Trilemma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A trilemma is a difficult choice from three options, each of which is (or appears) unacceptable or unfavourable.
There are two logically equivalent ways in which to express a trilemma: it can be expressed as a choice among three unfavourable options, one of which must be chosen, or as a choice among three favourable options, only two of which are possible at the same time.
The term derives from the much older term dilemma, a choice between two difficult or unfavourable alternatives.
The earliest recorded use of the term was by the British preacher Philip Henry in 1672, and later, apparently independently, by the preacher Isaac Watts in 1725.[1]
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[edit] Trilemmas in religion
[edit] Epicurus's trilemma
One of the earliest uses of the trilemma formulation is that of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, rejecting the idea of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God (as summarised by David Hume):[2]
1. if God is willing but unable to prevent evil, he is not omnipotent
2. if God is able but not willing to prevent evil, he is not good
3. if God is willing and able to prevent evil, then why is there evil?
Although traditionally ascribed to Epicurus, it has been suggested that it may actually be the work of an early skeptic writer, possibly Carneades.[3]
[edit] Lewis's trilemma
One well known trilemma was put forward by Christian apologists as a proof of the divinity of Jesus, and is most commonly known in the version by C. S. Lewis. It proceeds from the assumption that Jesus claimed to be God, and that therefore one of the following must be true:[4]
- Lunatic: Jesus was not God, but he mistakenly believed that he was.
- Liar: Jesus was not God, and he knew it, but he said so anyway.
- Lord: Jesus is God.
The trilemma, usually in Lewis's formulation, is often used in works of popular apologetics, although it is almost totally absent from discussions about the status of Jesus by professional theologians and biblical scholars.[5]. In his 1993 book, The Metaphor of God Incarnate, John Hick pointed out that New Testament scholars do not today support the view that Jesus claimed to be God.[6]
[edit] Trilemmas in economics
In economics, the trilemma (or "impossible trinity") is a term used in discussing the problems associated with creating a stable international financial system. It refers to the trade-offs among the following three goals: a fixed exchange rate, national independence in monetary policy, and capital mobility. According to the Mundell-Fleming model, a small, open economy cannot achieve all three of these policy goals at the same time: in pursuing any two of these goals, a nation must forego the third.[7]
Steven Pinker noted another social trilemma in his book The Blank Slate: that a society cannot be simultaneously fair, free and equal. If it is fair, individuals who work harder will accumulate more wealth; if it is free, parents will leave the bulk of their inheritance to their children; but then it will not be equal, as people will begin life with different fortunes.
Arthur C. Clarke cited a management trilemma among a product being done quickly, cheaply and of high quality.[8] In the software industry, this means that one can pick any two of: fastest time to market, highest software quality (fewest defects), and lowest cost (headcount). This is the basis of the popular project-management aphorism "Quick, Cheap, Good: Pick two".
[edit] The Münchhausen Trilemma
In the theory of knowledge the Münchhausen Trilemma is a philosophical term coined to stress the impossibility to prove any certain truth even in the fields of logic and mathematics. Its name is going back to a logical proof of the German philosopher Hans Albert. This proof runs as follows: All of the only three possible attempts to get a certain justification must fail:
- All justifications in pursuit of certain knowledge have also to justify the means of their justification and doing so they have to justify anew the means of their justification. Therefore there can be no end. We are faced with the hopeless situation of an 'infinite regression'.
- One can stop at self-evidence or common sense or fundamental principles or speaking 'ex cathedra' or at any other evidence, but in doing so the intention to install certain justification is abandoned.
- The third horn of the trilemma is the application of a circular and therefore invalid argument.
[edit] The Trilemma of the Earth
The “Trilemma of the Earth” (or “3E Trilemma”) is a term used by scientists working on energy and environment protection. 3E Trilemma stands for Economy-Energy-Environment interaction.
For the activation of economic development (E: Economy) to occur, we need to increase the energy expenditure (E: Energy) however this raises the environmental issue (E: Environment) of more emissions of pollutant gases.[9]
[edit] References
- ^ Allan A. Metcalf, Predicting New Words: The Secrets of Their Success, Houghton Mifflin Reference, 2004, page 106-107.
- ^ David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779.
- ^ Mark Joseph Larrimore, The Problem of Evil: a reader, Blackwell (2001), page xx.
- ^ Lewis, C.S. (1952). Mere Christianity, pp. 54-56 (In all editions, this is Bk. II, Ch. 3, "The Shocking Alternative"). London: Collins.
- ^ "Was Jesus Mad, Bad, or God?", in Stephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall, Gerald O'Collins, The Incarnation: an interdisciplinary symposium on the Incarnation of the Son of God (Oxford University Press, 2004), p222-3.
- ^ John Hick, The Metaphor of God Incarnate, page 27.
- ^ Maurice Obstfeld, Jay C. Shambaugh & Alan M. Taylor (2005). “The Trilemma in History: Tradeoffs Among Exchange Rates, Monetary Policies, and Capital Mobility” in The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 87, No. 3, Pages 423-438. Accessed 13 April 2007.
- ^ Arthur C. Clarke, The Ghost from the Grand Banks, (Gollancz, London, 1990), page 73.
- ^ Hamakawa, Yoshihiro (2002). “New Energy Option for 21st Century : Recent Progress in Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion” in Japan Society of Applied Physics International, Vol 5, 30-35. See also the Trilemma Council.
