Sale, Greater Manchester
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sale | |
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  Sale shown within Greater Manchester |
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| Population | 52,294 (2001 census) |
|---|---|
| - Density | 9,396 per mi² (3,630 per km²) |
| OS grid reference | |
| - London | 162 miles (261 km) SE |
| Metropolitan borough | Trafford |
| Metropolitan county | Greater Manchester |
| Region | North West |
| Constituent country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SALE |
| Postcode district | M33 |
| Dialling code | 0161 |
| Police | Greater Manchester |
| Fire | Greater Manchester |
| Ambulance | North West |
| European Parliament | North West England |
| UK Parliament | Altrincham and Sale West |
| Wythenshawe and Sale East | |
| List of places: UK • England • Greater Manchester | |
Sale (pop. 52,294) is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, England. Its neighbouring towns are Stretford, which lies to the north, and Altrincham, which is to the south. Sale itself is 10 kilometres (6 mi) southwest of Manchester City Centre. The Bridgewater Canal runs through the centre of the town, and the River Mersey passes just to its north.
Historically part of Cheshire, Sale dates back to at least the 12th century and possibly to pre-Norman times. Until the 18th century, the mainstays for the small community were farming and weaving. However, transportation improvements—notably the 1765 completion of the Sale section of the Bridgewater Canal and the 1849 opening of Sale's first railway station—transformed it into a commuter town for Manchester workers. It remains such for many Sale residents, who have seen the town economy shift to its current focus on retail, real estate and business services.
Two of the town's main attractions are the Sale Water Park and the Waterside Arts Centre. Although the community had a Premiership rugby union club (the Sale Sharks) and witnessed the founding of the Sale Harriers-Manchester Athletics Club, both have now relocated to other Greater Manchester areas. Prominent past and present residents include physicist James Joule, singer David Gray, and Sale Harriers athletes Darren Campbell and Diane Modahl.
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[edit] History
Evidence of prehistoric settlement of Sale and the surrounding area comes from the discovery of a Neolithic arrowhead, Roman coins, and indications of habitation peculiar to Saxons.[1] Also, the name of the town comes from the Anglo-Saxon word seale, which means 'at the sallow tree'.[2] Although not in the Domesday Book, the township of Sale is mentioned in a 12th-century deed referring to a Sale land grant. Because townships were a Saxon development, this description of Sale suggests pre-Norman settlement.[2]
Further evidence comes from local roads. Several in present-day Sale, such as Dane Road and Fairy Lane, probably have Anglo-Saxon origins,[2] and the town is on the route of a Roman road that now serves as the portion of the A56 from Chester to Manchester. Other parts of the road system, however, are more recent. For example, Crossford Bridge, which carries the northbound carriageway of the A56 over the River Mersey, has been in use since at least 1538.[3]
After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, ownership of Sale was divided between Thomas de Sale and Adam de Carrington. On de Sale’s death, his lands passed to the family of his son-in-law, John Holt. When Adam de Carrington died, his lands changed hands several times, by 1187 coming under the administration of Richard de Massey.[3] Holt and de Massey descendants controlled Sale until the 17th century, when new buyers, including Sir George Booth, purchased its land.[4]
Sale was mainly a farming community until the 17th century, when a garthweb weaving industry emerged. The townspeople produced this material, used in making saddle girths, from their own crops of flax and hemp.[2]
Sale's economy changed significantly again with the completion of the Bridgewater Canal in 1765. Financed by the Duke of Bridgewater to send coal from his mines in Worsley to the mouth of the River Mersey, the canal also gave greater ease and speed of transport to people and goods. Specifically, the canal was convenient for commuting into Manchester, especially if one could catch the "swift packet".[2]
Another great economic change for the town came in the early 1900s with the nearby construction of the Trafford Park and Broadheath industrial complexes. Many of the workers attracted to the area by new jobs wanted to settle in Sale, creating greater demand for housing.[5]
The economic and population changes throughout the past two centuries brought with them greater demand for mass transit. Sale Railway Station opened in 1849 as part of the Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway. In 1859 Sale received a second station, this one named Brooklands in honour of Sale's 19th-century landowner and town planner Samuel Brooks. Over time the area near Brooklands station also became known as Brooklands. Sale's railroads made it a convenient commuter town for middle-class merchants who worked in Manchester, with the result that Sale's population, by century's end, had more than tripled. While rail transport in and out of town increased, about 400 horses continued to work on the Bridgewater Canal through the 1870s. By 1900 the railways had significantly reduced canal traffic. A third railway station opened at Dane Road in 1931.[3] In the same year, the Manchester-Altrincham steam line was converted to electricity, making it one of the country's first electrified railrays.[6] In 1992, the Metrolink tram/light rail service was added to the line.
