User:Penpen/memo

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1 Data about the contribution block in metawiki
2 templates
3 Ba`al Hammon
- 3.1 Ba`al of Carthage
4 History
5 軟式野球の位置付け
6 Positioning of rubber baseball
7 kind (changes) of ball
8 The main conventions of rubber baseball in Japan
9 See Also
10 External links

[edit] Data about the contribution block in metawiki

/Data about the contribution block in metawiki

[edit] templates

[edit] Ba`al Hammon

[edit] Ba`al of Carthage

The worship of Ba`al Hammon flourished in the Phoenician colony of Carthage. Ba`al Hammon was the supreme god of the Carthaginians and is generally identified by modern scholars either with the northwest Semitic god El or with Dagon, and generally identified by the Greeks with Cronus and by the Romans with Saturn.

The meaning of Hammon or Hamon is unclear. In the 19th century when Ernest Renan excavated the ruins of Hammon (?ammon), the modern Umm al-‘Awamid between Tyre and Acre, he found two Phoenician inscriptions dedicated to El-Hammon. Since El was normally identified with Cronus and Ba‘al Hammon was also identified with Cronus, it seemed possible they could be equated. More often a connection with Hebrew/Phoenician ?amman 'brazier' has been proposed. Frank Moore Cross argued for a connection to Khamon, the Ugaritic and Akkadian name for Mount Amanus, the great mountain separating Syria from Cilicia based on the occurrence of an Ugaritic description of El as the one of the Mountain Haman.

Classical sources relate how the Carthaginians burned their children as offerings to Ba`al Hammon. See Moloch for a discussion of these traditions and conflicting thoughts on the matter. Such a devouring of children fits well with the Greek traditions of Cronus.

Scholars tend to see Ba`al Hammon as more or less identical with the god El, who was also generally identified with Cronus and Saturn. However, Yigal Yadin thought him to be a moon god. Edward Lipinski identifies him with the god Dagon in his Dictionnaire de la civilisation phenicienne et punique (1992: ISBN 2-503-50033-1). Inscriptions about Punic deities tend to be rather uninformative.

In Carthage and North Africa Ba`al Hammon was especially associated with the ram and was worshiped also as Ba`al Qarnaim ("Lord of Two Horns") in an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Bu Kornein ("the two-horned hill") across the bay from Carthage.

Ba`al Hammon's female cult partner was Tanit. He was probably not ever identified with Ba`al Melqart, although one finds this equation in older scholarship.

Ba`alat Gebal ("Lady of Byblos") appears to have been generally identified with ‘Ashtart, although Sanchuniathon distinguishes the two.

Rubber baseball (軟式野球, Nanshiki Yakyuu, Soft baseball) is the baseball game using rubber etc. to the material of the ball (unlike the baseball which uses a cork etc. ) , and is the Japan origin game.

[edit] History

Baseball was descended to Japan from U.S. in Meiji Era. The whole country scale conventions of secondary school baseball,high-school baseball(高等学校野球) and college baseball were held, and baseball was established as a star sport. And children also enjoyed baseball play using the tennis ball.

However, because tennis ball had the problem of durability or speed, the game population fell gradually. Then, in [[1919] for the first time in the world Toshin rubber co. in Kobe marketed the rubber ball for baseball, to enjoy easy and safe baseball. This caused the increase of the population of boy baseball again, and the Dainippon (great Japan) boy baseball association was launched in Kobe, and in 1920 the full-scale national conference of boy baseball was opened. In 1925 the same name organization was launched in Tokyo by Haruno Yokoi.

ると1929年（昭和4年）に神戸の協会が中心となって本格的な一般社会人を対象とした日本軟式野球協会（この協会が用いた「軟式野球」という名称が日本におけるこの名称の起こり）の設立や軟式野球大会の開催など着実に市民スポーツとして定着するようになる。 In 1929, the association of Kobe lead construction of steadily establishment of a Japanese rubber baseball association (日本軟式野球連盟)(the name 軟式野球 comes from this association), holding of a rubber-ball baseball convention, etc. for full-scale community-at-large people as a citizen sport It comes to be established. Organizations, such as Dainippon (great Japan) rubber baseball association, a Japan rubber baseball league, and Far East rubber baseball association, were born next. However, at the association of Tokyo, in 1932 boys convention has been regulated for baseball control order(野球統制令).

更には第二次世界大戦の激化に伴うゴム統制令（1938年=昭和13年）で、各地にあった軟式野球団体が統合され「全日本軟式野球綜合協会」として全国大会を開くが、敵国スポーツであった野球の開催が厳しく規制され、職業硬式野球以外の開催が出来なくなってしまった。 Furthermore, although the rubber-ball baseball organization which was in every place is unified and a national conference is held as an "all Japan rubber-ball baseball synthesis association" in rubber 統制令 (1938 = Showa 13 years) accompanying intensified World War II Holding of the baseball which was an enemy country sport is regulated severely, and holding of those other than occupation baseball is impossible.

