Spice Islands

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This article covers the history of the idea of the Maluku Islands in other cultures, that is, as the Spice Islands. For the islands' internal history, see Maluku Islands.

Spice Islands most commonly refer to the Maluku Islands (formerly the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between Sulawesi (Celebes) and New Guinea in what is now Indonesia. The term has also been used in reference to other islands known for their spice production, notably the Zanzibar Archipelago off East Africa consisting of Unguja, Mafia and Pemba. These islands were formerly the independent state of Zanzibar but now form a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania.

1 History
2 Further reading

[edit] History

The islands have been sourcing the world with spice for over 3 centuries. The islands are known as the Spice Islands due to the mace, nutmeg and cloves which are grown in the region.

The Spice Islands are home to the Bandanese people who used the spices to trade with other countries in the Asian region such as China as well as trading with the Middle East, and even traded with the Roman Empire until the 1600’s. During the 1600’s the Bandanese people started trade with the Portuguese, British and Dutch. Soon after beginning trade with these European countries the Spice Islands were colonized by the Dutch and soon aided the Dutch to be able to create a stranglehold over the spice trade creating many uprisings between the European countries.

[edit] The Spice Wars

Because of the high value that the spices had in Europe and the large incomes that it produced the Dutch and British were soon involved in conflicts to try and gain a monopoly over the region. The fighting for control over these small islands became very intense with the Dutch even giving the island of Manhattan to the British in exchange for a small island that gave the Dutch full control over the Banda archipelago. The Bandanese people lost the most in the fighting with most of the people being either slaughtered or enslaved by the Dutch. Over 6,000 were killed during the Spice Wars. The term Spice Islands has also been used in reference to other islands known for their spice production, notably the Zanzibar Archipelago off East Africa consisting of Unguja, Mafia and Pemba. These islands were formerly the independent state of Zanzibar but now form a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania.

[edit] Arabic influence

One ancient Arabic source appears to know the location of the islands, describing them as fifteen days' sail East from the 'island of Jaba' - presumably Java — but direct evidence of Islam in the archipelago occurs only in the late 1300s, as China's interest in regional maritime dominance waned. With Arabic traders came not just Islam, but a new technique of social organization, the sultanate, which replaced local councils of rich men (orang kaya) on the more important islands, and proved more effective in dealing with outsiders. (See Ternate & Tidore).

[edit] Venice and the Age of Exploration

Venice came to monopolise the spice trade in Europe between 1200 and 1500, through its dominance over Mediterranean seaways to ports such as Alexandria, after traditional overland connections were disrupted by Mongols and Turks. The financial incentive to discover an alternative to Venice's monopoly control of this lucrative business was perhaps the single most important factor precipitating Europe's Age of Exploration. Portugal took an early lead charting the route around the southern tip of Africa, securing various bases en route, even accidentally discovering the coast of Brazil in the search for favourable Southerly currents. Portugal's eventual success and the establishment of its own absolutist monopoly provoked the other maritime powers in Europe -- Spain (see Ferdinand Magellan), France, England and the Netherlands -- to challenge and overcome the Portuguese position.

The ideal of the Spice Islands, eventually to be enveloped by the Dutch East Indies empire, led to the accidental discovery of the West Indies, and lit the fuse of centuries of rivalry between European maritime powers for control of lucrative global markets and resources. The tattered mystique of the Spice Islands finally died when France and Britain successfully smuggled seeds and plants to their own dominions on Mauritius, Grenada and elsewhere, making spices a more commonplace and affordable commodity.