Sale Old Hall, the town hall for hundreds of years, may have been standing as early as the 13th century. Although it was rebuilt in 1577 and demolished in 1920, two buildings on its grounds remain: its dovecote and its lodge, the latter now used by the Sale Golf Club. In December 1940, during the Second World War, much of Manchester suffered heavy bombing in the Manchester Blitz. On the night of 23/24 December, incendiary bombs severely damaged the newly-built Sale Town Hall, which would have to wait for full repairs until 1952.[7]
Another war contributed to the making of another town landmark. In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Sir John Moore marshalled 3,000 volunteers from northwest England to defend against a possible French invasion. Moore had his new troops gather for Prince William of Gloucester's inspection on Sale Moor.[3] A site in Sale where the volunteers enlisted served as inspiration for the name of the present-day Volunteer Hotel.
[edit] Governance
[edit] Civic history
Sale formed a civil parish in 1866. With adoption of the Local Government Act 1894, the parish later that year became the Sale Urban District in the administrative county of Cheshire. The district expanded in 1930 with the inclusion of the former Ashton upon Mersey Urban District, in 1935 becoming a municipal borough.[3] After the Local Government Act 1972 abolished all municipal boroughs as administrative entities, Sale became part of the newly created Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester in 1974.[3]
[edit] Political representation
For national elections, Sale was in the parliamentary constituency of Altrincham and Sale from 1945 until 1997, when it was split between Altrincham and Sale West and Wythenshawe and Sale East. The Altrincham and Sale West constituency is not only one of the Conservative Party's few seats in the northwest but also the only Conservative seat in Greater Manchester.
Because Sale is in the Trafford local government district, the Trafford Council administers its education, town planning, waste collection, council housing, and other services. The Sale area consists of five electoral wards: Ashton upon Mersey, Brooklands, Priory, Sale Moor, and St. Mary's.[8] Of Trafford Council's 63 seats, the Sale wards have 15. In the 2007 local elections, the Conservative Party won ten of the seats and the Labour Party five.[9]
[edit] Geography
- Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester
At (53.4246, -2.322), the town lies north of the town of Altrincham, to the south of the town of Stretford and 6 miles (10 km) to the southwest of Manchester City centre. The district of Wythenshawe is to the southeast.
Sale is located in the Mersey Valley at approximately 100 feet (30 m) above sea level. The River Mersey, just north of the town,[2] sometimes floods during heavy rains, so the Sale Water Park, which is close to the town's northern boundary, acts as an emergency flood basin.[10] The man-made, and thus more controllable, Bridgewater Canal runs through the centre of the town.
