Ulmus americana 'American Liberty'

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Ulmus americana
Cultivar
'American Liberty'
Origin
ERI, USA

The American Elm Ulmus americana cultivar 'American Liberty' is in fact a group of six genetically distinct cultivars under a single name, although they are superficially similar [1]. Promoted exclusively by the Elm Research Institute (ERI) [2] since 1983, these trees have been planted across the United States in numbers which that organization claims to be in excess of 250,000. The six clones which comprise this series vary considerably in their level of resistance to Dutch elm disease, and none is immune, but some evidence suggests that at least one of the six clones may have a fairly high degree of DED-resistance [3]. It is claimed, controversially, by ERI that fewer than 180 American Liberty elm trees have been known to succumb to DED since the planting began in the early 1980's. This figure is surprising in the light of Townsend & Douglass's work [2], which found that the Liberty elms exhibited only an 18% survival rate four years after inoculation, compared with 96% for both 'Valley Forge' and 'Princeton', and 100% for the Japanese Elm clone 'Prospector'

The Liberty elm is reportedly suitable for street planting, being tolerant of de-icing salts and air pollution. However, examples included in 10-year trials at Atherton, California to evaluate replacements for Californian elms lost to disease did not perform well. With careful pruning they assumed the typical American Elm form and grew very rapidly; however, they proved vulnerable to disease, wind damage in winter, and high levels of injury from elm leaf beetles. Accordingly, the cultivar was deemed "highly questionable as a replacement" [3]. Moreover, the American Liberty elms were noted as being highly susceptible to elm yellows (phloem necrosis) in New York [4]. Examples tested by research scientists at the United States National Arboretum in the 1992-1993 also failed to perform well [4]; but unfortunately, it has never been clear which of the six clones were represented in the tests, so the results remain largely inconclusive. The American Liberty elm is reputedly "extremely expensive" to buy, particularly in the larger sizes [5]. The tree is not known to have been introduced to Europe or Australasia.

Contents

[edit] Arboreta etc. accessions

[edit] North America

[edit] Nurseries

[edit] North America

(Widely available)

[edit] References

  1. ^ Townsend, A. M., Bentz, S. E., and Douglass L. W. (2005). Evaluation of 19 American Elm Clones for Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease.Journal of Environmental Horticulture, March 2005, Horticultural Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
  2. ^ Townsend A. M.& Douglass, L. W. Variation among American Elm Clones in Long-term Dieback, Survival, and Growth Response to Ophiostoma Inoculation
  3. ^ Costello, L. R. (2004). A 10 -year evaluation of the performance of four elm cultivars in California, U. S. Journal of Arboriculture, March 2004. [1]
  4. ^ Sinclair, W. A., Griffiths, H. G., & Lee, I-M., Journal of Arboriculture. 20: 176-189, 1994
  5. ^ Giblin, C. P. & Gillman, J. H. (2006). Elms for the Twin Cities: A Guide for Selection and Maintenance. University of Minnesota.

[edit] External links