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Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe-Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages.
[edit] Phonology
[edit] Regular Correspondences
In bisyllabic roots, two possible places of accent are reconstructed, with the following development of structures in descendant languages:
| PAK |
Adyghean |
Kabardian |
| *ˈCa.Ca |
CaːC |
Caː.Ca |
| *ˈCa.Cǝ |
CaC |
CaC |
| *ˈCǝ.Ca |
CǝC |
Cǝ.Ca |
| *ˈCǝ.Cǝ |
CǝC |
CǝC |
| *Ca.ˈCa |
Caː.Ca |
Caː.Ca |
| *Ca.ˈCǝ |
Ca.Cǝ |
CaC |
| *Cǝ.ˈCa |
Cǝ.Ca |
Cǝ.Ca |
| *Cǝ.ˈCǝ |
Cǝ.Cǝ |
CǝC |
| PAK |
Bzhed |
Temirgoy |
Kabardian |
| *p |
p |
p |
p |
| *pː |
pː |
p |
b |
| *b |
b |
b |
b |
| *ṗ /pʼ/ |
ṗ /pʼ/ |
ṗ /pʼ/ |
ṗ /pʼ/ |
| *w |
w |
w |
w |
| *m |
m |
m |
m |
| *t |
t |
t |
t |
| *tː |
tː |
t |
d |
| *d |
d |
d |
d |
| *ṭ /tʼ/ |
ṭ /tʼ/ |
ṭ /tʼ/ |
ṭ /tʼ/ |
| *r |
r |
r |
r |
| *n |
n |
n |
n |
| *c /ts/ |
c /ts/ |
c /ts/ |
c /ts/ |
| *cː /tsː/ |
cː /tsː/ |
c /ts/ |
ʒ /dz/ |
| *ʒ /dz/ |
ʒ /dz/ |
ʒ /dz/ |
ʒ /dz/ |
| *c̣ /tsʼ/ |
c̣ /tsʼ/ |
c̣ /tsʼ/ |
c̣ /tsʼ/ |
| *s |
s |
s |
s |
| *z |
z |
z |
z |
| *cʷ /tsʷ/ |
ćʷ /tsʲʷ/ |
ćʷ /tsʲʷ/ |
f |
| *cʷː /tsʷː/ |
ćʷː /tsʲʷː/ |
ćʷ /tsʲʷ/ |
v |
| *ʒʷ /dzʷ/ |
źʷ /zʲʷ/ |
źʷ /zʲʷ/ |
v |
| *c̣ʷ /tsʼʷ/ |
ṣ́ʷ /sʼʲʷ/ |
ṣ́ʷ /sʼʲʷ/ |
f̣ /fʼ/ |
| *sʷ |
ś /sʲʷ/ |
ś /sʲʷ/ |
f |
| *zʷ |
źʷ /zʲʷ/ |
źʷ /zʲʷ/ |
v |
| *ć /tsʲ/ |
č́/tʃʲ/ |
č́ /tʃʲ/ |
ś /sʲ/ |
| *ʒ́ /dzʲ/ |
ǯ́ /dʒʲ/ |
ǯ́ /dʒʲ/ |
ź /zʲ/ |
| *ć̣ /tsʼʲ/ |
ṣ́ /sʼʲ/ |
ṣ́ /sʼʲ/ |
ṣ́ /sʼʲ/ |
| *ś /sʲ/ |
ś /sʲ/ |
ś /sʲ/ |
ś /sʲ/ |
| *ź /zʲ/ |
ź /zʲ/ |
ź /zʲ/ |
ź /zʲ/ |
| *č /tʃ/ |
š /ʃ/ |
š /ʃ/ |
š /ʃ/ |
| *čː /tʃː/ |
čː /tʃː/ |
č /tʃ/ |
ž /ʒ/ |
| *č̣ /tʃʼ/ |
č̣ /tʃʼ/ |
č̣ /tʃʼ/ |
ṣ́ /sʼʲ/ |
| *š /ʃ/ |
š /ʃ/ |
š /ʃ/ |
ś /sʲ/ |
| *šː /ʃː/ |
šː /ʃː/ |
š /ʃ/ |
ś /sʲ/ |
| *ž /ʒ/ |
ž /ʒ/ |
ž /ʒ/ |
ź /zʲ/ |
| ---unfinished--- |
| *‰´ |
«´ |
«´ |
« |
| *‰´ː |
‰´ː |
‰´ |
¼ |
| *¾´ |
¾´ |
¾´ |
¼ |
| *Š´ |
Š´ |
Š´ |
s•´ |
| *«´ |
«´ |
«´ |
s´ |
| *«ː´ |
«´ː |
«´ |
s´ |
| *¼´ |
¼´ |
¼´ |
z´ |
| *ž |
‘ |
‘ |
¼ |
| * |
›• |
›• |
›• |
| *› |
› |
› |
› |
| *L |
L |
L |
L |
| *k´ |
‰´ |
‰´ |
‰ |
| *k´ː |
‰´ː |
‰´ |
¾ |
| *g´ |
¾´ |
¾´ |
¾ |
| *™´ |
Š´ |
Š´ |
Š |
| *x |
x |
x |
x |
| *‘ |
‘ |
‘ |
‘ |
| *kʷ |
kʷ |
kʷ |
kʷ |
| *kːʷ |
kːʷ |
kʷ |
gʷ |
| *gʷ |
gʷ |
gʷ |
gʷ |
| *™ʷ |
™ʷ |
™ʷ |
™ʷ |
| *xʷ |
f |
f |
xʷ |
| *‘´ |
‘ |
‘ |
z´ |
| *q |
q |
q-,qː |
q |
| *qː |
qː |
qː |
ª |
| *» |
» |
» |
» |
| *’ |
’ |
’ |
’ |
| *»´ |
“ |
“ |
» |
| *qʷ |
qʷ |
qʷ-,qːʷ |
qʷ |
| *qːʷ |
qːʷ |
qːʷ |
ªʷ |
| *»ʷ |
»ʷ |
»ʷ |
»ʷ |
| *’ʷ |
’ʷ |
’ʷ |
’ʷ |
| *‚ |
‚ |
‚ |
‚ |
| *“ |
“ |
“ |
“ |
[edit] References
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