Sale's local geology consists of sand and gravel deposited about 10,000 years ago, during the last ice age, and the bedrock of Sale is composed of sandstone deposits in the form of Bunter beds.[11] United Utilities obtains the town's drinking water from the Lake District.[12]
Major districts of the town include Ashton upon Mersey, Sale Moor in the northwest and Brooklands in the southeast. The main commercial neighbourhood is Sale town centre, in the central northern area of the town, but smaller commercial centres are also found in the Ashton upon Mersey and Sale Moor districts. The most densely populated area of the town is Brooklands. Parks are mainly located in the central and southern areas, as Ashton upon Mersey and Sale Moor suffer from a lack of accessible green space.[13][14][15]
As part of Greater Manchester, the climate of Sale is generally temperate. The mean temperature is slightly above the UK average, while the annual rainfall and average hours of sunshine are slightly below the UK average.[16]
[edit] Demography
- Further information: Demography of Greater Manchester
| Sale Compared | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 UK census | Sale | Trafford | England |
| Total population | 52,294 | 210,145 | 49,138,831 |
| Foreign born | 6.7% | 8.2% | 9.2% |
| White | 95% | 92% | 91% |
| Asian | 2.5% | 4.6% | 4.6% |
| Black | 0.7% | 2.0% | 2.3% |
| Christian | 78% | 76% | 72% |
| Muslim | 1.4% | 3.3% | 3.1% |
| No religion | 13% | 12% | 15% |
| Over 65 years old | 17% | 16% | 16% |
As of the 2001 UK census,[17] the five wards of Sale numbered 52,294 residents, 1.3% lower than in 1991 and 2.5% lower than in 1971.[18] The 2001 population density was 36.3 persons per hectare, with a 100 to 94.2 female-to-male ratio. Age distributions for Sale and the nation as a whole were roughly in line. Residents' average age was 33.2 years, younger than the 38.9 Trafford average. Of those over 16 years old, 30% were single (never married) and 51% married, the same as Trafford. Sale's 24,027 households included 32% one-person, 24% married couples with children, and 8.5% single parents with their children. Of those aged 16–74, 22% had no academic qualifications, lower than the 24% in all of Trafford.
Only a small portion of Sale's population is not native to the United Kingdom, with 93% being born in the UK. The vast majority of residents (95.2%) were recorded as white; at 2.5% of the population, the largest minority is Asians.
[edit] Population change
| Population growth in Sale since 1801 | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1939 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 2001 |
| Population | 819 | 901 | 1,049 | 1,104 | 1,309 | 1,720 | 3,031 | 5,573 | 7,916 | 9,644 | 12,088 | 15,044 | 16,329 | 28,071 | 38,911 | 43,168 | 51,336 | 55,749 | 52,294 |
| Source: A Vision of Britain through Time[19] | |||||||||||||||||||
[edit] Economy
Sale's economy is mainly based around service industries and as a commuter town for workers in Manchester and the Trafford industrial complexes. Since its construction in the 1960s, Sale's shopping centre has had difficulty competing with the longer-established centre in Altrincham. Sale has, however, been enhanced since the arrival of the Tesco and Sainsbury supermarkets, two of the largest employers in the town. The Trafford Centre has further increased the competition for Sale businesses. After the centre's opening in 1998, Sale initially lost much of its share of the retail market, but has since staged a moderate recovery.[20]
As of March 2005, there were 1,515 business premises in Sale. The industries carried out on those premises were 38% property and business services, 21% retail and wholesale, 10% construction, 7% manufacturing, 6% hotels and catering, 3% transport, 2% finance, and 14% other. Compared with national figures, the town had a relatively high percentage of property and business services premises, and a relatively low percentage of manufacturing premises.[17]
According to the 2001 UK census, the industry of employment of residents aged 16–74 was 19% property and business services, 16% retail and wholesale, 11% manufacturing, 11% health and social work, 9% education, 8% transport and communications, 6% construction, 6% finance, 4% public administration, 4% hotels and restaurants, 1% agriculture, 1% energy and water supply, and 5% other. Compared with national figures, the town had a relatively high percentage of residents working in property, business services and finance. The town had a relatively low percentage working in agriculture, public administration and manufacturing. Many residents commute to work outside the town; as of the 2001 census, the town had 25,503 employed residents, more than the 18,496 jobs available within the town.[17]
The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16–74, with 45.4% in full-time employment, 11.6% in part-time employment, 7.8% self-employed, 2.4% unemployed, 2.6% students with jobs, 3.3% students without jobs, 14.4% retired, 4.9% looking after home or family, 5.2% permanently sick or disabled, and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons. The 2.4% unemployment rate of Sale area wards was low compared with the national rate of 3.4%. Sale has a much higher percentage of adults with a diploma or degree than Greater Manchester as a whole. 27% of Sale residents aged 16–74 had an educational qualification such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacher status, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, qualified nurse, midwife, health visitor, etc. compared to 20% nationwide. According to the Office for National Statistics estimates, during the period between April 2001 and March 2002, the average gross income of households in Sale was £522 per week (£28,773 per year).
