Rafael Correa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Rafael Correa | |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 15 January 2007 |
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| Vice President | Lenin Moreno |
| Preceded by | Alfredo Palacio |
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| Born | 6 April 1963 Guayaquil, Ecuador |
| Political party | APAIS |
| Spouse | Anne Malherbe |
Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) [1] is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. A trained economist, he previously served as the country's finance minister.
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[edit] Background
Correa earned an Economics degree at the Universidad Catolica Santiago de Guayaquil in 1987. Following his degree, he worked for one year in a mission at a welfare center run by the Salesian order in Cotopaxi Province, where he acquired some knowledge of Quechua, the language of the majority of the native pre-Columbian population concentrated in the Andes region. In addition to Spanish and Quechua, he is fluent in French and English. [2]
Correa received a Master's degree in Economics from the Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium), and a Ph.D. degree in Economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (United States) in 2001. According to The Washington Post, Correa's adviser at the University of Illinois, Werner Baer, supports his former student. "He appreciates the market to a certain point, but he knows that the market left alone concentrates wealth," he said. "He is not going to do anything foolish... because he is a fairly open-minded person."[3]
In 2005, Correa served as economy and finance minister under his predecessor, President Alfredo Palacio. During his four months in office, he advocated poverty reduction and economic sovereignty. Correa was skeptical of a free-trade deal with the U.S.A., defied the advice of the International Monetary Fund, and worked to increase Ecuador's cooperation with other Latin American countries. He resigned from Palacio's government after the World Bank withheld a loan (citing the changes to the oil income stabilization fund). Correa had also proposed the issue of bonds at a lower interest rate than was current at the time (8.5%); Venezuela was to purchase half of the new bond issue. Correa claimed in his resignation letter that the sale was done with full presidential authorization, but cited lack of support from the president as a factor in his decision to resign.[4]
The decision by Palacio to ask for his resignation was seen by some political analysts as a concession by Palacio to pressure by the U.S.A. When Correa resigned, polls showed he had the highest credibility of any official in the administration, with 57% of Ecuadorians saying that they trusted him.[5]
[edit] 2006 presidential campaign
At the start of 2006 presidential campaign, Rafael Correa founded the Alianza PAIS—Patria Altiva y Soberana ("Proud and Sovereign Fatherland Alliance"). The new party espouses political sovereignty and regional integration, and economic relief for Ecuador's poor. Correa, an observant Roman Catholic, describes himself as a humanist, a Christian of the left, and a proponent of socialism of the 21st century. [6]
During the campaign, Correa proposed a constituent assembly to rewrite Ecuador's constitution.[7] Alianza PAIS did not run any congressional candidates, as Correa had stated that he would call for a referendum to begin drafting a new constitution. However, the Alianza PAIS movement signed a political alliance with the Ecuadorian Socialist Party, which did present candidates for Congress.[8]
On economic policy, Correa called for reform of the oil industry, including an increase in the percentage of oil revenues for the Ecuadorian poor, following the reforms of the Hydrocarbons Law promoted by former Economy and Finance Minister Diego Borja. He accused foreign oil companies operating in Ecuador of failing to meet existing environmental and investment regulations. In an interview, Correa stated:
Many of the oil contracts are a true entrapment for the country. Of every five barrels of oil that the multinationals produce, they leave only one for the state and take four... That is absolutely unacceptable. We're going to revise and renegotiate the contracts." He advocated reform of the financial sector, including limiting offshore deposits by local banks to no more than 10% of their holdings.[9]
Correa also proposed strategies for reducing the burden of Ecuador's foreign debt service, through compulsory debt restructuring; however, he stated he would favor giving priority to social development.[10]
Correa criticized the neoliberal policies of recent Ecuadorian presidents, especially Jamil Mahuad. He criticized the decision by President Mahuad in 2000 to adopt the U.S. dollar as the country's official currency but, in late 2006, he acknowledged that it would not be feasible to abandon that policy.
