Tripartite Pact
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The Tripartite Treaty (1906) also refers to a 1906 treaty concerning the Nile river (see Hydropolitics in the Nile Basin.)
The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940 by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, and Galeazzo Ciano (foreign minister of Italy) of Fascist Italy entering as a military alliance and officially founding the Axis Powers of World War II that opposed the Allied Powers.
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[edit] Background and the agreement
The agreement formalized the Axis Powers' partnership, and can be read as a warning to the United States to remain neutral in World War II — or become involved in a war on two fronts.[citation needed]
The pact the three nations agreed that for the next ten years they would "stand by and co-operate with one another in... their prime purpose to establish and maintain a new order of things... to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the peoples concerned." They recognized each other's spheres of interest and undertook "to assist one another with all political, economic and military means when one of the three contracting powers is attacked" by a country not already involved in the war, excluding the Soviet Union.
The pact supplemented the previous German-Japanese Agreement and the Anti-Comintern Pact, both of 1936 and helped overcome the rift that had developed between Japan and Germany following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed by Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939.
The Tripartite Pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (November 20, 1940), Romania (November 23, 1940), and Slovakia (November 24, 1940). Bulgaria joined on March 1, 1941, prior to the arrival of German troops.
[edit] Text of the pact
| “ | The Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy, 1940
The Governments of Japan, Germany, and Italy consider it the prerequisite of a lasting peace that every nation in the world shall receive the space to which it is entitled. They have, therefore, decided to stand by and cooperate with one another in their efforts in the regions of Europe and Greater East Asia respectively. In doing this it is their prime purpose to establish and maintain a new order of things, calculated to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the peoples concerned. It is, furthermore, the desire of the three Governments to extend cooperation to nations in other spheres of the world that are inclined to direct their efforts along lines similar to their own for the purpose of realizing their ultimate object, world peace. Accordingly, the Governments of Japan, Germany and Italy have agreed as follows: ARTICLE 1. Japan recognizes and respects the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe. ARTICLE 2. Germany and Italy recognize and respect the leadership of Japan in the establishment of a new order in Greater East Asia. ARTICLE 3. Japan, Germany, and Italy agree to cooperate in their efforts on aforesaid lines. They further undertake to assist one another with all political, economic and military means if one of the Contracting Powers is attacked by a Power at present not involved in the European War or in the Japanese-Chinese conflict. ARTICLE 4. With a view to implementing the present pact, joint technical commissions, to be appointed by the respective Governments of Japan, Germany and Italy, will meet without delay. ARTICLE 5. Japan, Germany and Italy affirm that the above agreement affects in no way the political status existing at present between each of the three Contracting Powers and Soviet Russia. ARTICLE 6. The present pact shall become valid immediately upon signature and shall remain in force ten years from the date on which it becomes effective. In due time, before the expiration of said term, the High Contracting Parties shall, at the request of any one of them, enter into negotiations for its renewal. |
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[edit] Other signatories
[edit] Hungary
The Austro-Hungarian Empire had sided with Imperial Germany during World War I yet had collapsed following the defeat by the allies. Following the Treaty of Trianon the state of Hungary was cut in size and this caused much resentment. In order to assuage this resentment, Germany and Italy implemented the Vienna Awards in 1938 and 1940 and this was subsequently followed by Hungary joining the Tripartite Pact in November 1940. Collusion was further heightened when the Arrow Cross Party later came to power.
[edit] Romania
Romania had joined the Allied Powers in World War I and had received Transylvania from Hungary. After Germany and Italy had awarded Transylvania to Hungary, and the Soviet Union had taken Bessarabia, the fascist Iron Guard party came to power and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact on November 23, 1940. This was partly due to the Romanian desire for protection against the Soviet Union.
[edit] Bulgaria
Bulgaria had been on the losing side in World War I, losing territory to Serbia and Greece. During World War II, Germany needed military access through Bulgaria in order to attack Greece. Adolf Hitler promised the Bulgarian Tsar Boris III that Bulgaria would receive all the territory she had lost in return for Bulgaria joining the Axis. Boris agreed and signed the Pact on March 1, 1941.
[edit] Kingdom of Yugoslavia
On March 25, 1941 in Vienna, Prince Paul (Pavle), Regent of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, signed the Tripartite Pact, which was declared defunct only two days later. It was not easy for Hitler to gain Yugoslavia's cooperation. There were strong anti-German feelings in the country, especially among the dominant Serbian population. On March 27, the regime was overthrown by a military coup d'état with British support, and the 18 year old King Peter II of Yugoslavia seized power. General Dušan Simović became Peter's Prime Minister and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia withdrew from the pact with the Axis.
The initial agreement of the document was only regarding Yugoslavia's acceptance of the free movement of German troops around the country, but Serbia declined, this was unsatisfactory to the Führer[citation needed], and resulted in the invasion of Yugoslavia.
Postponing Operation Barbarossa, the Germans simultaneously attacked Yugoslavia and Greece. Starting on April 6, the Luftwaffe bombed Belgrade for three days and nights. German ground troops moved in, and Yugoslavia capitulated on April 17.
[edit] Other nations involved
[edit] Soviet Union
Just prior to the formation of Tripartite Pact, the Soviet Union was informed of its existence, and the potential of its joining.[1] Vyacheslav Molotov was thus sent to Berlin to discuss the pact and the possibility of the Soviet Union joining it.[1]
For the Soviets, they considered joining the Tripartite Pact to be an update of existing agreements with Germany.[1] On Molotov's visit, he agreed in principle to the Soviet Union joining the pact so long as some details, such as Soviet annexation of Finland, could be worked out.[2] The Soviet government sent a revised version of the pact to Germany on November 25.[2] To demonstrate the benefits of partnership, the Soviet Union made large economic offerings to Germany.[3]
Regardless of the talks however, the Germans had no intention of allowing the Soviets to join the pact. They were already in the preparation stages for their invasion of the Soviet Union and were committed to doing so regardless of any action the Soviets took.
| “ | Political conversations designed to clarify the attitude of Russia in the immediate future have been started. Regardless of the outcome of these conversations, all preparations for the East previously ordered orally are to be continued. [Written] directives on that will follow as soon as the basic elements of the army's plan for the operation have been submitted to me and approved by me. -- Adolf Hitler[1] | ” |
When they received the Soviet offer in November, they simply did not reply. They did, however, accept the new economic offerings, and signed an agreement for such on January 10, 1941.[3]
[edit] End of the Pact
Italy joined the Western Allies in 1943, marking the beginning of the end for the Tripartite Pact. Later, Bulgaria and Romania became allies of the Soviet Union, following the constant pressure by Soviet troops. Hungary was the last minor member of the pact aside from the big two (Germany and Japan), but eventually, it too was overrun. While technically still in operation until Japan's surrender, the quelling of Germany brought an end to any effective meaning of the treaty.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, pg. 199
- ^ a b Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, pg. 200
- ^ a b Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, pg. 201
[edit] External links