[edit] Culture
[edit] Landmarks and attractions
Sale Cenotaph, outside the town hall, was designed by Ashton-upon-Mersey sculptor A. Sherwood Edwards. It commemorates the 400 men from Sale who died in the First World War and the 300 who died in the Second World War. The oldest surviving building in Sale is Eyebrow Cottage.[19][21] Originally a yeoman farmhouse built around 1670, it is one of the earliest brick buildings in the area. Its name is derived from the decorative brickwork above the windows which gives the building an anthropomorphic quality. It was built in Cross Street, which at the time was a separate village from Sale.[11] Sale Water Park is an artificial lake, created from a 35-metre (115 ft) deep gravel pit left during the construction of the M60. It opened in 1980 and is a venue for water sports, fishing and bird watching. The water park is the site of the Broad Ees Dole wildlife refuge, a Local Nature Reserve that provides a home for migratory birds.[22]
[edit] Cultural events and venues
The Waterside Arts centre, opened in 2004, is Sale's cultural centre. Situated next to Sale Town Hall, it includes a plaza, a library, the Robert Bolt Theatre, the Lauriston Gallery, and the Corridor Gallery. The centre regularly hosts concerts, exhibitions and other community events. Performers have included Midge Ure, Fairport Convention, The Zombies and Sue Perkins. Opportunities are also provided for local bands and artists to promote their work.[23][24] In 2004, the centre received the prestigious British Urban Regeneration Association Award for its innovative use of space and for reinvigorating Sale town centre.[25]
Sale has a Gilbert and Sullivan society, formed in 1972, which performs at the Altrincham, Garrick Playhouse. The group is directed by Alistair Donkin, a former principal comic for the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Members of the group have won several awards at The International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival.[26]
Sale Brass is a traditional brass band based in Sale, probably formed in 1849 as the Stretford Temperance Band. Its first reported performance was at the 1849 opening of the railway between Manchester and Altrincham. The band is currently ranked in the 4th Section of the brass band movement.[27]
[edit] Sports
The rugby union side Sale F.C. has been based in Sale since 1861 and at its present Heywood Road ground since 1905.[28] The professional Sale Sharks team were originally part of the club but split in 2003. They now play their matches in Stockport, but their training ground remains in Sale. Sale F.C. is one of the oldest rugby clubs. Its 1865 Minute Book is the oldest existing book containing the rules of the game.[29] The town is also home to the Ashton upon Mersey Rugby Union Club and the Trafford Metrovick Rugby League Club.[30]
The Sale Harriers Manchester Athletics Club was formed in 1911, and are now based in nearby Wythenshawe. The club has produced successful athletes such as Olympic gold medallist Darren Campbell. Sale Sports Club encompasses Sale Cricket Club, Sale Hockey Club and Sale Lawn Tennis Club.[31] The Brooklands Sports Club is home to Brooklands Cricket Club, Brooklands Manchester University Hockey Club and Brooklands Hulmeians Lacrosse Club. It also provides facilities for squash, tennis and bowling. Sale United FC plays at Crossford Bridge and was recognised as Trafford’s Sports Club of the Year in 2004. Sale Golf Club and Ashton on Mersey Golf Club have courses on the outskirts of the town,[32], and a municipal Pitch and Putt based at Woodheys Park.[33], Trafford Rowing Club has a boathouse beside the canal.[34] The Sale Leisure centre has three swimming pools, badminton and squash courts, and a gymnasium.[35] The Walton Park Sports Centre has a sports hall for activities such as 5-a-side football, karate and table-tennis.[36] Tennis, crown-green bowls, golf putting and football facilities are available at the town's parks.