Correa also criticized Ecuador's draft free trade agreement as currently negotiated with the United States,[11] although he does advocate expanding trade and opening markets with other countries, urging in particular the integration of South American economies.[12]
On foreign policy, Correa commented on Ecuador's relations with its neighbor Colombia. Correa stressed Ecuador's interest in staying uninvolved in internal conflict in Colombia.[13] In October 2006, Correa added that he would "pursue and capture" FARC members if they enter Ecuador. He also declared that he condemns their kidnappings, violations of human rights and bombings.[14]. Later, during his presidency Colombia's police accused Correa of ties with the FARC. Correa denied the accusations. See Presidency.
Correa also commented on Ecuadorian-Venezuelan relations. In August 2006, Correa told the Ecuadorian press that he is not part of the Venezuelan Bolivarian movement, although he considers Hugo Chávez a personal friend.[15] In response to Chávez's comparison of President Bush with Satan, Correa said it was unfair to the devil.[16]
On U.S.-Ecuadorian relations, Correa pledged to shut down the U.S. Forward Operating Location (often referred to as a "military base") in Manta, where 400 U.S. soldiers are stationed as part of the Eloy Alfaro Air Base.
In addition to his platform on economic and social policy, Correa's ability to communicate with Ecuador's indigenous population in their own language also differentiated him from the other presidential candidates. He learned Quichua in his youth during a year he spent volunteering in a remote highland town.[17] However, in the 15 October election, a large percentage of the votes in areas with high concentration of indigenous people went to candidate Gilmar Gutiérrez, brother of former president Lucio Gutiérrez, although Correa generally ran second in these areas.[18]
In March 2008, documents claiming that Correa's presidential campaign had been funded in part by the FARC[19] were allegedly found in the computer of a leader of the FARC.
In the 15 October 2006 general election Correa obtained second place (22.84%) behind banana tycoon Álvaro Noboa (26.83%). Correa won the subsequent 26 November 2006 runoff election with 56.67% of the vote.[20] He took office on 15 January 2007.
[edit] Presidency
Rafael Correa was officially declared president of Ecuador on 4 December 2006 by the country's electoral court. He was sworn in on 15 January 2007 as the 56th president of Ecuador, the seventh to occupy the post since the legislature removed President Abdalá Bucaram 10 years earlier in the midst of a debt crisis that devastated the country.
Since 2007, President Correa has been the Vice President of the International Parliament for Safety and Peace, an intergovernmental organisation based in Italy (see [3] and [4]).
As of March 2008 more people in Ecuador are expressing support for Rafael Correa, according to a poll by Cedatos/Gallup. 62 per cent of respondents approve of their president’s performance, up seven points since February. [21]
[edit] Economic policy
Correa has called for a renegotiation of Ecuador's $10.2 billion external debt, although this external debt is relatively manageable, at 25% of GDP[22] following the example of Argentine President Néstor Kirchner. In his inaugural address on 15 January, Correa stated his belief that part of Ecuador's external debt is illegitimate, because it was contracted by military regimes.[23] He also denounced the "so-called Washington Consensus."[24] Correa has threatened to default on Ecuador's foreign debt, and to suspend review of the country's economy by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund;[25] indeed, on 26 April 2007, he ordered the expulsion from Ecuador of the World Bank's country manager.[26]
Correa's administration has suggested that the new government will not sign an agreement allowing the International Monetary Fund to monitor its economic plan. In February 2007, Correa's economy minister Ricardo Patiño stated: "I have no intention ... of accepting what some governments in the past have accepted: that (the IMF) tell us what to do on economic policy." "That seems unacceptable to us," Patiño added. However, as a member of the IMF, the annual report known as the "Article IV" report will be undertaken.[27]
In May 2007, evidence surfaced that some of the Ecuadorian government rhetoric might have been part of an alleged market manipulation to benefit Ecuador from movements in the price of financial instruments linked to Ecuadorian Bonds. [28] A fall in Ecuador bond prices -ignited by aggressive default rhetoric- would then trigger a buyback by Ecuador, financed by Venezuelan banks. This strategy collapsed due to operations engaged by Venezuelan financial institutions who profited from the market swings. Correa referred to the allegations as a conspiracy from a powerful banker. [29] [30] [31] On 26 July 2007 Rafael Correa, replaced Patiño -who appeared in video recordings discussing the market manipulation- as his finance minister, after being censured by the then country's Congress. Patiño assumed a newly created position responsible for the economically important Pacific coast region. [32]
