The Shepherd's Paradise

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The Shepherd's Paradise was a Caroline era masque, written by Walter Montagu and designed by Inigo Jones. It was performed before King Charles I at Somerset House[1] in London on January 9, 1633, by Queen Henrietta Maria and her ladies in waiting, and was noteworthy as the first masque in which the Queen and her ladies filled speaking roles. Along with Tempe Restored of the previous year (1632), The Shepherd's Paradise marked a step in the evolution in attitudes and practices that led to the acceptance of women onstage during the coming Restoration era.

Montagu's drama (it has been called a "fantasy," a "marathon," and an "extravanganza," among other things) is not a brief work; the original performance lasted seven or eight hours. It required four months of rehearsal by its aristocratic cast.[2] Inigo Jones designed nine sets and eight changes of scene for the mammoth-scale production, which also saw an early use of the proscenium arch in English theatre. (Jones's stage designs for the piece, including some striking forest scenes, still exist.) The work may have had a second performance of February 2 of the same year; some of its costumes were later re-used for a revival of John Fletcher's The Faithful Shepherdess. Henrietta Maria then presented the sumptuous masque costumes to the King's Men, who had acted Fletcher's play.[3]

The Shepherd's Paradise deals with a mythical pastoral community dedicated to Platonic love, a refuge for unrequited lovers of both genders — "a peaceful receptacle of distressed minds." The females, the stylized shepherdesses, are ruled by Bellesa, "beauty," the queen of the paradise. (The males have their own unnamed king.) The heroine of the piece is Fidamira; scholarly opinion is divided as to whether Henrietta played Bellesa or Fidamira. (Since Bellesa marries in the end but Fidamira does not, the former would have been the more logical choice.) Much of Montagu's plot, such as it is, centers upon a prince named Basilino and his bosom friend Agenor, who have a shared tendency to fall in love with the same women. (The work is complicated by the fact that characters take on pseudonyms when entering the Paradise: Basilino becomes Moramente, while Agenor calls himself Genorio.) By the close of the play, Agenor/Genorio is revealed to be Prince Palante, son of the king of Navarre. The masque also features an extended debate on the nature of love, between Martiro, who speaks for the Platonic ideal, and Moramente and Melidoro, who are skeptical. Since the play ends in the marriages typical of comedy — Agenor/Genorio who is Palante, for example, marries Bellesa who is actually Sapphira, his original betrothed — the text can be interpreted as suggesting a compromise between the ideal Platonic love and the more down-to-earth kind. Fidamira is revealed as Agenor/Genorio/Palante's sister, the lost princess Miranda; she remains chaste, but she gets to be queen of the shepherdesses at the end.[4]

Montagu's masque was caught up in the controversy surrounding William Prynne and his Histriomastix. Prynne's attack on women actors as "notorious whores" was taken as a direct insult to the Queen.[5] Prynne denied this, and his text may in fact have been published prior to the January 1633 performance of the masque.[6] The masculine cross-dressing of some of the noblewomen in the masque also raised eyebrows. The King, at least, was pleased with his wife's work; the rehearsals and performance gave her some needed practice in English elocution.[7]

Unlike many of the court masques of the early Stuart era, Montagu's text was not published soon after its staging. It was entered into the Stationers' Register on September 27, 1658, and appeared in an octavo edition in 1659. The first edition is bibliographically confusing, with alterate title pages that credit the book either to the stationer Thomas Dring or to John Starkey; the prose Introduction is signed "T. D.," probably indicating Dring. Some copies are misdated "1629," a typographical error that misled early scholars. The text also survives in several manuscripts, the most noteworthy being MS. Sloane 3649 in the collection of the British Museum.[8] That manuscript features, as a Prologue, a dialogue between Apollo and Diana not included in the printed text; it also provides the identities of the courtly ladies who appeared in the masque. The published text of Montagu's masque may have influenced Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle in creating her play The Convent of Pleasure (1668).[9]

Critics have generally not been kind to Montagu's work, calling it "tedious," "worthless," and "unintelligible." (Even Montagu's contemporary Sir John Suckling, a fellow follower of the Queen, ridiculed it; in one of Suckling's poems, Apollo asks Montagu if he understands his own work.) Alfred Harbage, in his seminal study Cavalier Drama, considered Montagu's masque typical of most of what is wrong with Cavalier drama. (Critics of Harbage have noted that he blamed Montagu for the faults in plays that were written and performed before The Shepherd's Paradise appeared on the stage.) Despite its faults, Montagu's work did inspire a brief re-invigoration of the pastoral form in later Caroline drama.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Then known as Denmark House; Inigo Jones built a theatre there and Montagu's masque inaugurated its use.
  2. ^ Leapman, p. 299.
  3. ^ Milling and Thomson, p. 447.
  4. ^ Sharpe, pp. 40-2.
  5. ^ Leapman, pp. 299-300.
  6. ^ Greg, p. 85; Milling and Thomson, p. 379.
  7. ^ Smuts, p. 186.
  8. ^ The British Museum has two more, MS. Stowe 976 and Add. MS. 41617; the Folger Shakespeare Library has two, MS. V.b. 203 and V.b. 204.
  9. ^ Chalmers, pp. 142-4.

[edit] Sources

  • Chalmers, Hero. Royalist Women Writers, 1650–1689. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2004.
  • Greg, W. W. A Companion to Arber. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1967.
  • Harbage, Alfred. Cavalier Drama. New York, Modern Language Association of America, 1936.
  • Leapman, Michael. Inigo: The Troubled Life of Inigo Jones, Architect of the English Renaissance. London, Headline Book Publishing, 2003.
  • Milling, Jane, and Peter Thomson, eds. The Cambridge History of British Theatre, Vol. 1. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Sharpe, Kevin M. Criticism and Compliment: The Politics of Literature in the Court of Charles I. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  • Smuts, Robert Malcolm. Court Culture and the Origins of a Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.