OMEGA Navigation System
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OMEGA was the first truly global radio navigation system for aircraft, operated by the United States in cooperation with six partner nations.
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[edit] History
OMEGA was originally developed by the United States Navy for military aviation users. It was approved for development in 1968 with only eight transmitters and the ability to achieve a four mile accuracy when fixing a position. Each Omega station transmitted a very low frequency signal which consisted of a pattern of four tones unique to the station that was repeated every ten seconds. Because of this and radionavigation principles, an accurate fix of the receiver's position could be calculated. OMEGA employed hyperbolic radionavigation techniques and the chain operated in the VLF portion of the spectrum between 10 to 14 kHz. Near its end, it evolved into a system used primarily by the civil community. By receiving signals from three stations, an Omega receiver could locate a position to within 4 nautical miles using the principle of phase comparison of signals.[1]
Omega stations used very extensive antennas in order to transmit their extremely low frequencies. They used grounded or insulated guyed masts with umbrella antennas, or wire-spans across fjords. Some Omega antennas were the tallest constructions on the continent where they stood or still stand.
When six of the eight station chain became operational in 1971, day to day operations were managed by the United States Coast Guard in partnership with Argentina, Norway, Liberia, and France. The Japanese and Australian stations became operational several years later. Coast Guard personnel operated two US stations: one in LaMoure, North Dakota and the other in Kaneohe, Hawaii on the island of Oahu.
Due to the success of the Global Positioning System the use of Omega declined during the 1990s, to a point where the cost of operating Omega could no longer be justified. Omega was permanently terminated on September 30, 1997 and all stations ceased operation.
Some of the stations, such as the LaMoure station, are now used for submarine communications.
[edit] OMEGA stations
There were nine Omega stations in total:
[edit] Bratland Omega Transmitter
Bratland Omega Transmitter (station A - ) situated near Aldra was the only European Omega transmitter. It used a very unusual antenna, which consisted of several wires spun over a fjord between two concrete anchor blocks 3500 metres apart. One of these blocks was situated on the mainland of Norway and the other on Aldra island. The antenna was dismantled in 2002.
[edit] Trinidad Omega Transmitter
Trinidad Omega Transmitter (station B until 1976, replaced by station in Paynesville, Liberia) situated at ) used as antenna a wire span over a valley. Its buildings are still there.
[edit] Paynesville Omega Transmitter
| Paynesville Omega Mast | |
| Building | |
|---|---|
| Type | Guyed grounded mast equipped with umbrella antenna |
| Location | Paynesville, Liberia |
| Coordinates | |
| Construction | |
| Completed | 1976 |
| Height | 417 m (1,368.11 ft) |
| Main Contractor | US Coast Guard |
| Design Team | |
Paynesville Omega Transmitter (station B - ) was inaugurated in 1976 and used as radio antenna an umbrella aerial mounted on a 417 metre tall grounded guyed mast of lattice steel, which was the tallest structure ever built in Africa. The station was turned over to the government of Liberia after the termination of the Omega Navigation System on September 30, 1997. As of February 2006, the Omega Tower near Paynesville is still standing, although it is unused. Access to the tower is not restricted, and it is possible to climb it.
[edit] Kanoeohe Omega Transmitter
Kanoeohe Omega Transmitter (station C - ) was one of the two stations operated by the USCG. It was inaugurated in 1943 as VLF-transmitter for submarine communication and used as antenna a wire span over Haiku Valley. At the end of the sixties it was transformed into a transmitter for the OMEGA Navigation System.
[edit] La Moure Omega Transmitter
| La Moure Omega Mast | |
| Building | |
|---|---|
| Type | Mast radiator insulated against ground |
| Location | La Moure, North Dakota, USA |
| Coordinates | |
| Construction | |
| Completed | |
| Height | 365.25 m (1,198.33 ft) |
| Main Contractor | US Coast Guard |
| Design Team | |
La Moure Omega Transmitter (station D) situated near La Moure, North Dakota, USA at ) was the other station operated by the USCG. It used a 365.25 metre tall guyed mast as an antenna, which is insulated against ground. Since the shutdown of the Omega Navigation System, it is used for VLF transmissions to submarines.