[edit] Conflict with Colombia
Correa withdrew his government's ambassador in Bogotá, Colombia, and ordered troops to the country's border following a 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis in early March 2008.[33] On 3 March 2008 Colombia's police said that documents found in a camp in Ecuador where Colombian troops killed Raul Reyes, a top guerrilla boss, showed ties between the FARC rebels and Rafael Correa, including contacts about political proposals and local military commanders. [34] Correa denied the accusations, calling them lies. [35]Correa said also March 3, 2008 that a deal to release political prisoners -- including former Colombian Sen. Ingrid Betancourt -- was nearly complete before the March 1, 2008 Colombian raid into his country.[36]. On 5 March 2008, Correa and Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez met to discuss Colombia's attack and made a series of accusations and insults against Colombia's government. [37]. Correa during the meeting dismissed Colombia's president Alvaro Uribe as just a "puppet" while others are the "puppet masters". [38]
At a Rio Group summit held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, on March 7, 2008, after a heated exchange of accusations between Correa and Uribe, the diplomatic crisis was resolved with Colombia's apologies for the attack and reassurances that it won't be repeated. Correa's said that with this resolution Latin America was starting a new era where international principles of justice will have preeminence over power. [39]
[edit] Constitutional Assembly
In February 2007, Correa's plan to have a referendum on the convening of a constituent assembly was approved by Congress. The referendum took place on 15 April 2007. However, after this date was set, the "statutes" for the referendum were modified by Correa to allow more powers to the constitutional assembly (if it formed).[40] One of these powers was the ability to dismiss Congress, a power which Congress never approved. The newer version of the referendum was approved by the majority of the seven-seat electoral tribunal. In early March, Congress, which was primarily controlled by Correa's opposition, reacted by attempting to impeach four members of the electoral tribunal.[41] The electoral tribunal, in turn, responded by removing from office the 57 members of Congress who voted against the referendum, alleging that they were obstructing electoral processes. Correa backed the electoral tribunal (which approved his version of the referendum) while stating that the removal of the 57 congressmen was constitutional. The situation escalated to a feud between the opposition in Congress and the Executive and marches in the street against Congress, including the shooting of opposition supporters. [42] [43]
On 22 March, 21 alternate deputies were sworn in, allowing the Congress to regain quorum, and on 23 March and 24 March a further 20 deputies were sworn in. The new majority (formed by 28 alternate deputies and 31 deputies from parties that support the referendum and Assembly) pledged to support the referendum on the Constitutional Assembly. [44] On 15 April Ecuadoreans voted overwhelmingly (81.72% in favor) to support the election of a constitutional assembly.[45]
On 23 April, the Constitutional Tribunal decided to try to reinstate 51 of the 57 Congressmen who had been thrown out office by the Electoral Tribunal. The Constitutional Tribunal claims that it was illegal to remove them in the first place, and thus they approved a petition that 51 of the 57 had signed requesting their reinstatement. [46] Before the supposedly reinstated congressmen had the chance to enter back into Congress, Congress voted to fire all nine judges of the Constitutional Tribunal for their "unconstitutional actions." [47]
On 30 September, as a result of a national election, Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa won backing for his plans to rewrite the country's constitution and expand state control of the Andean nation's economy. Correa's faction won approximately 70% of the seats in the National Assembly. [48]
[edit] Relationship with the press
Correa has stated that the Ecuadorian press is "a group of wild beasts" "...mediocre, incompetent, inaccurate, lying and is a part of the structure of corruption and accomplice of the national disaster." [49][50] He has repeated this criticism on a regular basis.[51] On May 19, during a press conference called by Correa to talk about freedom of speech, he ordered that security eject the opinion editor of the Guayaquil based El Universo newspaper, whom he had invited to the event. [52] Video
