at last obtained' (p. 17). The real causes of Coke's fall were rather more complicated. In June 1638 the king appointed a committee for Scotch affairs, of which Coke was a member, and in which he was considered to belong rather to the peace than the war party (Strafford Papers, ii. 181-6). At the conclusion of the first Scotch war, and in consequence of the unsatisfactory nature of the peace, ' it being necessary that so infamous a matter should not be covered with absolute oblivion, it fell to Secretary Coke's turn (for whom nobody cared), who was then near fourscore years of age, to be made the sacrifice' (CLA- BENDON, Rebellion, ii. 54). Clarendon says that it was pretended that Coke ' had omitted the writing what he ought to have done, and inserted somewhat he ought not to have done.' Dr. Gardiner assigns three causes : that he was growing too old for his work, accounted a puritan, and suspected of drawing a pension from the Dutch government (History of England, ix. 87). Even his old friend Strafford opposed |his removal, solely from hatred of his successor. The Earl of Northumberland describes with some scorn the dismissal of the ' Old Noddy' (Sydney Papers, ii. 631). Coke himself wrote to his son that he found ' both a gracious countenance and profession that no offence is taken against me, and so much expression of good opinion and good will towards me both in court and city that I could never withdraw myself with a more favourable aspect ' (Melbourne Papers). He retired to Derbyshire, where he had acquired in 1628 the property of Melbourne, and resided there until the war forced him in January 1643 to remove to Tottenham. The Long parliament summoned him from his retirement to answer complaints made of commitments in 1628 (Diurnal Occurrences, 1 Nov. 1641), but with this exception he escaped unquestioned. He seems to have sympathised with the cause of the parliament, for in a letter to Essex asking for protection, dated 20 September 1642 he wrote : ' My heart is faithful and my prayers assiduous for the prosperity of the parliament, wherein consisteth the welfare of this church and state ' (Melbourne Papers). Moreover, his eldest son, Sir John Coke (knighted 16 July 1636), who represented Derbyshire, took the popular side, though his younger son, Thomas, who sat for Leicester, was a cavalier. Sir John Coke the elder survived removal from Mel- bourne little more than eighteen months, dying at Tottenham on 8 Sept. 1644.

Clarendon, who has left but a brief and disparaging notice of Coke, asserts that his most eminent infirmity was covetousness (Rebellion, i. 142). In spite of this it does not appear that Coke stooped to unworthy means of raising a fortune. As an official he was honest and capable, and his private character was bkmeless. The servility which stains his public career was inseparable from the theory of absolutism which he professed.

[Sir John Coke's papers at Melbourne Hall ; Briggs's Hist.of Melbourne ; Calendar of Domestic State Papers ; Strafford Letters ; Clarendon's Hist, of the Eebellion ; Lloyd's State Worthies ; Gardiner's Hist, of England.] C. H. F.

[edit] b

[edit] bingham

---

John Bingham
Born	1607 Derby
Died	1689
Education	Repton School, St. John's College, Cambridge
Occupation	Divine, Teacher

John Bingham (1607-1689), divine, was born at Derby, and as he was in his eighty-second year when he died in 1689, his birth-date must have been in 1606-7. He was educated at Repton School under Mr Whitehead.^[5] Later he proceeded to Cambridge, and was entered of St. John's College, Cambridge. In (1631-2) he went to London, for the cure of a foot which was hurt when he was a child. After two years under the surgeons he had to have his leg amputated.

The pain caused by his injured foot had turned his hair white at twenty-six. He acted as domestic chaplain in one of the county families. About 1638 he became middle-master of the free school at Derby^[6], and afterwards head-master.^[5]

He had some scruples as to subscription, but the Earl of Devonshire having presented him to the vicarage of Marston on Dove, (Derbyshire), he was prevailed upon to accept it. He continued in his cure until his ejection in 1662.^[5]

Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote to him to ask him to conform, telling him that he could have any position he desired.' Bingham reminded the archbishop that they two had not been such strangers but that his grace might very well know his sentiments on the subject, and added that he would not offer violence to his conscience for the best preferment in the world.

Upon the passing of the Five Mile Act ( 1665) Bingham retired to Bradley Hall. For three years he was occupied in teaching sons of the gentry who boarded with him. Afterwards he lived for seven years at Brailsford. Here he met with much trouble. He was excommunicated by the church incumbent, though every one knew that the ejected vicar was a man of great moderation. He and his family used to attend their parish church every Lord's day morning, but he was wont of an afternoon to preach at his own house, but only to the number allowed by the act. Upon the Indulgence he preached at Hollington, in rotation with other ejected ministers. The excommunication of Bingham made a great sensation in Brailsford parish, and therefore to avoid further uproar he removed, with all his household, to Thurvaston^[5] in the parish of Sutton on the Hill.