[edit] Education
- Further information: List of schools in Trafford
The Trafford district maintains a selective education system assessed by the Eleven Plus exam. Sale has one grammar school, two secondary modern schools and nineteen primary schools. Sale Grammar School a specialist school in the visual arts[37]; was described in its 2006 OFSTED report as "outstanding with an outstanding sixth form."[38] Ashton on Mersey School is a foundation secondary modern school and specialist sports college.[39] Sale High School, formerly Jeff Joseph Sale Moor Technology College, is a foundation secondary modern school and specialist technology college.[40] Manor High School provides secondary education to pupils with special needs.[41]
[edit] Religion
- See also: List of churches in Greater Manchester
Sale is a diverse community: it has a synagogue and Christian churches of various denominations. The church buildings were mostly constructed in the late 19th or early 20th century in the wake of the population boom created by the arrival of the railway in 1849, although records show that St. Martin's Church—a Grade II* listed building—in Ashton upon Mersey (which became part of Sale in the 1930s), dates back to at least 1304.[19]
As of the 2001 UK census, 77.9% of Sale residents reported themselves as being Christian, 1.4% Muslim, 0.7% Hindu, 0.6% Jewish, 0.2% Buddhist and 0.2% Sikh. The census recorded 12.9% as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 5.9% did not state their religion. There is a strong Roman Catholic presence. Sale is part of the Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury,[42] and the Church of England Diocese of Chester.[43]
[edit] Transport
The Metrolink tram or light rail service connects Sale with other locations in Greater Manchester. Trams leave from the town's three Metrolink stations at Dane Road, Sale, and Brooklands around every six minutes between 7:15am and 18:30pm, and every 12 minutes at other times of the day.[44] The nearest main line railway station is Navigation Road in Altrincham, where trains run to Manchester Piccadilly, Stockport and Chester. Bus routes operated by various companies run to Manchester and Altrincham.[45] The A56 road runs between Chester and North Yorkshire via Sale, Manchester and Burnley. Access to the M60 motorway, which encircles Manchester, is just to the north of Sale. The M56 and M62 motorways are within 4 miles (6 km) and the M6 motorway, which runs between Warwickshire and Carlisle, is around 7 miles (11 km) to the west.[46] Manchester Airport is 4 miles (6 km) to the south.
[edit] Notable people
James Joule, the physicist who gave his name to the SI unit of energy, lived in Sale all his life. Joule died at his home at 12 Wardle Road and is buried in Brooklands Cemetery. The "J.P. Joule" public house is named after him and there is a bust of him in Worthington Park.[47] The authors Robert Bolt[48] and Peter Tinniswood[49] were brought up in Sale. The left-wing Member of Parliament and cabinet minister Baron Orme was born in the town.[50]
The singer-songwriter David Gray lived in Sale until moving to Wales at age nine.[51] Ian Brown, the former lead singer of The Stone Roses, spent part of his childhood near Brooklands.[52] Radio presenter Marc Riley, the former host of the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast show, lived in Sale.[53] Olympic Games gold medalist Darren Campbell[54] and Commonwealth Games gold medalist Diane Modahl[55] lived in Sale and trained at Sale Harriers Manchester Athletics Club. Phil Jagielka was born and lived in Sale. Lou Macari lived in Sale while he played for Manchester United. Several members of Lancashire County Cricket Club have resided in the town, most notably the England player Cyril Washbrook.[56]
[edit] References
- ^ Mike Nevell (1992). Tameside Before 1066. Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council, 75. ISBN 1-871324-07-6.
- ^ a b c d e f History. SaleCommunityWeb.co.uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ a b c d e f N.V. Swain (1987). A History of Sale from earliest times to the present day. Sigma Press. ISBN 1850580863.
- ^ Vivien Hainsworth (1983). Looking Back at Sale. Willow Publishing. ISBN 0946361029.
- ^ Sale Area. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ Frank Dixon (1994). The Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway. The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0853611165.
- ^ F Byron and M Partington (1983). Sale in Times Past. Chorley: Countryside Publications. ISBN 0-86157-098-7.