[edit] Chabrier Omega Transmitter
| Chabrier Omega Mast | |
| Building | |
|---|---|
| Type | Guyed grounded mast equipped with umbrella antenna |
| Location | Chabrier, Reunion |
| Coordinates | |
| Construction | |
| Completed | 1976 |
| Height | 428 m (1,404.20 ft) |
| Main Contractor | US Coast Guard |
| Design Team | |
Chabrier Omega Transmitter (station E ) near Chabrier on Reunion at ) used as antenna an umbrella antenna, which was installed on a 428 metre tall grounded guyed mast. The mast was demolished on April 14, 1999 by explosives.
[edit] Trelew Omega Transmitter
| Trelew Omega Mast | |
| Building | |
|---|---|
| Type | Mast radiator insulated against ground |
| Location | Trelew, Argentina |
| Coordinates | |
| Construction | |
| Completed | 1976 |
| Height | 366 m (1,200.79 ft) |
| Main Contractor | US Coast Guard |
| Design Team | |
Trelew Omega Transmitter (station F) situated at Golfo Nuevo, 40 km outside Trelew at } used as antenna a 366 metre high guyed steel mast, insulated against ground, which was the tallest construction in South America and was demolished on June 23, 1998 by explosives. According to Wikimapia all buildings of facility are still existing. Their use is unknown. At 43°3'8"S 65°12'2"W there is a small red-white painted radio mast on the former site. It is unknown, if it was built before or after the termination of OMEGA Navigation System.
[edit] Woodside Omega Transmitter
| Woodside Omega Mast | |
| Building | |
|---|---|
| Type | Guyed grounded mast equipped with umbrella antenna |
| Location | Woodside, Australia |
| Coordinates | |
| Construction | |
| Completed | |
| Height | 432 m (1,417.32 ft) |
| Main Contractor | US Coast Guard |
| Design Team | |
Woodside Omega Transmitter ( station G, now Woodside VLF transmitter) near Woodside, Victoria, Australia at ) uses an umbrella antenna carried by a 432 metre high grounded lattice steel guyed mast. This mast is the highest construction in the southern hemisphere. After the shutdown of OMEGA it was used until 2004 as transmitter for orders to submarines on 13 kHz under the callsign VL3DEF. Today it works on 18.6 kHz.
Construction of this station was originally planned at New Zealand but after protests from anti-war protestors it was built in Australia.
[edit] Shushi-Wan Omega Transmitter
| Shushi-Wan Omega Mast | |
| Building | |
|---|---|
| Type | Mast radiator insulated against ground |
| Location | Shushi-Wan, Japan |
| Coordinates | |
| Construction | |
| Completed | 1973 |
| Height | 389 m (1,276.25 ft) |
| Main Contractor | US Coast Guard |
| Design Team | |
Shushi-Wan Omega Transmitter (station H) situated near Shushi-Wan on Tsushima Island at ) used as antenna a 389 metre tall tubular steel mast insulated against ground. This mast, which was built in 1973 and which was the tallest structure in Japan ( and perhaps the tallest tubular steel mast ever built) was dismantled in 1998 by using a crane. On the site where it stood an approimately 8 metres tall memorial consting of the mast base ( without the insulator) was built and a segment was built up there for display. On the site of the former helix building, there is today a playground.
[edit] See also
- Alpha, the Russian counterpart of the Omega Navigation System, still in use as of 2006.
- LORAN, low frequency terrestrial radio navigation system, still in use.
- CHAYKA, the Russian counterpart of LORAN
- SHORAN
- Oboe (navigation)
- G-H (navigation)
- GEE (navigation)
[edit] Bibliography
- Scott, R. E. 1969. Study and Evaluation of the Omega Navigation System for transoceanic navigation by civil aviation. FAARD-69-39.
- Asche, George P. USCG 1972. Omega system of global navigation. International Hydrographic Review 50 (1):87-99.
- Turner, Nicholas. 1973. Omega: a documented analysis. Australian Journal of International Affairs:291-305.
- Pierce, J.A. 1974. Omega: Facts, Hopes and Dreams. Cambridge Mass: Harvard Univ Div of Engineering and Applied Physics.
- Wilkes, Owen, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Ingvar Botnen. 1987. Loran-C and Omega : a study of the military importance of radio navigation aids. Oslo; Oxford ; New York: Norwegian University Press/Oxford University Press. ISBN 8200077039
- Gibbs, Graham. 1997. Teaming a product and a global market: a Canadian Marconi company success story. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 1563472252; ISBN 978-1563472251 [A case study of the commercial development of the Omega Navigation System]