Bingham was well acquainted not only with Latin and Greek, but with Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic. He helped Walton with his great polyglot Bible. He was himself a subscriber to it, and by a wide correspondence rallied others around the illustrious scholar.

When he was about seventy he broke an arm by a fall from his horse. The next year he was taken with a quartan ague, which afflicted him seven years. He had an impression borne in upon him that, old and frail as he was, he should live to see a very great change.' He lived to welcome William and Mary, whose coming to the throne he regarded as the fulfilment of his impression. He died 3 February 1689. His funeral sermon was preached by Crompton from Psalm

xii. 1. He was interred at Upper Thurneston. He appears to have published nothing.

[Calamy's Account ; Palmer's Nonconf. Mem. i. 415-17 ; Simpson's Hist, of Derby and Derbyshire ; local researches show that so late as 1768 descendants occupied influential positions in Derby.] A. B. G.

[edit] Major works

• The Developing Child ISBN 0060405821
• The Journey to Adulthood by Helen Bee and Barbara Bjorklund U.S.A. Prentice Hall. 1999. 0130109533
• Essentials of Child Development and Personality; Helen Bee
• Lifespan Development by Helen Bee and Denise Boyd
• Child and Adolescent Development (9th ed.) Bee, H. (2000). [e-text]. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.

[edit] References

[edit] davys

George Davys
Born	1780[1]
Died	1864[1]

George Davys (1780-1864), was born in Loughbororough and entered the church. He was chosen by the Dchess of Kent as the tutor her daughter the future Queen Victoria. Davys later became the Bishop of Peterborough

[edit] Biography

Davys was the son of John Davys of Rempstone, Nottinghamshire and his wife Sophia nee Wigley, daughter of the Rev. B. Wigley of Sawley, Derbyshire. He was born at Loughborough, Leicestershire on the 1 October 1780 in an old house next to Loughborough Msnor hall.^[2] In 1799 he entered as a sizar at Christ's College, and came out tenth wrangler in 1803. He was elected a fellow of his college 14 January 1806, and in the same year proceeded M.A., and became curate, first of Littlebury, Essex, then of Chesterford to 1817, and afterwards of Swaffham Priory.

In 1811 he was presented on his own petition to the small vicarage of Willoughby-on-the-Wolds, Lincolnshire, which he held until 1829.

[edit] Victoria

The education of the Princess Victoria was entrusted to him by the Duchess of Kent. He took up his residence at Kensington Palace in 1827, and he wass the principal master to the princess until the death of William IV.

[edit] Return to the church

In April 1829 he was presented by the crown to the rectory of Allhallows-on-the-Wall, London, which he continued to hold until his elevation to the episcopal bench. He was appointed dean of Chester on 10 January 1831, and at the following commencement at Cambridge was created D.D. On 7 May 1839 he was advanced to the bishopric of Peterborough, and was consecrated on 16 June 1839.

As a member of the evangelical section of the church, Davys was fair and liberal towards all religious creeds throughout his diocese. He took no active part either in religious controversy or in politics. He compiled various educational works, which appeared from time to time anonymously including the Cottagers' Monthly Visitor, and the National Church Magazine.

Davys died of bronchitis at the Palace, Peterborough, 18 April 1864, and was buried in the graveyard of the cathedral^[3] on 23 April. He married in 1814 Marianne, daughter of the Rev. Edmund Mapletoft, rector of Anstye, Hertfordshire. She had died at the Palace, Peterborough 14 December 1858, aged 69. He was the writer of :

1. Village Conversations on the Liturgy of the Church of England, 1820 : 8th ed. 1829.
2. Village Conversations on the principal Offices of the Church, 1824: another ed. 1849.
3. A. Village Conversation on the Catechism of the Church of England, printed in Religious Tracts of Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, vol. iii. 1836.
4. Letters between a Father and his Son on the Roman History and other subjects, 1848.
5. A Plain and Short History of England in Letters from a Father to his Son, 1870,

besides several charges and single sermons.

[Gent. Mag. June 1864, p. 796; Guardian, 20 and 27 April 1864.] G. C. B.

[edit] References

[edit] Anthony fitzherbert

??
Born	[1] Derbyshire
Died	[1]

Sir Anthony Fitzherbert (1470-1538), judge, sixth son of Ralph Fitzherbert of Norbury, Derbyshire, by Elizabeth, daughter of John Marshall of Upton, Leicestershire, was a member of Gray's Inn.