Correa declared that he would have no hesitation in revoking the license of "coup instigating" television stations following the example of Hugo Chavez when he took RCTV off the air. [53]
[edit] Lawsuit against the La Hora newspaper
On 10 May 2007 Correa filed a lawsuit against Francisco Vivanco Riofrío, president of the board of directors of the Quito-based La Hora newspaper, over an editorial published in the paper on March 9. The editorial, titled “Official Vandalism,” said that Correa intended to rule Ecuador “with turmoil, rocks and sticks.” The daily’s piece described the president’s behavior as “shameful.”[54]
Correa's suit is based on Article 230 of the country’s penal code that sets prison penalties of up to two years for contempt, expressed in “threats or libel that would offend the president.” [55]
Francisco Vivanco Riofrío has declared that he will not apologize for the editorial and that he is prepared to face the lawsuit. He has also declared that "that editorial reflects our thoughts and we will defend not only our right to manifest our opinions but also the opinions of all citizens, as we have done during the 25 years of our newspaper existence.” [56]
[edit] Reactions to the lawsuit
In connection with Correa's complaint against La Hora, the Ecuadorian Association of Newspaper Publishers (AEDEP), has shown its support for that newspaper and declared that "no contemporary Ecuadorian politician has employed such legal figure (contempt) as an instrument to frighten the press."[57]
- The Inter American Press Association (IAPA) has declared that it is "a clumsy step on the part of the Ecuadorean president to file a criminal charge against a news outlet, accusing it of contempt, an archaic concept in a modern democracy and outmoded in Latin America and which should be eliminated from penal codes, as the IAPA has been insisting." [58]
- The Committee to Protect Journalists has also protested against Correa's lawsuit: “Fear of criminal penalties will inhibit the Ecuadoran press in reporting and commenting on issues of public interest. We call on President Correa to drop the libel suit against Vivanco and repeal defamation laws that contradict international standards on freedom of expression.” [59]
- The World Press Freedom Committee has declared that "it is clear that this attempt to silence the Ecuadorian press goes against very basic freedom of the press tenets, as consagrated in at least two of the most important international human right charts."[60]
[edit] Conservancy
Correa asked the international community to contribute with funds in exchange for Ecuador's foregoing drilling and developing one of the biggest oil fields in the heart of the Ecuadorian Amazon. It was said that this would protect the Huaorani nationality (the Tagaeri and the Taromenane). The president said that the contribution of approximately US$350,000,000 a year should be provided by developed countries, not as charity but "to share in the sacrifice and compensate us with at least half of what our country would receive, in recognition of the environmental benefits that would be generated by keeping this oil underground."[61]
Correa overturned a ban on the sale of shark fins, which are popular in Asia, but stipulated that the fins can only be sold if the sharks are caught accidentally and by artisan fishermen. He did not say how authorities would determine whether the shark had been caught accidentally or deliberately[62]
On August 3, 2007, Correa ordered the deportation of Sean O'Hearn-Gimenez, director of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, saying that he would not allow "gringuitos" ("little white foreigners") to tell Ecuadorians what to do or to persecute local fishermen. Mr. O'Hearn-Gimenez was arrested immediately.[63] The deportation was ordered because Sea Shepherd, in partnership with the Ecuadorian National Environmental Police, exposed and stopped the biggest shark-fin shipment in the port city of Manta -- and O'Hearn-Gimenez had conducted forcible entry against Ecuadorians (thus "interfering with the sovereignty" of the country)[64]. Correa later rescinded the extradition order because O'Hearn-Gimenez was married to an Ecuadorian woman. All the arrested fishermen were released, too, and the confiscated shark fins returned to them. [65] [66] [67]
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Presidencia de la República - Presidente
- ^ (Spanish)Hoja de Vida, Sitio Oficial de la Campaña. [1]
- ^ Markey, Patrick. Ecuador's Correa leaps from outsider to take lead, Washington Post, 11 October 2006
- ^ A translation of Correa's letter of resignation into English
- ^ Solo, Tony. Sovereignty Takes One Step Backwards, Znet, 15 August 2005
- ^ ‘Socialismo’ en el discurso de Correa El Universo, July 23, 2007
- ^ McDermott, Jeremy Man of the people closes in on presidency, The Scotsman, 14 October 2006.
