User:Svartalf/Louis Mandrin
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Louis Mandrin, born february 11 1725 at Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs, died on May 26, 1755 at Valence was a famous French « brigand » from Dauphiné of the eighteenth century.
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[edit] Biography
Son of François-Antoine Mandrin, a merchant at Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs, and elder of nine children, he becomes head of the family at 17, upon his father's death. His family was honorable and well established, but declining and less well to do than at earlier times.
His first contact with the Ferme générale (except for ordinary and mandatory tax paying) happens in 1748, a contract to send supplies to the French armies in Italy on « 100 mules less 3 ». It happens that he lost most of his animals on the way back to Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs, during the crossing of the Alps. He only had 17 beasts left on arrival, and they were in an extremely sorry state. The Ferme générale refused to pay him.
On july 27 1753, following a brawl where his opponent was killed, Louis Mandrin and his friend Benoît Brissaud are sentenced to death. Mandrin flees, but Brissaud is hanged on Breuil square in Grenoble. On the same day, his brother Pierre Mandrin is hanged for coining. He then declares war on the Ferme générale's tax collectors.
At the time the farmers general were thoroughly despised by the population. They collected taxes for the king, mostly indirect taxes on commercial goods (the most infamous of which being the gabelle, a tax on salt, but many other goods, such as tobacco were very heavily taxed). the tax farming system in force at the time caused massive abuse. The farmers general were getting obscenely wealthy for, while they levied as much money as they could, they paid the royal coffers only a pre agreed amount, that could be as low as a mere quarter of the taxes actually collected.
Mandrin became part of a band of smugglers operating between the Swiss Cantons, Geneva, France and Savoy, which was then a sovereign state, mostly trafficking tobacco. He rapidly rose to be chief of the group. He then was a the head of 300 men and organised his band as a true military regiment. He installed his weapons and goods storehouses in Savoy (then a duchy that was part of the kingdom of Sardinia), and believed himself out of the reach of French authorities. During the year 1754 he organised six military style campaigns. Targeting only the unpopular farmer generals, he rapidly got support from the mass of the local people.
He bought goods (cloth, hides, tobacco, canvas and spices) in Switzerland, which he then resold in French towns without paying the Ferme Générale any of the owed taxes. The population was delighted with such bargains. Soon, ordinances were passed, forbidding the buying of his smuggled goods. But in Rodez, he made a show of provocation by forcing Ferme Générale employees to buy his goods at gunpoint.
The Ferme générale, exasperated by this « bandit » whose popularity was ever growing, obtained help from the Royal Army in trying to stop him. He still managed to take refuge in Savoy, near Pont-de-Beauvoisin. The farmer generals then decided to enter the Duchy illegally by disguising 500 men as peasants. They seized Mandrin at the fortified farm of Rochefort-en-Novalaise thanks to the betrayal of two of his men. When King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia learned of the intrusion on his territory, he demanded from Louis XV that the prisoner be turned over to him , to which the French King agreed. However, the farmers general, anxious to be rid of Mandrin for good, hurried his trial and execution. He was tried on may 24 1755, then broken on the wheel in Valence on May 26, in front of 6,000 onlookers, and endured the torture without a cry. After 8 minutes, he was strangled to put an end to his suffering.
The man was dead, but the wrong righting bandit's legend was just beginning. His struggle against the injustice of Ancien Régime taxes was sung throughout France by a ballad that is still known today, the Complainte de Mandrin, whose authors remain unknown.
Extremely popular during his life, Mandrin remains very famous today still in his native Dauphiné, in Savoie, and, to a lesser degree, in the rest of France.
[edit] La complainte de Mandrin
This ballad, dated 1755, is excerpted from an opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, composed in 1733 : Hippolyte et Aricie. Il a été ensuite repris anonymement en 1755 sous le titre que l'on connaît aujourd'hui. Le texte a également été publié en postface du livre Précis de la vie de Louis Mandrin.
[edit] Original French
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Nous étions vingt ou trente, We were 20 or 30 Brigands dans une bande, |
La première volerie Que je fis dans ma vie J'entrai dedans sa chambre J'entrai dedans une autre, Je les portai pour vendre Ces Messieurs de Grenoble Template:Citation bloc Template:Citation bloc Template:Citation bloc
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[edit] English translation
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[edit] Mandrin au musée
- Au Musée dauphinois de Grenoble, une exposition « Louis Mandrin, malfaiteur ou bandit au grand cœur ? » a eu lieu du 13 Mai 2005 au 27 Mars 2006 [3].
- Certains des objets exposés (supposés être ceux) de Mandrin (pistolet, faux fer à cheval) ont été prêtés par le Musée Pontois des 2 villes de Pont-de-Beauvoisin.
[edit] Mandrin dans la culture populaire
[edit] Mandrin au cinéma
- 1948 : Mandrin, 1
Responded To. époque : Le libérateur réalisé par Claude Dolbert.
- 1948 : Mandrin, 2×10{{{1}}} époque : La tragédie d'un siècle réalisé par Claude Dolbert.
- 1962 : Mandrin, bandit gentilhomme réalisé par Jean-Paul Le Chanois d'après l'œuvre d'Arthur Bernède.
