Romanization VT
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[edit] Fudan Romanization
(Vottay Da`oc复旦大学) Initials
| Labials | Dentals | Sibilants | Palatals | Velars | Glottals | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced Unaspirated Stops | p | t | tz | tx | k | q |
| Unvoiced Aspirated Stops | ph | th | ts | tc | kh | |
| Voiced Stops | b | d | dx | g | ||
| Nasals | m | n | jn | kn | ||
| Unvoiced Fricatives | f | s | c | h | ||
| Voiced Fricatives | v | z | x | ’ | ||
| Liquids | w | l | j |
Rimes
| Vowel | Semivowel | Nasal Ending | Glottal Stop | Example | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | c | ||||||
| ɿ,l | î | ir | `tzirsec | knowledge | |||
| i | j | j | je,jay,jor,ja | jon | jec,joc,jac | je`ci | game |
| y | ü | uy | yoy | yn | yc | yn`ton | sports |
| u | u | u | way,woy,wo,wa | un,wan,worn | wec,woc,wac | worn`ti | emperor |
| I | i | i | in | ic | `injon | hero | |
| ø | ö | oy | `qoyba | arrange | |||
| ɤ,ə | e | e | en | eq | elli | reasonable | |
| o | o | o | on | oc | o`te | underside | |
| ë | ey | qey` | hi | ||||
| ɚ | er | er | while | ||||
| E,ɛ | ä | ay | `fayga | tomato | |||
| ɔ | ô | or | orn | zorzorn | upward | ||
| a | a | a | an | ac | a`can | shoe-cabinet | |
| single | m | `mma | mom | ||||
| gn | gn | fish |
Glottal Stop “c” can be replaced by double writing the following consonantal letter except for”m,n,h”.
There shall be only one of the vocalic letters (A,E,I,O,U) in one monosyllable,as there are no true diphthongal syllables in Shanghai dialect.
Rimes "UYN", "UYQ" can be shortened by "YN", "YC".
Tones
| Long | Short | Light | Stop | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | 55 | 53 | 5 | ||
| High | `lon | lon` | `loq | ||
| Low | 334 | 34 | 33 | 13 | 2 |
| Low | lon | lon | lon | loq | loq |
The short high tone is only used in a monosyllable or the last syllable of a polysyllable. Long or short low tones are almost the same. Light low tone is always used in a polysyllable.
| H-L | L-H | H-L-L | L-H-L | L-L-H | H-L-H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| `lonlon | lon`lon | `lonlonlon | lon`lonlon | lonlonlon` | `lonlonlon` |
| 55-33 | 334-55 | 55-33-334 | 33-55-33 | 334-33-53 | 55-33-53 |
This romanisation was designed by LI Hui, Center for Anthropological Studies at Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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