[edit] Life

Wood states that he laid a foundation of learning in Oxford, but gives no authority. The date of his entering Gray's Inn and of his call to the bar are unknown. His shield, however, was emblazoned on the bay window of the hall not later than 1580, where it was still to be seen in 1671, but from which it has since disappeared ; and he is included in a list of Gray's Inn readers compiled in the seventeenth century from authentic materials by Sir William Segar, Garter king of arms, and keeper of Gray's Inn library (DOTJTHWAITE, Gray's Inn, p. 46). On 18 November 1510 he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, and on 24 November 1516 he was appointed king's Serjeant. About 1521-2 he was raised to the bench as a justice of the court of common pleas and knighted (DUGDALE, Chron, Ser. pp. 79, 80, 81 ; Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. of the reign of Henry VIII, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 889). In April 1524 he was commissioned to go to Ireland with Sir Ralph Egerton, and Dr. James Denton, dean of Lichfield, to attempt the pacification of the country. The commissioners arrived about midsummer, and arranged a treaty between the deputy, the Earl of Ormonde, and the Earl of Kildare (concluded 28 July 1524), whereby, after making many professions of amity, they agreed to refer all future differences to arbitration, the final decision, in the event of the arbitrators disagreeing, to rest with the lord chancellor of England and the privy council, Kildare in the meantime making various substantial concessions. The commissioners left Ireland in September. On their return they received the hearty thanks of the king. During the next few years Fitzherbert's history is all but a blank. There is, however, extant a letter from him to Wolsey dated at Carlisle, 30 March 1525, describing the state of the country as very disturbed, and hinting that it was the ' sinister policy ' of Lord Dacre to make and keep it so (State Papers, ii. 104-8 ; Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. of the reign of Henry VIII, vol. iv. pt. i. pp. 244, 352, 534; HALL, Chron. 1809, p. 685).

On 11 June 1529 Fitzherbert was one of the commissioners appointed to hear causes in chancery in place of the chancellor, Wolsey (RYMER, Feeder a, xiv. 299). On 1 Dec. following he signed the articles of impeachment exhibited against Wolsey, one of them being to the effect that l certain bills for extortion of ordinaries ' having been found before Fitzherbert, Wolsey had the indictments removed into the chancery by certiorari, ' and rebuked the same Fitzherbert for the same cause.' On 1 June 1533 he was present at the coronation of Anne Boleyn. In 1534 he was with the council at Ludlow (CoBBETT, State Trials, i. 377 ; Letters and Papers, For. and Dom. of the reign of Henry VIII, vol. iv.pt. iii. p. 272, vi. 263, vii. 545, 581). He was one of the commission that (29 April 1535) tried the Carthusians, Robert Feron, John Hale, and others, for high treason under the statute 25 Hen. VIII, c. 22, the offence consisting in having met and conversed too freely about the king's marriage. He was also a member of the tribunals that tried Fisher and More in the following June and July. He appears as one of the witnesses to the deed dated 5 April 1537, by which the abbot of Furness surrendered his monastery to the king

(Letters relating to the Suppression of Monasteries, Camd. Soc. p. 154). He died on 27 May 1538, and was buried in the parish church of Norbury.

[edit] Family

Fitzherbert married twice : first, Dorothy, daughter of Sir Henry Willoughby of Wollaton, Nottinghamshire; second, Matilda, daughter and heir of Richard Cotton of Hamstall Ridware, Staffordshire. He had no children by his first wife, but several by his second [cf. FITZHERBERT, NICHOLAS and THOMAS]. The manor of Norbury is still in the possession of his posterity. The family has been settled at Norbury since 1125, when William, prior of Tutbury, granted the manor to William Fitzherbert. Though he never attained the position of chief justice, Fitzherbert possessed a profound knowledge of English law combined with a strong logical faculty and remarkable power of lucid exposition His earliest and greatest work, ' La Graunde Abridgement,' first printed in 1514, is a digest of the year-books arranged under appropriate titles in alphabetical order ; it is also more than this, as some cases are there mentioned which are not to be found in the year-books, but which have nevertheless been accepted as authorities in the courts. Coke (Rep. PL pref.) describes it as ' painfully and elaborately collected,' and it has always borne a very high character for accuracy. It was the principal source from which Sir William Staunforde [q. v.] derived the material for his ' Exposition of the King's Prerogative,' London, 1557, 4to, and is frequently cited by [[Richard Bellew]] [q. v.] in * Les Ans du Roy Richard le Second.' Besides the first edition, which seems to have been printed by Pinson, an edition appeared in 1516, of which fine specimens are preserved in the British Museum and Lincoln's Inn. The work is without printer's name or any indication of the place of publication, but is usually ascribed to Wyn kyn de Worde, whose frontispiece is found in the second and third volumes. A summary by John Rastell, entitled ' Tabula libri magni abbreviamenti librorum legum Anglorum,'was published in London in 1517, fol.; reprinted under a French title in 1567, 4to. The original work was reprinted by Tottel in 1565, and again in 1573, 1577, and 1786, fol. Though not absolutely the earliest work of the kind, for Statham's abridgment seems to have had slightly the start of it, Fitzherbert's was emphatically the ' grand abridgment,' the first serious attempt to reduce the entire law to systematic shape. As such it served as a model to later writers, such as Sir Robert Broke or Brooke [q. v.], whose ' Graunde Abridgement ' is indeed merely a revision of Fitzherbert's with additional cases, and [[Henry Rolle]] [q. v.], chief justice of the king's bench in 1048, whose ' Abridgement des Plusieurs Cases et Resolutions del commun Ley,' published 1668, was designed rather as a supplement to Fitzherbert and Brooke than as an exhaustive work (Preface, 4).

