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1 Table of important Fourier transforms

[edit] Table of important Fourier transforms

The following table records some important Fourier transforms. $G$ and $H$ denote Fourier transforms of $g (t)$ and $h (t)$ , respectively. $g$ and $h$ may be integrable functions or tempered distributions. Note that the two most common unitary conventions are included.

[edit] Functional relationships

	Signal	Fourier transform unitary, angular frequency	Fourier transform unitary, ordinary frequency	Remarks
	$g(t)\!\equiv\!$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!G(\omega) e^{i \omega t} d \omega \,$	$G(\omega)\!\equiv\!$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!g(t) e^{-i \omega t} dt \,$	$G(f)\!\equiv$ $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!g(t) e^{-i 2\pi f t} dt \,$
1	$a\cdot g(t) + b\cdot h(t)\,$	$a\cdot G(\omega) + b\cdot H(\omega)\,$	$a\cdot G(f) + b\cdot H(f)\,$	Linearity
2	$g(t - a)\,$	$e^{- i a \omega} G(\omega)\,$	$e^{- i 2\pi a f} G(f)\,$	Shift in time domain
3	$e^{ iat} g(t)\,$	$G(\omega - a)\,$	$G \left(f - \frac{a}{2\pi}\right)\,$	Shift in frequency domain, dual of 2
4	$g(a t)\,$	$\frac{1}{\|a\|} G \left( \frac{\omega}{a} \right)\,$	$\frac{1}{\|a\|} G \left( \frac{f}{a} \right)\,$	If $\|a\|\,$ is large, then $g(a t)\,$ is concentrated around 0 and $\frac{1}{\|a\|}G \left( \frac{\omega}{a} \right)\,$ spreads out and flattens
5	$G(t)\,$	$g(-\omega)\,$	$g(-f)\,$	Duality property of the Fourier transform. Results from swapping "dummy" variables of $t \,$ and $\omega \,$ .
6	$\frac{d^n g(t)}{dt^n}\,$	$(i\omega)^n G(\omega)\,$	$(i 2\pi f)^n G(f)\,$	Generalized derivative property of the Fourier transform
7	$t^n g(t)\,$	$i^n \frac{d^n G(\omega)}{d\omega^n}\,$	$\left (\frac{i}{2\pi}\right)^n \frac{d^n G(f)}{df^n}\,$	This is the dual to 6
8	$(g * h)(t)\,$	$\sqrt{2\pi} G(\omega) H(\omega)\,$	$G(f) H(f)\,$	$g * h\,$ denotes the convolution of $g\,$ and $h\,$ — this rule is the convolution theorem
9	$g(t) h(t)\,$	$(G * H)(\omega) \over \sqrt{2\pi}\,$	$(G * H)(f)\,$	This is the dual of 8

[edit] Square-integrable functions

	Signal	Fourier transform unitary, angular frequency	Fourier transform unitary, ordinary frequency	Remarks
	$g(t)\!\equiv\!$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!G(\omega) e^{i \omega t} d \omega \,$	$G(\omega)\!\equiv\!$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!g(t) e^{-i \omega t} dt \,$	$G(f)\!\equiv$ $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!g(t) e^{-i 2\pi f t} dt \,$
10	$\mathrm{rect}(a t) \,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi a^2}}\cdot \mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{\omega}{2\pi a}\right)$	$\frac{1}{\|a\|}\cdot \mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{f}{a}\right)$	The rectangular pulse and the normalized sinc function
11	$\mathrm{sinc}(a t)\,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi a^2}}\cdot \mathrm{rect}\left(\frac{\omega}{2 \pi a}\right)$	$\frac{1}{\|a\|}\cdot \mathrm{rect}\left(\frac{f}{a} \right)\,$	Dual of rule 10. The rectangular function is an idealized low-pass filter, and the sinc function is the non-causal impulse response of such a filter.
12	$\mathrm{sinc}^2 (a t) \,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi a^2}}\cdot \mathrm{tri} \left( \frac{\omega}{2\pi a} \right)$	$\frac{1}{\|a\|}\cdot \mathrm{tri} \left( \frac{f}{a} \right)$	tri is the triangular function
13	$\mathrm{tri} (a t) \,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi a^2}} \cdot \mathrm{sinc}^2 \left( \frac{\omega}{2\pi a} \right)$	$\frac{1}{\|a\|}\cdot \mathrm{sinc}^2 \left( \frac{f}{a} \right) \,$	Dual of rule 12.
14	$e^{-\alpha t^2}\,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \alpha}}\cdot e^{-\frac{\omega^2}{4 \alpha}}$	$\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{\alpha}}\cdot e^{-\frac{(\pi f)^2}{\alpha}}$	Shows that the Gaussian function $exp( - α t 2)$ is its own Fourier transform. For this to be integrable we must have $Re(α) > 0$ .
	$e^{i a t^2} = \left. e^{-\alpha t^2}\right\|_{\alpha = -i a} \,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 a}} \cdot e^{-i \left(\frac{\omega^2}{4 a} -\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}$	$\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a}} \cdot e^{-i \left(\frac{\pi^2 f^2}{a} -\frac{\pi}{4}\right)}$	common in optics
	$\cos ( a t^2 ) \,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 a}} \cos \left( \frac{\omega^2}{4 a} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$	$\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a}} \cos \left( \frac{\pi^2 f^2}{a} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$
	$\sin ( a t^2 ) \,$	$\frac{-1}{\sqrt{2 a}} \sin \left( \frac{\omega^2}{4 a} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$	$- \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a}} \sin \left( \frac{\pi^2 f^2}{a} - \frac{\pi}{4} \right)$
	$e^{-a\|t\|} \,$	$\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \cdot \frac{a}{a^2 + \omega^2}$	$\frac{2 a}{a^2 + 4 \pi^2 f^2}$	a>0
	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\|t\|}} \,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\|\omega\|}}$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{\|f\|}}$	the transform is the function itself
	$J_0 (t)\,$	$\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \cdot \frac{\mathrm{rect} \left( \frac{\omega}{2} \right)}{\sqrt{1 - \omega^2}}$	$\frac{2\cdot \mathrm{rect} (\pi f)}{\sqrt{1 - 4 \pi^2 f^2}}$	J₀(t) is the Bessel function of first kind of order 0, rect is the rectangular function
	$J_n (t) \,$	$\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \frac{ (-i)^n T_n (\omega) \mathrm{rect} \left( \frac{\omega}{2} \right)}{\sqrt{1 - \omega^2}}$	$\frac{2 (-i)^n T_n (2 \pi f) \mathrm{rect} (\pi f)}{\sqrt{1 - 4 \pi^2 f^2}}$	it's the generalization of the previous transform; T_n (t) is the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind.
	$\frac{J_n (t)}{t} \,$	$\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \frac{i}{n} (-i)^n \cdot U_{n-1} (\omega)\,$ $\cdot \ \sqrt{1 - \omega^2} \mathrm{rect} \left( \frac{\omega}{2} \right)$	$\frac{2 i}{n} (-i)^n \cdot U_{n-1} (2 \pi f)\,$ $\cdot \ \sqrt{1 - 4 \pi^2 f^2} \mathrm{rect} ( \pi f )$	U_n (t) is the Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind

