Racine stages

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In the kindling model of epilepsy, the brain receives electrical shocks or chemical injections to induce acute seizures. With repetition, these seizures become chronic and spontaneous, creating a useful animal model within which to study epilepsy. The induced seizures are of various strength and character. In 1972, Ronald J. Racine divided these seizures into five categories.[1]:

  • Mouth and facial movement
  • Head nodding
  • Rearing with forelimb clonus
  • Rearing and falling with forelimb clonus (generalized motor convulsions)

[edit] References

  1. ^ Racine, R. J. (1972). "Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure.". Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology 32 (3): 281–94. PMID 4110397. 
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