Two works addressed to the landed interest are also attributed to Fitzherbert, viz. : (1) ' The Boke of Husbandrie,' London (Berthelet), 1523, 1532, 1534, 1548, 8vo ; (Walle) 1555, 8vo ; (Marshe) 1560, 8vo ; (Awdeley) 1562, 16mo ; (White) 1598, 4to. (2) ' The Boke of Survey inge and Improvements,' London (Berthelet), 1523, 1539, 1546, 1567, 8vo ; (Marshe) 1587, 16mo. ' The Boke of Husbandrie ' is a manual for the farmer of the most practical kind. 'The Boke of Surveyinge and Improvements ' is an exposition of the law relating to manors as regards the relation of landlord and tenant, with observations on their respective moral rights and duties and the best ways of developing an estate. It purports to be based on the statute ' Extenta Manerii,' now classed as of uncertain date, but formerly referred to the fourth year of Edward I. This is important, because we know that Fitzherbert selected that statute as the subject of his reading at Gray's Inn. This book is therefore in all probability an expansion of the reading. The authenticity of the ' Boke of Husbandrie ' has been called in question, and Sir Anthony's brother John has been suggested as its probable author on two grounds : (1) That Fitzherbert's professional engagements would not permit of his acquiring the forty years' experience of agriculture which the author claims to possess ; (2) that the author is described in the printer's note, not as Sir Anthony, but as Master Fitzherbarde. The latter argument applies equally to the ' Boke of Surveyinge,' which is also stated to be the work of Master Fitzherbarde. In the prologue to the latter treatise, however, the author distinctly claims the ' Boke of Husbandrie ' as his own work. He says that he has 'of late by experience' 'contrived, compiled, and made a treatise ' for the benefit of the* poor farmers and tenants and called it the book of husbandry.' There seems no reason to doubt that this claim was honestly made. The argument from the designation ' Master ' is of no real weight. A clause in Archbishop W r arham's will (1530) provides that all disputes as to the meaning of any of its provisions shall be referred to the decision of ' Magistri FitzHerbert unius justiciarii, &c.' ( Wills from Doctors' Commons, Camd. Soc. ?. 25), and Cromwell, writing to Norfolk on 5 July 1535, refers to Fitzherbert as ' Mr. FitzHerberd.' Even less substantial, if possible, is the argument from the claim of forty years' experience put forward by the author. Considering how much of the legal year consists of vacation, and how comparatively light the pressure of legal business was until recent times, there is nothing startling, much less incredible, in the supposition that Fitzherbert during forty years found leisure to exercise such general supervision over his farm-bailiffs as would entitle him to say that he had had practical experience of agriculture during that period.

[edit] Major works

Other works by Fitzherbert are the following:

1. 'La Novelle Natura Brevium,' a manual of procedure described by Coke (Reports, pt. x. pref.) as an ' exact work exquisitely penned,' London, 1534, 1537 ; (Tottell), 1553 8vo, 1557 16mo, 1567 8vo, 1576 fol., 1567,1581, 1588, 1598, 1609, 1660, 8vo; another edition in 4to appeared in 1635, an English translation in 1652 (reprinted 1666), 8vo. The translation (with marginalia by Sir Wadham Wyndham, justice, and a commentary by Sir Matthew Hale, chief justice of the king's bench, 1660) was republished in 1635, 1652, 1718, 1730, 1755, 4to, and 1794.
2. 'L'Office et Auctoritie de Justices de Peace,' apparently first published by Tottell in the original French in 1583, 8vo, with additions, by R. Crompton, republished in 1593, 1606, and 1617, 4to. An English translation had, however, appeared in 1538, 8vo, which was frequently reprinted under the title of l The Newe Booke of Justices of Peas made by A.F.Judge, lately translated out of French into English.' The last edition of the translation seems to have appeared in 1594.
3. 'L'Office de Viconts Bailiffes, Escheators, Constables, Coroners,' London, 1538. This treatise was translated and published in the same volume with the translation of the work on justices of the peace, in 1547, 12mo. The original was also republished along with the original of the latter work, by R. Crompton, in 1583.
4. ' A Treatise on the Diversity of Courts,' a translation of which was annexed by W. Hughes to his translation of Andrew Home's 'Mirrour of Justices,' London, 1646.
5. ' The Reading on the Stat. Extenta Manerii,' printed by Berthelet in 1539.

