Swedish Pomerania
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Swedish Pomerania (Swedish: Svenska Pommern; German: Schwedisch-Pommern) was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from the 17th to the 19th century, situated on what is now the Baltic coast of Germany and Poland. Following the Polish War and the Thirty Years' War, Sweden held extensive control over the lands on the southern Baltic Coast, including Pomerania and parts of Silesia and Prussia. At the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Sweden received Upper Pomerania, or Vorpommern, and a strip of Lower Pomerania, or Hinterpommern, with the islands of Rügen, Usedom, and Wolin. Sweden lost its Pomeranian territories as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
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[edit] History
[edit] Thirty Years' War
Pomerania became involved in the Thirty Years' War during the 1620s, and with the town of Stralsund under siege by imperial troops, its ruler Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Stettin, concluded a treaty with King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in June 1628. On July 10, 1630, the treaty was extended into an 'eternal' pact and by the end of that year the Swedes had completed the military occupation of Pomerania. After this point Gustavus Adolphus was the effective ruler of the country, and even though the rights of succession to Pomerania, held by George William, Elector of Brandenburg, were recognised, the Swedish king still demanded that the Margraviate of Brandenburg break with Emperor Ferdinand II. In 1634 the Estates of Pomerania assigned the interim government to an eight member directorate, which lasted until Brandenburg ordered the directorate disbanded in 1638 by right of the Imperial investiture.
As a consequence Pomerania lapsed into a state of anarchy, thereby forcing the Swedes to act. From 1641 the administration was led by a council ("Concilium status") from Stettin (Szczecin), until the peace treaty in 1648 settled rights to the province in Swedish favour. At the peace negotiations in Osnabrück, Brandenburg-Prussia received Lower Pomerania except Stettin, a strip of land east of the Oder River containing the districts of Damm and Gollnow and the island of Wolin. These territories, together with Upper Pomerania and the islands of Rügen and Usedom, were ceded to the Swedes as a fief from Emperor Ferdinand III. The Recess of Stettin in 1653 settled the border with Brandenburg in a manner favourable to Sweden. The border against Mecklenburg, along the Trebel and the Recknitz, followed a settlement of 1591.
[edit] Under the Swedish crown
The history of Pomerania under Swedish dominion is much a story of destitution and conflict. From 1657 to 1659 during the Northern Wars, Polish, Austrian, and Brandenburger troops ravaged the country. The territory was occupied by Denmark and Brandenburg from 1675-1679 during the Scanian War, whereby Denmark claimed Rügen and Brandenburg the rest of Pomerania. Both campaigns were in vain for the winners, except for Gollnow and the strip of land on the east side of the Oder, which were held by Brandenburg as a pawn in exchange for reparations, until these were paid in 1693.
The first years of the Great Northern War did not affect Pomerania. Even when Danish, Russian, and Polish forces had crossed the borders in 1714, the Kingdom of Prussia first appeared as a hesitant mediator before turning into an aggressor. King Charles XII of Sweden led the defence of Pomerania for an entire year, November 1714 to December 1715, from the walls of Stralsund before fleeing to Lund. The Danes seized Rügen and Upper Pomerania above the River Peene, and the rest was taken by Prussia. By the Treaty of Frederiksborg, June 3, 1720, Denmark was obliged to hand back control over the occupied territory to Sweden, but in the Treaty of Stockholm, on January 21 in the same year, Prussia had been allowed to retain its conquest, including Stettin. By this, Sweden ceded the parts of Lower Pomerania that had been won in 1648 as well as Upper Pomerania south of the Peene and the islands of Wolin and Usedom. A feeble attempt to regain the lost territories in the Pomeranian War (1757-1762), coinciding with the Seven Years' War, failed.
The entry into the Third Coalition in 1805, in which Sweden unsuccessfully fought its First War against Napoleon, subsequently led to the occupation of Swedish Pomerania by French troops from 1807 to 1810. In 1812, when French troops yet again marched into Pomerania, the Swedish Army mobilized and won against Napoleon in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, together with troops from Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Sweden also attacked Denmark and, by the Treaty of Kiel on January 14, 1814, Sweden ceded Pomerania to Denmark in exchange for Norway. The fate of Swedish Pomerania was settled during the Congress of Vienna through the treaties between Prussia and Denmark on June 4 and with Sweden on June 7, 1815. In this manoeuvre Prussia gained Swedish Pomerania in exchange for Lauenburg which was ceded by Prussia to Denmark. Denmark also received 2.6 Million Thalers from Prussia. 3.5 Million Thalers were awarded to Sweden in war damages. "Swedish Pomerania" was incorporated into Prussia as "New Upper Pomerania" (Neuvorpommern) within the Prussian Province of Pomerania.
[edit] Constitution and administration
The nobility of Pomerania was firmly established and held extensive privileges, as opposed to the other end of the spectrum which was populated by a class of numerous serfs. Even by the end of the 18th century, the serfs made up two-thirds of the population of the countryside. The estates owned by the nobility were divided into districts and the royal domains, which covered about a quarter of the country, were divided into amts.
