Therianthropy

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Therianthropy (from n. therianthrope and adj. therianthropic, part man and part beast, from the Greek therion, θηρίον, meaning "wild animal" or "beast", and anthrōpos, άνθρωπος, meaning "man") refers to the metamorphosis of humans into animals.[1] Therianthropes have long existed in mythology, appearing in ancient cave drawings[2] such as the Sorcerer at Les Trois Frères.

The term therianthropy was used to refer to animal transformation folklore of Asia and Europe as early as 1901.[3] Therianthropy was also used to describe spiritual belief in animal transformation in 1915[4] and one source[5] raises the possibility the term may have been used in the 16th century in criminal trials of suspected werewolves.

Horus is an ancient Egyptian deity. Many Egyptian deities were portrayed with a human body and an animal head.
Horus is an ancient Egyptian deity. Many Egyptian deities were portrayed with a human body and an animal head.

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[edit] Examples

Ethnologist Ivar Lissner theorized that cave paintings of beings with human and nonhuman animal features were not physical representations of mythical shapeshifters, but were instead attempts to depict shamans in the process of acquiring the mental and spiritual attributes of various beasts.[6] Religious historian Mircea Eliade has observed that beliefs regarding animal identity and transformation into animals are widespread.[7]

Therianthropy can also refer to artistic descriptions of characters that simultaneously share human and animal traits, for example the animal-headed humanoid forms of gods depicted in Egyptian mythology (such as Ra, Sobek, Anubis, and others) as well as creatures like centaurs and mermaids.

Some common forms of therianthropy have their own terminologies. Of these, lycanthropy, cynanthropy, and ailuranthropy are the best known.[8] The term "cynanthropy" was applied in 1901 to Chinese myths about humans turning into dogs, dogs becoming people, and sexual relations between humans and canines.[9]

[edit] Lycanthropy

Main article: Lycanthropy

In folklore, mythology and anthropology, the most commonly known form of therianthropy is lycanthropy (from the Greek words lycos ("wolf") and anthropos ("man")). Although the definition specifically describes a metamorphic change from human to canine form (as with a werewolf), the term is often used to refer to any human to animal transformation.

[edit] Psychiatry

Among a sampled set of psychiatric patients, the belief of being part animal, or clinical lycanthropy, was generally associated with severe psychosis, but not always with any specific psychiatric diagnosis or neurological findings.[10] Others regard clinical lycanthropy as a delusion in the sense of the self-identity disorder found in affective and schizophrenic disorders, or as a symptom of other psychiatric disorders.[11].

[edit] References in popular culture

Main article: Therianthropy in popular culture

[edit] In fiction

A Practical Guide to Monsters, a Dungeons and Dragons themed book published under Wizards of the Coast's juvenile publishing imprint Mirrorstone Books, makes reference on page 33 to D&D's use of the term lycanthrope to refer to many different types of humanoid/animal shapeshifters. The text goes on to state that "A better term for this group would be 'therianthrope,' from the root therios (animal)."[12]

[edit] Internet subculture

The first widely-known internet use of the term developed among the Usenet group alt.horror.werewolves (ca. 1992).[13] Some Usenet users began publicly asserting that they were part animal, generally in a spiritual sense. [14] Such people initially called themselves lycanthropes, but because that word specifically means wolf-people the term therianthropes became more popular. From these foundations, an internet-based subculture of individuals identifying as therianthropes has developed.[15]. Some self-described therianthropes also consider themselves members of the Otherkin subculture.[16]

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ Edward Podolsky (1953). Encyclopedia of Aberrations: A Psychiatric Handbook. Philosophical Library. 
  2. ^ Trois Freres. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
  3. ^ De Groot, J.J.M. (1901). The Religious System of China: Volume IV. Leiden: Brill, 171. 
  4. ^ Brinkley, Frank; Dairoku Kikuchi (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. The Encyclopædia Britannica Co. 
  5. ^ Ramsland, Katherine (2005). The Human Predator: A Historical Chronicle of Serial Murder and Forensic Investigation. Berkley Hardcover. ISBN 042520765X. 
  6. ^ Steiger, B. (1999). The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink. ISBN 1-57859-078-7. 
  7. ^ Eliade, Mircea (1965). Rites and Symbols of Initiation: the mysteries of birth and rebirth. Harper & Row. 
  8. ^ Greene, R. (2000). The Magic of Shapeshifting. York Beach, ME: Weiser, 229. ISBN 1-57863-171-8. 
  9. ^ De Groot, J.J.M. (1901). The Religious System of China: Volume IV. Leiden: Brill, 184. 
  10. ^ Keck PE, Pope HG, Hudson JI, McElroy SL, Kulick AR. (1988) Lycanthropy: alive and well in the twentieth century. Psychological Medicine, 18(1), 113-20.
  11. ^ Garlipp, P; Godecke-Koch T, Dietrich DE, Haltenhof H. (Jan 2004). "Lycanthropy--psychopathological and psychodynamical aspects". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1046/j.1600-0447.2003.00243.x. 
  12. ^ Hess, Nina (2007). A Practical Guide to Monsters. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, Inc., 33. ISBN 978-0-7869-4809-3. 
  13. ^ Chantal Bourgault Du Coudray (2006). The Curse of the Werewolf: Fantasy, Horror and the Beast Within. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1845111583. 
  14. ^ Cohen, D. (1996). Werewolves. New York: Penguin, 104. ISBN 0-525-65207-8. 
  15. ^ Greene, Rosalyn (2000). The Magic of Shapeshifting. Weiser, 239. ISBN 1578631718. 
  16. ^ Lupa (2007). A Field Guide to Otherkin. Immanion Press, 50. ISBN 978-1-905713-07-3.