[Bale's Script. Illustr. Maj. Brit. (Basel, 1557), p. 710; Pits, De Rebus Anglicis (Paris, 1619), p. 707 ; Fuller's "Worthies (Derbyshire) ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 110 ; Biog. Brit. ; Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Bridgman's Legal Bibliography; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Dibdin), ii. 210, 455, 506-8, iii. 287 ., 305 ., 328, 332, iv. 424, 431, 437, 446, 451, 534, 566; Marvin's Legal Bibliogr. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Nichols's Leicestershire, iv. pt. ii. 853 ; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ii. 392, iii. 196, iv. 467.] J. M. K.

[edit] Bish

HUTCHINSON, FRANCIS (1660-1739), bishop of Down and Connor, second son of Edward Hitchinson, was born on 2 Jan. 1660 at Carsington, Derbyshire, according to the parish register, in which the family name is invariably spelled Hitchinson. His mother was Mary Tallents, sister of Francis Tallents [q. v.], the ejected divine. His brother Samuel (d. 1748) was the ancestor of Richard Hely-Hutchinson, first earl of Donoughrnore [q. v.] He matriculated as a pensioner on 4 July 1678 at Catherine Hall, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. 1680, and M.A. 1684 (Graduati Cantab. 1823, p. 254). Tallents directed his historical studies, and employed him (about 1680) in taking the manuscript of his ' View of Universal History ' to Stillingfleet, Beveridge, and Kidder for' their corrections before it was printed (Defence of Antient Historians, 1733, p. 33).

His first preferment was the vicarage of Hoxne, Suffolk. Before 1692 he became perpetual curate of St. James's, Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk. On 3 July 1698 he commenced D.D. at Cambridge. His residence in Suffolk turned his attention to the earlier proceedings against witches in that county [see HALE, SIR MATTHEW, and HOPKINS, MATTHEW] ; hence his treatise on the history of witchcraft (1718), which is full of valuable historical details, with many particulars collected by personal inquiry from survivors.

In 1720, on the death of Edward Smith, Hutchinson was appointed bishop of Down and Connor, and consecrated on 22 Jan. 1 721. He took up his residence at Lisburn, co. Antrim, and at once threw himself into the work of his diocese. Hutchinson in 1721 issued proposals for building a church and settling a clergyman in Rathlin, and for teaching English to the Irish inhabitants of the island by means of bilingual primers and catechisms, the Irish being printed phoneti- cally in the English character. Rathlin was

made a separate parish by act of council on 20 April 1722, and a new church, dedicated to St. Thomas (in compliment to Thomas Lindsay, the primate of Armagh), was consecrated in 1723. Hutchinson's interest in the Irish language and history was considerable, as is shown by his work on' Antient Historians.' He lived on good terms with Roman catholics and presbyterians. A squib on his versatility, published in Dublin in 1725-6 as a broadsheet, is attributed to Dean Swift. From a letter (4 Aug. 1726) of Francis Hutcheson [q. v.], the metaphysician, it appears that efforts were then made to get Hutcheson to conform ; he had an interview with Hutchinson, and ' was a little pinched with argument.' Hutchinson summed up the points at issue thus : ' We would not sweep the house clean, and you stumbled at straws/

Hutchinson removed to Portglenone, co. Antrim, purchasing the estate on 22 April 1729 for 8,200/. Here (not long before 1739) he built a chapel, mainly at his own expense (it was made a parish church in 1840). He died on Saturday, 23 June 1739, at Portglenone, and was buried on 25 June in the chapel, where there is a monument to his memory. His portrait is in the possession of the present Bishop of Down, Connor, and Dromore. By his wife Anne, who survived him nineteen years, he had a son, Thomas, who predeceased him, and a daughter, Frances, who married firstly, John Hamilton (d. 1729), dean of Dromore ; secondly, in 1732, Colonel O'Hara (d. 1745) of Crebilly, co. Antrim ; thirdly, in 1748, John Ryder, afterwards archbishop of Tuam. To her eldest son, the Rev. Hutchinson Hamilton (d. 2 July 1778), Hutchinson left the bulk of his estate. His library was sold by auction in Dublin on 26 April 1756.

Hutchinson published, besides single sermons, 1692, 1698, 1707, 1721 (his first visi- tation at Lisburn), and 1731 :

1. ' A Short View of the Pretended Spirit of Prophecy,' &c., 1708, 8vo.
2. ' A Compassionate Address