やがて終戦を迎えて1946年（昭和21年）、東京都軟式野球連盟が中心となって全国各都道府県や文部省（現・文部科学省）、日本体育協会などの協賛により全日本軟式野球連盟設立。この年から始まった国民体育大会のプログラムの一環として天皇杯全日本軟式野球大会が開催された。 In 1946 (after the end of the war) the Tokyo rubber baseball league lead to construct the Amateur Rubber Baseball Association of Japan (Showa 21), and it is establishment by support of national each all prefectures, the Ministry of Education, the Japan Amateur Sports Association, etc., etc. The Emperor's Trophy all Japan rubber-ball baseball convention was held as part of the program of the National Athletic Meet which began from this year. 当初は1部制だったが、1957年（昭和32年）から実力別トーナメント大会（高松宮杯2部・3部大会　高松宮杯の下賜は1959年=昭和34年）がスタートする。 Although it was an one-copy system at the beginning, the tournament convention classified by ability (the lower result of two copies of Takamatsu Miya cups and a three-copy convention Takamatsu Miya cup is 1959 year = Showa 34 year) will start in 1957 (Showa 32).

更に少年野球の普及を目的として1970年（昭和45年）に小学生年代の「学童の部」と中学生年代の「少年の部」の部門による大会も本格的に始まるようになった。 Furthermore, the convention by the section of "a schoolboy's part" of a schoolchild age and "a boy's part" of a junior high school student age also came to start completely for the purpose of the spread of boy baseball in 1970 (Showa 45).

In addition, as a wide sense, Junko (semi hard ) baseball(準硬式野球) also serves as a kind of rubber baseball. 元々準硬式野球は軟式野球・準硬式の部（以前は使用球名に応じた部名称）として発展してきたため、準硬式野球チームの競技連盟もかつては軟式野球連盟の一部であった。時代の移りと共に近年になってから準硬式と本来の軟式に分化した。 Since Junko baseball had developed from the first as rubber baseball and a part of a semi- hard ball, the game league of the Junko baseball team was also a part of rubber baseball league. It specialized in the Junko baseball ball and the original rubber baseball. （分化後の現在も全日本軟式野球連盟の傘下競技連盟となっている。） (It is a subsidiary game league of Amateur Rubber Baseball Association of Japan still now after specialization.)

[edit] 軟式野球の位置付け

[edit] Positioning of rubber baseball

軟式野球は，使用球が硬式のそれと比べ柔らかいので、 Since rubber-ball is soft compared with it of a hard ball [ ball / use ],

安全である
safe
だが打球感で劣る
inferior with a feeling of a hit ball

といった比較的単純な認識により、またプロ野球など、一般観衆の目によくうつるのは硬式であることから、「野球」といえば硬式野球が正統なものであって、軟式はあくまでその亜流ないしは登竜門に過ぎないと -- by said comparatively simple recognition Moreover, since a hard ball moves to the eyes of general spectators, such as professional baseball, well, if it is called "baseball", baseball will be legitimate and a 軟 type will be the bad second or only a gateway to success to the last. との考え方が世の中には少なからず存在する。しかしながら、 A view exists in a world not a little.

基本となる球の特性が異なるため、打法、捕球法をはじめ戦術も異なったものとなる。
While carrying out a deer, Since the characteristics of a basic ball differ, it becomes what began the batting style and the catching method and differed also in tactics.
ルールは公認野球規則を正としているが、既に軟式独自の解釈や適用法を付加して行われているのが現状である。
Although the rule makes the official-recognition baseball rule positive, the present condition is carried out by already adding an interpretation original with a 軟 type, and the applying method.
日本においては競技人口だけをとっても硬式野球よりはるかに多く、選手達の多くには、将来硬式野球をするための一時的居場所といった考えではなく、結果、生涯スポーツとして終生携わる者も数多い。
Many [ those who are engaged as a lifelong sport in many of players only in game population in Japan throughout life very farther than baseball as for not the idea of temporary room for carrying out baseball in the future but a result ].
日本では国体その他の全国大会が開催されており、さらには世界大会も存在する。
In Japan, National Athletic Meet and other national conferences are held, and a world congress also exists further.

したがって軟式野球とは「軟式球」を使用する「硬式野球とルールがよく似ている別種の球技」であると考え、プロを中心とする硬式野球を過度に意識することなく独自の発展を指向する考えを持つものも少なくない。 Therefore, there are not few people with the idea which points to original development, without thinking that rubber baseball is "a ball game of the another kind to which the rule bears a strong resemblance to baseball" which uses "軟式球", and being conscious of the baseball centering on a pro too much.