The position of Pomerania in the Swedish Realm came to depend on the talks that were opened between the Estates of Pomerania and the Government of Sweden. The talks showed few results until the Instrument of Government of July 17, 1663 (promulgated by the recess of April 10, 1669) could be presented, and only in 1664 did the Pomeranian Estates salute the Swedish Monarch as their new ruler.
The Royal Government of Pomerania (die königliche Landesregierung) was composed of the Governor-General, who always was a Swedish Privy Councillor, as chairman and five Councillors of the Royal Government, among them the President of the Appellate Court, the Chancellor and the Castle Captain of Stettin, over inspector of the Royal Amts. When circumstances demanded, the estates, nobility, burgesses, and — until the 1690s — the clergy could be summoned for meetings of a local parliament called the Landtag. The nobility was represented by one deputy per district, and these deputies were in turn mandated by their respective district convents of nobles. The estate of the burgesses consisted of one deputy per politically franchised city, particularly Stralsund. The Landtag were presided over by a marshall (Erb-landmarschall). A third element of the meeting of the Estates were the five, initially ten, Landtag councillors who were appointed by the Royal Government of Pomerania following their nomination by the Estates. The Landtag councillors formed the Land Council, which mediated with the Swedish Government and oversaw the constitution.
The Estates, which had exercised great authority under the Pomeranian dukes, were unable to exert any significant influence on Sweden, even though the Constitution of 1663 had provided them with a veto in as far as Pomerania was affected. Their rights of petition were however not limited, and by the privileges of King Frederick I of Sweden in 1720 they also had an explicit right to participate in legislation and taxation.
[edit] Legal system
The legal system in Pomerania was in a state of great confusion, due to the lack of a consistent legislation or even the most basic collection of laws and instead consisting of a disparate collection of legal principles. The Swedish rule brought, if nothing else, at least the rule of law into the court system. Starting in 1655, cases could be appealed from the first instance courts to the appellate court in Greifswald (located in Wolgast from 1665–80), where sentences were issued under the appellate law of 1672, a work conducted by David Mevius. Cases under canon law were directed to a consistorium in Greifswald. From the appellate court cases could be appealed to the supreme court for the Swedish dominions in Germany, the High Tribunal in Wismar, which had opened in 1653.
[edit] Economy
In economic terms Pomerania did not represent any gain for Sweden. Only during the administration under Fredrik Vilhelm von Hessenstein (1776–91) did the dominion produce a surplus — the total income in 1782 had been 250,000 Thaler. In other terms it had represented a liability, where the main expenditures were the fortress at Stralsund and military defences in general. The primary source of income was the licent, the duties levied on export and import by sea. The taxes on spirits and grains brought to mill were replaced in 1672 by a personal tax, the Quartalsteuer (quarterly tax). The contributions to the war effort during the Thirty Years' War had become a standing order and by the 18th century they had been replaced by a base tax, the hujensteuer. The population of Swedish Pomerania were 89,000 subjects in 1766 and had reached 113,000 in 1802, with about a quarter living on the island of Rügen.
[edit] Integration in the eleventh hour
By royal proclamation on June 26, 1806, the Constitution of Pomerania was declared to have been suspended and abolished. The Swedish Instruments of Government of 1772, the Act of Union and Security of 1789, and the Law of 1734 were declared to have taken precedence and were to be implemented following September 1, 1808. The reason for perpetrating this royally sanctioned coup d'etat was that the estates, despite a royal prohibition, had taken to the courts to appeal against royal statutes, specifically the statute of April 30, 1806 regarding the raising of a Pomeranian army. In the new order, King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden attempted to introduce a government divided into departments. Swedish church law was introduced. The country was divided into four provincial districts (Härad) and congregational districts (Socken) complying to the Swedish model of administration. The Estates of Pomerania could only be called regarding questions that specifically concerned Pomerania and Rügen. The new order of the Landtag was modelled on the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates and a meeting according to the new order also took place in August 1806, which declared its loyalty to the king and hailed him as their ruler. In the wake of this revolution, a number of social reforms were implemented and planned; the most important was the abolishment of serfdom by a royal statute on July 4, 1806, a practice that had never been implemented in Sweden itself.
[edit] List of Governors General
- Lennart Torstenson (1641–48)
- Carl Gustaf Wrangel (1648–50)
- Johan Oxenstierna (1650–1652)
- Axel Lillie (1652–61)
- Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck (1679–85)
- Nils Bielke (1687–98)
- Johan August Meijerfeldt the elder (1713–47)
- Filip Julius Bernhard von Platen
- Fredrik Vilhelm von Hessenstein (1776–91)
- Eric Ruuth (1792–96)
- Hans Henric von Essen (1800–09)
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Dänholm Island, Swedish Pomerania August 1807 at NapoleonSeries.org
- Brune's 1807 Campaign in Swedish Pomerania at NapoleonSeries.org
- Pomeraniæ Ducatus tabula. Map of the Duchy of Pomerania. at library.ucla.edu