to ... Papists,' &c., 1716, 8vo. 3. A Defence of the Compassionate Address,' &c., 1718, 8vo. 4. ' Life of Archbishop Tillotson,' abridged in Wordsworth's ' Ecclesiastical Biography,' 1718, 8vo. 5. ' An Historical Essay concern- ing Witchcraft,' &c., 1718, 8vo ; 2nd edit., enlarged, 1720, 8vo. 6. 'A State of the Case of the Island of Raghlin,' &c., Dublin, 1721, 4to (reprinted in Ewart). 7. ' The Church Catechism in Irish. With the English . . . m the same Karakter,' &c., Belfast, 1722, 16mo (in this he was assisted by ' two clergy- men '). 8. ' A Defence of the Antient His- torians : with . . . Application ... to the History of Ireland and Great Britain, and other Northern Nations,' &c., Dublin, 1734, 8vo. 9. < The State of the Case of Lough j Neagh and the Bann,' &c., Dublin, 1738 (HARRIS). 10. ' The Certainty of Protest- | ants a Safer Foundation than the Infalli- bility of Papists,' &c., Dublin, 1738, 8vo. The following are given by Harris from an j incomplete list of his writings furnished by Hutchinson, without dates, and not arranged j .Konologically. 11. ' An English Grammar.' ; 1J. ; A Defence of the Liberty of the Clergy j in their choice of Proctors,' &c. 13. * A Letter . . . concerning the Bank of Ireland,' j &c 14. ' A Letter . . . concerning Imploy- | ir ' . . . the Poor,' &c. 15. l A Second Letter I . . . recommending the Improvement of the j

h. Fishery,' &c. 16. ' An Irish Almanac.' j

I . , ' The many Advantages of a Good Lan- guage to any Nation,' &c. 18. * Advices con- ! cerning . . . receiving Popish Converts,' &.c. 19. 'A Defence of the Holy Bible, &c.

[Belfast News-Letter , 26 June 1739 (needs correction); Harris's Ware's Works, 1764, i. 215 sq.; Mant's Hist, of the Church of Ireland, 1840, I ii. 369 sq. ; Christian Moderator, 1828, p. 353 ; Ewart's Diocese of Down, Connor, and Dromore, 1886, pp. 103 sq. ; extract from parish register of Carsington, per Eev. F. H. Brett ; information kindly given by the Bishop of Down, Connor, and Dromore.] A. G-.

[edit] References

[edit] References

[edit] References

[edit] Expernal sources

• The Heroical Lover accessed 25 November 2007

[edit] References

[edit] john bankyn

John Bankyn
Born	[1] London
Died	[1]
Education	Augustinian monastery, London and Oxford University

BANKYN or BANEKYNE, JOHN

(jl. 1382), Augustinian friar and opponent of Wycliffe, was born in London and educated in the Augustinian monastery of that city and afterwards at Oxford, where he attained the degree of doctor of divinity. The single recorded act of his life is his presence at the provincial council of Blackfriars which condemned certain of Wycliffe's opinions in j May 1382 (Fasciculi Zizaniorum, pp. 286, i 499; cf. pp. 272 sq.: ed. Shirley, Rolls Series). ' Bishop Bale states that Bankyn was a popular I preacher and an able disputant, and that his writings comprise ' Determinationes ' and 1 Sermones ad Populum/ as well as a book

• Contra Positiones Wiclevi ' (Script. Illustr.

Catal. vi. 97). Of these works, however, no copies are known to be extant.

The ambiguity of the manuscript of the

• Fasciculi Zizaniorum' (Bodl. Libr. e Mus. 86,

fol. 65 b, col. 1), which ignores the distinction between n and u, has led Shirley to print the name ' Baukinus ; ' and Foxe (Acts and Monuments, i. 495, ed. 1684) anglicises it as ' Bowkin.' The n, however, appears in two other copies (Fasc. Ziz. p. 499, and WILKIXS, Condi. Magn. Brit. iii. 158.)

[The additions which Pits (Relat. Hist, de Rebus Angl. i. 539, 161) makes to Bankyn's bio- graphy are ostensibly derived from the Fasciculi ; but neither the edition nor the manuscript of this work contains anything beyond the bare name of the friar, and Pits's notice may be safely taken as a simple catholic version of Bale. The article in J. Pamphilus, Chron. Ord. Fratr. Eremit. S. August. (Rome, 1581, quarto), is equally un- original.] R. L. P.

[edit] bateman

Thomas Bateman
Born	1821[1]
Died	1861[1]
Parents	William and Mary Beteman

Thomas Bateman (1821-1861), archaeologist, born 8 November 1821 at Rowsley, Derbyshire, was the only son of William Buteman, of Middleton by Youlgrave, and his wife, Mary, daughter of James Crompton, of Brightmet, Lancashire. A country gentleman of large property, situated in one of the most beautiful portions of the Peak, he devoted his time and wealth to antiquarian and ethnological pursuits. This taste was inherited from his grandfather and father, who severally laid the foundation of a fine library and museum. Bateman himself crowned their work by adding greatly to both, and by an extensive series of excavations in the tumuli of Yorkshire, Staffordshire, and Derbyshire, but more especially in the latter county. It has been well remarked that he did for Derbyshire what Sir R. C, Hoare did for Wiltshire in the last century. The results of his researches were published in three several volumes :

1. ' Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, and the Sepulchral Usages of its Inhabitants/ 8vo, London, 1848, in which he was assisted by Mr. Stephen Glover ;
2. ' A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities and Miscellaneous Objects preserved in the Museum at Lomberdale House,' 8vo, Bakewell, 1855; 3. 'Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave-

hills,' 8vo, London, 1861. This last work, which was issued about a fortnight before its- author's death, gives a detailed account not only of his own investigations, but of those of his friends, Mr. Samuel Carrington, ;of Wetton, and Mr. James Ruddock, of Pickering. Besides his separate publications Bateman contributed very largely to the ' Archaeological Journal/ the ' Journal of the British Archaeological Association/ and various other antiquarian periodicals. He was an early fellow of the Ethnological Society, as originally constituted. Although never a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, he acted from 1854 to 1860 as its local secretary for Derbyshire. He died 28 Aug. 1861 at his seat, Lomberdale House, near Bakewell, after two or three days' illness. At the time of his premature death Bateman was preparing for the press a catalogue of the manuscripts in his library, with palaeographic and bibliographical notes ; and he was engaged upon a second volume of the catalogue of his museum. Both library and museum, it is gratifying to know, are strictly entailed. The latter collection is justly ranked as one of the wonders of the Peak. ' It is rich in Greek, Roman, Mexican, and mediaeval antiquities ; and its collection of Samian ware, particularly that part of it which once belonged to the Cook collection at York, i& very fine. But it is in prehistoric Celtic, and to a degree in Anglo-Saxon antiquities, that it chiefly excels other private museums.'

Thomas Batenian's father, WILLIAM BATEMAN, F.S.A. (1787-1835), following in the footsteps of Pegge and Major Rooke, made excavations into several of the barrows of the Peak district, and communicated some of the results to the ( Archseologia.' His memoranda of the ' Opening of Tumuli, principally at Middleton by Youlgrave, from 1821 to 1832,' were arranged by his son, and published in vol. i. of 0. R. Smith's l Collectanea Antiqua.' William Bateman died 11 June 1835, when within a month of completing his forty eighth year.

[Athenaeum, 7 Sept. 1861, pp. 321-2; Eeli- quary, ii. 87-97; Gent. Mag. (1861), xi. 450-2 ; Journ. Brit. Archseol. Assoc. xviii. 362-7 ; Cox's Churches of Derbyshire, vol. ii. passim.] G. G.

---

[edit] cross

Nicholas Cross
Born	1616[1] Derbyshire
Died	1689

Nicholas Cross (1616-1698), Franciscan friar, was a native of Derbyshire. He joined the order of St. Francis in 1641, and was so highly esteemed by his brethren that he was selected four times for the office of provincial, in 1662, 1671, 1680, and 1689 ; but in consequence of ill-health he could not complete the latter triennium, and accordingly he sent in his resignation on 12 May 1691. For a time he was chaplain to Anne, duchess of York. He suffered imprisonment three times in this country, but ended his days at Douai on 21 March 1697-8, and was buried before the high altar of the old conventual church.

He is the author of:

1. 'The Cynosura ; or a Saving Star which leads to Eternity,

discovered amidst the celestial orbs of David's Psalms, by way of Paraphrase on the 50th Psalm,' London, 1670, folio. Dedicated to Anne, countess of Shrewsbury. This is wrongly ascribed by Dodd to John Cross, D.D. (1630-1689) [q. v.]

1. ' A Sermon [on the Joys of Heaven] preach'd before her Sacred

Majesty the Queen, in her chapel at Windsor on 2l April 1686,' London, 1686, 4to; reprinted in ' A Select Collection of Catholick Sermons ' (London, 1741), ii. 121.

[Oliver's Catholic Religion in Cornwall, p. 549 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 490.] T. C.

---

[edit] John Radford

John Radford
Born	1561[1] Derbyshire
Died	1630
Education	Douay College
Occupation	Jesuit Priest

John Radford (1561-1630), Jesuit, born in Derbyshire in 1561, was educated at Douay College while it was temporarily located at Rheims. Having completed his studies in humanity and theology, he was ordained priest in 1587, and returned to England on 17 January 1589. There he wrote ' A Directorie teaching the Way to the Truth in a briefe and plaine Discourse against the Heresies of this Time. Wherunto is added a Short Treatise against Adiaphorists- [i.e. Laodiceans], Neuters,' &c. The preface was dated 10 April 1594, and the dedication to ' George Blackwell, archipresbyter,' in 1599, but the book was first published, ' probably at Douai ' ^[2], in 1605. The book circulated in England, and John Manby (or Manly) of Broughton, Northamptonshire, ascribes his conversion in 1607 to 'Father Parsons's " Christian Directory," and a controversial work written by Mr. Radford,' adding that he was afterwards received by Radford into the catholic church. Radford doubtless carried on the perilous work of a catholic missionary in the part of England most familiar to him. On 30 October 1606 Father Robert Jones, alias North, wrote to Parsons at Venice, recommending that the latter should communicate further with Radford, who, the writer suggested, might be admitted at home, and would prove a sufficient journeyman ^[3] Parsons accepted the view of his correspondent, and Radford accordingly entered the Society of Jesus in 1608. On 2 January 1618 he was made a spiritual coadjutor. Radford remained at Northampton until after 1621, when he came to London. John Gee [q. v.j, in his ' Foot out of the Snare,' London, 1624, mentions his name without comment in a ' list of Jesuites now [1623] resident about the City of London ; ' and when papers and goods belonging to Jesuits were seized at, 'a house near Clerkenwell, on 19 March 1627-8,' by order of the council, Radford's name appears among the ' Veterani Missionarii.' He soon transferred his missionary work to Devonshire, where he died, at ' the residence of the Blessed Stanislaus,' on 9 January 1630, aged 69. In the ' Archives Generales ' he is eulogised as ' homo devotus et in missione multos perpessus labores. Laboravit ante ingressum in Societatem jam in missione, ita tit simul omnes computando 39 annos ibidem expleverit.'