[edit] Distributions

	Signal	Fourier transform unitary, angular frequency	Fourier transform unitary, ordinary frequency	Remarks
	$g(t)\!\equiv\!$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!G(\omega) e^{i \omega t} d \omega \,$	$G(\omega)\!\equiv\!$ $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!g(t) e^{-i \omega t} dt \,$	$G(f)\!\equiv$ $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\!g(t) e^{-i 2\pi f t} dt \,$
15	$1\,$	$\sqrt{2\pi}\cdot \delta(\omega)\,$	$\delta(f)\,$	$δ(ω)$ denotes the Dirac delta distribution. This rule shows why the Dirac delta is important: it shows up as the Fourier transform of a constant function.
16	$\delta(t)\,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\,$	$1\,$	Dual of rule 15.
17	$e^{i a t}\,$	$\sqrt{2 \pi}\cdot \delta(\omega - a)\,$	$\delta(f - \frac{a}{2\pi})\,$	This follows from and 3 and 15.
18	$\cos (a t)\,$	$\sqrt{2 \pi} \frac{\delta(\omega\!-\!a)\!+\!\delta(\omega\!+\!a)}{2}\,$	$\frac{\delta(f\!-\!\begin{matrix}\frac{a}{2\pi}\end{matrix})\!+\!\delta(f\!+\!\begin{matrix}\frac{a}{2\pi}\end{matrix})}{2}\,$	Follows from rules 1 and 17 using Euler's formula: $cos(a t) = (e i a t + e - i a t) / 2.$
19	$\sin( at)\,$	$\sqrt{2 \pi}\frac{\delta(\omega\!-\!a)\!-\!\delta(\omega\!+\!a)}{2i}\,$	$\frac{\delta(f\!-\!\begin{matrix}\frac{a}{2\pi}\end{matrix})\!-\!\delta(f\!+\!\begin{matrix}\frac{a}{2\pi}\end{matrix})}{2i}\,$	Also from 1 and 17.
20	$t^n\,$	$i^n \sqrt{2\pi} \delta^{(n)} (\omega)\,$	$\left(\frac{i}{2\pi}\right)^n \delta^{(n)} (f)\,$	Here, $n$ is a natural number. $δ n (ω)$ is the $n$ -th distribution derivative of the Dirac delta. This rule follows from rules 7 and 15. Combining this rule with 1, we can transform all polynomials.
21	$\frac{1}{t}\,$	$-i\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sgn(\omega)\,$	$-i\pi\cdot \sgn(f)\,$	Here $sgn(ω)$ is the sign function; note that this is consistent with rules 7 and 15.
22	$\frac{1}{t^n}\,$	$-i \begin{matrix} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cdot \frac{(-i\omega)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}\end{matrix} \sgn(\omega)\,$	$-i\pi \begin{matrix} \frac{(-i 2\pi f)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}\end{matrix} \sgn(f)\,$	Generalization of rule 21.
23	$\sgn(t)\,$	$\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}}\cdot \frac{1}{i\ \omega }\,$	$\frac{1}{i\pi f}\,$	The dual of rule 21.
24	$u(t) \,$	$\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}} \left( \frac{1}{i \pi \omega} + \delta(\omega)\right)\,$	$\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{i \pi f} + \delta(f)\right)\,$	Here $u (t)$ is the Heaviside unit step function; this follows from rules 1 and 21.
	$e^{- a t} u(t) \,$	$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} (a + i \omega)}$	$\frac{1}{a + i 2 \pi f}$	$u (t)$ is the Heaviside unit step function and $a > 0$ .
25	$\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta (t - n T) \,$	$\begin{matrix} \frac{\sqrt{2\pi }}{T}\end{matrix} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta \left( \omega -k \begin{matrix} \frac{2\pi }{T}\end{matrix} \right)\,$	$\frac{1}{T} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta \left( f -\frac{k }{T}\right) \,$	The Dirac comb — helpful for explaining or understanding the transition from continuous to discrete time.