- ^ Political wards in Sale. Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
- ^ Wards in Trafford. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ Exploring Greater Manchester (PDF). Manchester Geographical Society (1998). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ a b D Bayliss (1996). Historical atlas of Trafford. Altrincham. D Bayliss. ISBN 0-9529300-0-5.
- ^ Drinking water quality report. United Utilities. Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
- ^ Brooklands Ward Profile (PDF). Trafford Council (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
- ^ Ashton-on-Mersey Ward Profile (PDF). Trafford Council (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
- ^ Sale Moor Ward Profile (PDF). Trafford Council (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
- ^ Met Office (2007). Annual UK weather averages. Met Office. Retrieved on 2007-04-23.
- ^ a b c St. Martin's Neighbourhood Statistics. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
•Brooklands Neighbourhood Statistics. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
•Priory Neighbourhood Statistics. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
•Sale Moor Neighbourhood Statistics. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
•Mersey St. Mary's Neighbourhood Statistics. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-03-29. - ^ 1997–2001 Census Population data by Ward (PDF). Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
- ^ a b c Mike Nevell (1997). The Archaeology of Trafford. Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council, 2, 28, 77-8. ISBN 1-870695-25-9.
- ^ Sale, Cheshire, England. The Sale and Altrincham Pages. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
- ^ Anon (June 1995). Cottage, Sale. An Examination of the Social and Structural Development of an Early Eighteenth-Century Brick Yeoman Farmhouse.. University of Manchester Archaeological Unit.
- ^ Broad Ees Dole. Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.
- ^ About the Waterside Arts Centre (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Sue Perkins tour dates (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Regeneration 'Oscar' for Sale Waterside. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Sale Gilbert and Sullivan Society. SaleGASS.org.uk. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ [http:/www.salebrass.co.uk/about/history.html Sale Brass]. salebrass.co.uk. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
- ^ Sale F.C.. Sale F.C.. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ John Gardiner. Sale FC history. Retrieved on 2007-04-12.
- ^ Sports Clubs and Associations, Sale. Zettai.net. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Sale Sports Club. Sale Sports Club. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Ashton on Mersey Golf Club. English Golf Courses. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Woodheys park pitch and putt. Friends of Woodheys Park. Retrieved on 2008-04-26.
- ^ Welcome to Trafford Rowing Club. Trafford Rowing Club. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Sale Leisure Centre. Trafford Community Leisure Trust. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Walton Park Sports Centre. Trafford Community Leisure Trust. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Sale Grammar School. Specialist School and Academies Trust. Retrieved on 2008-02-03.
- ^ Sale Grammar School 2006 Ofsted Report (PDF). Sale Grammar School (2006-11-22). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Ashton upon Mersey School. Ashton upon Mersey School. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Sale High School. Sale High School. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Manor High School. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ The Church of England Diocese of Chester. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
- ^ Tram Times. Metrolink. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ Rail map for Liverpool and Manchester (PDF). National Rail. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ Google Maps. Google. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ D S L Cardwell (1989). James Joule: A Biography. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-719030-25-0.
- ^ Adrian Turner (1998). Robert Bolt: Scenes from Two Lives. Hutchinson. ISBN 0091801761.
- ^ Novelist Tinniswood dies. BBC (2003-01-09). Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ Times Obituary of Baron Orme. The Times Online (2005-04-28). Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ Michael Heatley (2004). David Gray: A Biography. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1844490106.
- ^ Michael O'Connell (2006). Ian Brown: Already in Me — With and Without the "Roses". Chrome Dreams. ISBN 184240332X.
- ^ Pierre Perrone (2003-02-02). How We Met: Mark Radcliffe and Marc 'Lard' Riley. The Independent on Sunday. Retrieved on 2007-04-28.
- ^ About Darren Campbell. Nuff Respect Sport Managements Agency Online (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ Diane Modahl (1996). The Diane Modahl Story. Hodder and Stoughton Religious. ISBN 0340642823.
- ^ Brian Bearshaw (1990). From the Stretford End: Official History of the Lancashire County Cricket Club. Partridge Press. ISBN 1-852250-81X.