[Foley's Kecords of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, vol. vii. ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Charles I, vol. xcix.; Archives Generales de la Compignie de Jesus.] E. L. R.

[edit] References

--

[edit] poet

Edward Manlove (fi. 1667), poet, a lawyer residing at Ashbourne in Derbyshire, published a rhymed chronicle of the Liberties and Customs of the Lead Mines . . . composed in meeter ' for the use of the miners, London, 1653, 4to. It became a standard work of reference on the subject, being largely composed from the ' Exchequer Rolls ' and from inquisitions taken in the various reigns

(see Hist. ofAshbourn, 1839, pp. 90 sq.) From the title-page of the poem it is clear that Manlove tilled the post of steward of barmote courts of the wapentake of Wirksworth, Derbyshire. An edition, to which is affixed a glossary of the principal mining and other 1 obsolete terms used in the poem, was published by T. Tapping in 1 851 . In 1667 Manlove published ' Divine Contentment ; or a Medicine for a Discontented Man : a Confession of Faith ; and other Poems ' (London, 8vo). A manuscript volume of ' Essayes and Contemplations, Divine, Morall, and Miscellaneous, in prose and meter, by M[ark] H[ildesly]/ grandfather of Bishop Mark Hildesly [q. v.], and other members of Lincoln's Inn, dated 1694, was addressed by the editor to his friend

I Philanthropus/ i.e. Manlove (Harl. MS. 4726). The poet's son, Timothy Manlove, is separately noticed.

[Add. MS. 24488, f. 176 (Hunter's Chorus Vatum) ; Cat. of Harleian MSS. ; Glover's Hist, of Derbyshire, vol. i. App. p. 108; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn) ; Works in British Museum Library.] A. E. J. L.

[edit] poet son

MANLOVE, TIMOTHY (1633-1699), presbyterian divine and physician, probably son of Edward Manlove [q. v.] the poet, was born at Ashbourne, Derbyshire, in 1633. He was ordained at Atterclifle, near Sheffield, on

II Sept. 1688, and his first known settlement was in 1691, at Pontefract, Yorkshire, where he was very popular. In 1694 he was invited to the charge of Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, and removed thither with some reluctance. His ministry at Leeds was able, but not happy. He succeeded a minister of property, and his own requirements were not met by the stipend raised. He obtained some private practice as a physician, and has been called M.D., but Thoresby describes him as ' Med. Licent.' At first on good terms with Ralph Thoresby the antiquary, he quarrelled with him on the subject of nonconformity. He removed in 1699 to Newcastle-on-Tyne as assistant to [[Richard Gilpin]], M.D. [q. v.], and, when 'newly gone' thither, * dyed of a feaver ' on 4 Aug. 1699, in the prime of life, and was buried on 5 Aug. A funeral sermon, entitled f The Comforts of Divine Love/ was published by Gilpin in 1700.

He published :

1. ' The Immortality of the Soul asserted. . . . With . . . Reflections on a ... Refutation of ... Bentley's " Sermon," ' &c., 1697, 8vo (against Henry Layton [q. v.]).
2. 'Prseparatio Evangelica . . . Discourse concerning the Soul's Preparation for a Blessed Eternity/ &c. 1698, 8vo. William Tong classes Manlove with Baxter for his ' clear, weighty way of writing.'

[Wilson's Dissenting Churches of London, 1810, iii. 506; Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis (Whitaker), 1816, App. p. 86; Thoresby's Diary, 1830, i. 291 ; Hunter's Life of 0. Heywood, 1 842, p. 356 ; Wicksteed's Memory of the Just, 1849, pp. 43 sq. ; Miall's Congregationalism in Yorkshire, 1868, pp. 302,333; Turner's Nonconformist Eegisterof Heywood aud Dickenson, 1 881, p. 96 ; Glover's Hist, of Derbyshire, vol. i. App. p. 108; Add. MS. 24488, f. 176.] A. G.

[edit] References