Pain scale

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Pain scales are scales used to measure the intensity of a patient's pain, using pictures, words, numbers or colors. Pain may be evaluated as a single measure (intensity only) or using several measures (duration and intensity); the Brief Pain Inventory uses an interview to assess how pain affects the ability to function in daily life.

[edit] List of pain measurement scales

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Visual analog scale (VAS)^[1]
McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)^[2]
Descriptor differential scale (DDS)^[3]
Faces Pain Scale (FPS)^[4]
Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)^[5]
Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)^[6]
Dolorimeter Pain Index (DPI)^[7]
Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)^[8]
Walid-Robinson Pain Index (WRI) = Intensity upon admission (0-10) X Length (in months).^[9]^[10].

[edit] Specialized tests

Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)^[11] for measuring pain in children
Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)^[12] for measuring pain in premature infants
Schmidt Sting Pain Index^[13] and Starr sting pain scale^[14] both for insect stings
Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)^[15]

[edit] Notes

^ Huskisson EC (1982). "Measurement of pain". J. Rheumatol. 9 (5): 768–9. PMID 6184474.
^ Melzack R (September 1975). "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods". Pain 1 (3): 277–99. PMID 1235985.
^ Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM (December 1988). "The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment". Pain 35 (3): 279–88. PMID 3226757.
^ Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (August 2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain 93 (2): 173–83. PMID 11427329. Full-text
^ Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS (June 1989). "The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices". Clin J Pain 5 (2): 153–9. PMID 2520397.
^ Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S (December 2003). "The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?". Pain Pract 3 (4): 310–6. doi:10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x. PMID 17166126.
^ Hardy, J.D.; Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. ASIN = B0006ASZ92
^ Cleeland CS, Ryan KM (March 1994). "Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 23 (2): 129–38. PMID 8080219.
^ Walid MS, Hyer L, Ajjan M, Barth AC, Robinson JS Jr. (2007). "Prevalence of opioid dependence in spine surgery patients and correlation with length of stay.". J Opioid Manag. 3 (3): 127-132. ISSN 1551-7489. PMID 18027538.
^ Walid MS, Hyer LA, Ajjan M, Robinson JS: Predicting Opioid-Dependence Using Pain Intensity and Length of Pain Suffering in Pre-Spine-Surgery Patients. The Internet J Pain, Symptom Control and Palliative Care. 2007; Volume 5, Number 2.
^ Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V (January 1987). "The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Pain 28 (1): 27–38. PMID 3822493.
^ Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A (December 1999). "Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting". Clin J Pain 15 (4): 297–303. PMID 10617258.
^ Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David (1990). Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; chapter in Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press, 387-419. ISBN 0-88706-896-0.
^ Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings". Journal of Entomological Science 20 (2): 225–231.
^ Salmore R (2002). "Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures". Gastroenterol Nurs 25 (6): 257–62. PMID 12488689.

v • d • e Pain and nociception

Head and neck	Jaw and mouth pain (Odynophagia , temporal arteritis) • Ear pain (otalgia, otitis media, otitis externa) • Eye pain (glaucoma) • Head pain (headache, migraine, tension headache, cluster headache, cerebral aneurysm, sinusitis, meningitis) • Neck pain (atypical myocardial infarction)

Thorax	Back pain (upper back pain, lower back pain, spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, coccydynia) • Breast pain (perimenstrual, breast cancer) • Chest pain (myocardial infarction, gastroesophageal reflux disease, pancreatitis, hiatus hernia, aortic dissection, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism, Tietze's syndrome) • Shoulder pain (right side - cholecystitis)

Abdominal pain	Left and right upper quadrant (peptic ulcer disease, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, atypical myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm, asymptomatic gastric cancer) • Left and right lower quadrant (appendicitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, diverticulitis, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, colorectal cancer)

Limbs	Arms (myocardial infarction, left arm) • Legs (deep vein thrombosis, peripheral artery occlusive disease, claudication, spinal disc herniation, sciatica)

Joints	Small joints (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, gout, pseudogout • Large joints (septic arthritis, hemarthrosis, osteonecrosis) • Back joints (ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease) • Other (psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome)

Musculoskeletal	Delayed onset muscle soreness, Myalgia, Physical trauma

Other/unspecified pain	Allodynia, breakthrough pain, chronic pain, congenital insensitivity to pain, congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, hyperalgesia, hyperpathia, neuralgia, pain asymbolia, pain disorder, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, phantom pain, referred pain

Related concepts	Anterolateral system, gate control theory of pain, pain management (anesthesia, cordotomy), pain scale, pain threshold, posteromarginal nucleus, substance P