[edit] Mandrin à la télévision
- 1971 : Série télévisée en 6 épisodes : Mandrin, bandit d'honneur
[edit] Mandrin en musique
- 1976 : le groupe de Rock Ange des frères Décamps écrit un concept album dédié à son histoire : Par les Fils de Mandrin
[edit] Bières Mandrin
En 2002, le célèbre « brigand » donne son nom à une bière grenobloise aux noix. Aujourd'hui, la Brasserie artisanale du Dauphiné propose six bières différentes.
[edit] Références
[edit] Bibliographie sélective
- Abrégé de la vie de Louis Mandrin : chef des contrebandiers en France, avec le journal de ses excursions et le récit de sa prise et de l'exécution de son jugement à Valence en Dauphiné, Éditions Allia, Paris, 1991, 145 p. ISBN 2-904235-35-3. La notice bibliographique de la BNF précise : attribué à Claude-Joseph Terrier de Cléron (1697-1765) ou à l'abbé Régley et catalogue cet ouvrage dans un sujet « Ouvrages avant 1800 ». Contient un choix de documents.
- Henri Bouchot, Mandrin en Bourgogne, décembre 1754, d'après un mémoire inédit, A. Picard, Paris, 1881, In-8°, 32 p.
- Antoine Vernière, Courses de Mandrin dans l'Auvergne, le Velay et le Forez (1754), G. Mont-Louis imprimeur, Clermont-Ferrand, 1890, In-8°, 98 p. Initialement publié dans la « Revue d'Auvergne », t. VI, 1889.
- Frantz Funck-Brentano, Mandrin, capitaine général des contrebandiers de France, d'après des documents nouveaux, Hachette, Paris, 1908, In-8°, XII, 574 p.
- Arthur Bernède, Mandrin, coll. « Romans de cape et d'épée. Nouvelle série » n° 16, Jules Tallandier, Paris, 1938, In-16, 255 p. Réédition, sous le titre Mandrin : le bandit bien-aimé , coll. « Tallandier aventures. Romans de cape et d'épée », Tallandier, Paris, 1998, 298 p. ISBN 2-235-00873-9.
- Françoise d'Eaubonne, Belle Humeur ou la Véridique Histoire de Mandrin, Amiot-Dumont, Paris, 1957, 203 p.
- Georges Bordonove : Mandrin, Hachette, Paris, 1971, 255 p.
- Arthur Bernède, Mandrin, le bandit bien-aimé, un héros populaire au temps de Louis XV, 1754-1755, L. Rombaldi, Paris, 1972, 367 p. En appendice, choix de textes de divers auteurs, par Bruno Tavernier.
- Erwan Bergot, Mandrin ou la Fausse Légende, Éditions France-Empire, Paris, 1972, 315 p.
- Marguerite Segard-Ilieff, Mandrin à Rodez, Subervie, Rodez, 1976, 193 p.-[2] f. de pl.
- Chantal Villepontoux-Chastel, Belle humeur : mémoires de Louis Mandrin, capitaine général des contrebandiers de France, Londreys, coll. « Alizés », Paris, 1988, 314 p. ISBN 2-904184-72-4.
- Guy Peillon, le Jugement de Mandrin à travers l'histoire, M. Chomarat, Lyon, 1998, 175 p. ISBN 2-908185-38-5.
- Marie Brantôme, Mandrin, bandit des Lumières, Flammarion, Paris, 1999, 350 p. ISBN 2-08-067779-9.
- Philippe Bonifay (scénario) et Fabien Lacaf (dessins), Mandrin, Glénat, Grenoble, 2005, 42 p. ISBN 2-7234-5092-9, (Histoire de mandin en bande dessinée).
- Marie-Hélène Rumeau-Dieudonné, Mandrin : brigand ou héros ?, Éditions le Dauphiné libéré, coll. « Patrimoines », Veurey, 2005, 51 p. ISBN 2-911739-72-8.
- Louis Mandrin, malfaiteur ou bandit au grand cœur ? : exposition, Musée dauphinois, Grenoble, 12 mai 2005-27 mars 2006, catalogue coordonné par Valérie Huss, Conseil général de l'Isère, Grenoble, 2005, 144 p. ISBN2-905375-74-4.
- Guy Peillon, Sur les traces de Louis Mandrin, Bellier, Lyon, 2005, 351 p. ISBN 2-84631-129-3.
- Corinne Townley, la Véritable Histoire de Mandrin (avant-propos de Jean Nicolas ; préface de Jean-Pierre Vial), la Fontaine de Siloé, coll. « Archives de Savoie », Montmélian, 2005, 374 p.-[40] p. de pl. ISBN 2-84206-294-9.
- Études drômoises, la revue du patrimoine de la Drôme, n° 23, octobre 2005.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Some versions have Frainc, i.e. French, instead of Gaill.
- ^ Gráinne Mhaol or Gránuaile is an alternate way in Irish to refer to the famous rebel and pirate queen Grace O'Malley, noted for her resistance against queen Elizabeth I of England, and who remained in popular memory as a figure of Irish independence fighting.
- ^ musee-dauphinois.fr
[edit] Liens externes
Template:Multi bandeau
Catégorie:Criminel français Catégorie:Personne rouée Catégorie:Naissance en 1724 Catégorie:Décès en 1755 Catégorie:Contrebande