- ^ (Spanish)Alianza PAIS and Socialist Party sign alliance on Alianza PAIS website
- ^ Ecuador candidate Correa to redraw private oil contracts. MarketWatch, 13 October 2006.
- ^ Ecuador Sigh of Relief Latin Business Chronicle
- ^ "Ecuador rejects U.S. free trade pact," Business Week, 10 December 2006
- ^ "Ecuador Joins the Great SouthAm Nation," Prensa Latina, 15 January 2007
- ^ Correa cambia de discurso de campaña: dice que rompería con Chávez y perseguirá a las FARC Diario El Comercio, 19 October 2006
- ^ (Spanish) Correa cambia de discurso de campaña: dice que rompería con Chávez y perseguirá a las FARC Diario El Comercio, 19 October 2006
- ^ (Spanish) Rafael Correa reconoce que se reunió con Hugo Chávez El Universo 21 August 2006
- ^ Weitzman, Hal. Ecuador looks to the left as election looms, Financial Times. 2 October 2006.
- ^ Weitzman, Hal. Rafael Correa: Chavista with a whip hand, Financial Times. 9 October 2006.
- ^ (Spanish) Un Ecuador que pocos ven se tomó tercer lugar El Universo 20 October 2006
- ^ Álvaro Uribe combinó la defensa con el ataque El Comercio 8 March 2008
- ^ (Spanish)RESULTADOS: NACIONALES Tribunal Supremo Electoral
- ^ "Correa’s Approval Spikes in Ecuador" Angus Reid Global Monitor, 9 April 2008
- ^ Dudley, Steven, "Ecuador's new leader walks tightrope", Kansas City Star, 16 January 2007
- ^ Pimental, Lester, "Ecuador, Calling Debt 'Illegitimate,' May Repay 40%", Bloomberg.com, 18 January 2007
- ^ "Ecuador's new leader has no kind words for U.S.", CBC News, 15 January 2007
- ^ Pimental, Lester, "Ecuador, Calling Debt `Illegitimate,' May Repay 40%", Bloomberg.com, 18 January 2007
- ^ "Ecuador expels World Bank envoy", BBC News, 26 April 2007
- ^ Associated Press, "Ecuador's Rejects IMF Review of Economy," 02.01.07, [2]
- ^ "Caught on camera A setback for Rafael Correa" The Economist, 26 July 2007
- ^ "El caso Patiño sacude todo el tablero político" El Comercio, 12 June 2007
- ^ "Ecuador Prosecutors Probe Patino, Banker Meeting" Bloomberg, 24 May 2007
- ^ "Una parte no revelada del video señala a venezolanos" El Universo, 29 May 2007
- ^ "Correa replaces finance minister after Ecuador bond allegations" Financial Times, 26 July 2007
- ^ Ecuador pulls diplomat from Bogotá
- ^ Colombia says FARC documents show Correa ties, Reuters, 3 March, 2008.
- ^ Acusación de Colombia es una patraña, El Comercio, 3 March 2008
- ^ Ecuador: Colombian raid prevented release of captives
- ^ Chavez: Cross-border raid a 'war crime', CNN, 6 March, 2008
- ^ Rafael Correa insiste en la condena El Comercio, 6 March 2008
- ^ América Latina empieza nueva era de principios, justicia y derecho: Correa El Comercio, 8 March 2008
- ^ Solano, Gonzalo, "Ecuador tribunal warns president," Brocktown News, 11 March 2007
- ^ BBC,"Ecuador referendum row escalates," BBC, 8 March 2007
- ^ Ecuador Opposition Supporters Shot as Deputies Gather Bloomberg, 13 March 2007
- ^ Gritos, golpes, balas y fallo del TC caotizan más al Congreso El Universo, 14 march 2007
- ^ 13 diputados suplentes fueron posesionados hoy, El Comercio, 22 March 2007]
- ^ Constitutional Assembly official report Tribunal Supremo Electoral
- ^ Ecuador Reinstates 51 Ousted Lawmakers Washington Post, 24 April 2007
- ^ Ecuador's Congress sacks judges, BBC News, 24 April 2007
- ^ Correa Wins Majority in Ecuador Vote to Rewrite Constitution, Bloomberg News, 2 October 2007.
- ^ Pediremos prisión para el autor de esa barbaridad Presidencia de la República May 15, 2007
- ^ Correa warns the press that he will start libel suits as necessary, El Universo May 16, 2007
- ^ Correa criticó nuevamente a la prensa La Hora May 18 2007
- ^ Correa expulsa a columnista al que invitó a su cadena, El Universo May 20, 2007
- ^ Mandatario dispuesto a cerrar medios ‘golpistas’, El Universo July 12, 2007
- ^ Vandalismo oficial
- ^ Committee to Protect Journalists 15 May 2007 La Hora, 18 May 2007
- ^ 14 May 2007 La Hora enfrentará juicio interpuesto por Presidente, El Telégrafo, 14 May 2007
- ^ May 13 2007 AEDEP Al Pais, AEDEP Press Release May 13, 2007
- ^ May 14 2007 IAPA press release, IFEX May 14, 2007
- ^ May 15 2007 CPJ press release, CPJ May 15, 2007
- ^ May 17 2007 Correa quiere "silenciar" a periodistas en Ecuador, dice el Comité Mundial de Prensa, El Comercio May 17, 2007
- ^ Ecuador Seeks Compensation to Leave Amazon Oil Undisturbed Environment News Service, August 24, 2007
- ^ Correa Lifts Ban on Sale of Shark Fins The Guardian July 21, 2007
- ^ Correa se retracta de expulsar a un ecologista foráneo El Universo August 5, 2007
- ^ Expulsan de Ecuador a un ecologista de EE.UU. El Clarín, August 5, 2007
- ^ Shark Fin Scandal Explodes in Ecuador: Sea Shepherd Director Illegally Ousted Sea Shepherd News, August 4, 2007
- ^ Sea Shepherd Galapagos Director Freed Sea Shepherd News, August 4, 2007
- ^ Ecuador frees activist, halts expulsion USA TODAY, August 6, 2007
[edit] External links
- (Spanish) and (Kichwa) Official web site of the President of Ecuador
- (Spanish) and (Kichwa) Official campaign web site
- (Spanish) Biography by CIDOB Foundation
- "The resignation of Rafael Correa, Ecuador’s Economy Minister: an example of IFI’s influence?"
- Ecuador's Presidential Election: Background on Economic Issues, issue brief from the Center for Economic and Policy Research
- MSNBC, "Leftward Tilt: Political Shift in Latin America"
- (Spanish) Podcast de la cadena radial sabatina
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Mauricio Yépez |
Minister of Finance of Ecuador 2005 |
Succeeded by Magdalena Barreiro |
| Preceded by Alfredo Palacio |
President of Ecuador 2007 – present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Correa, Rafael |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Ecuadorian politician and economist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 6, 1963 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Guayaquil, Ecuador |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
